Lecture 2

Addition of Matrices
The operation of addition of two matrices is only defined when both matrices
have the same orders. If A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] are two m × n matrices then
A + B = [aij + bij ]
Obviously order of the matrix A + B is m × n.
Example 1: Consider the following two matrices of order 3 × 3
   
2 −1 3 4 7 −8
   
A= 0 4 6 , B = 9 3 5
   

   
−6 10 −5 1 −1 2

Since the given matrices have same orders, therefore, these matrices can be
added and their sum is given by
   
2+4 −1 + 7 3 + (−8) 6 6 −5
   
A+B = 0+9 4+3 =
6 + 5   9 7 11 
   
   
−6 + 1 10 + (−1) −5 + 2 −5 9 −3

Example 2: Write the following single column matrix as the sum of three column
vectors
 
2 t
3t − 2e
 
 2
 t + 7t 

 
5t

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Solution:
             
2 t 2 t
3t − 2e 3t 0 −2e 3 0 −2
             
   2     t
 t + 7t  =  t  + 7t +  0  = 1 t + 7 t +  0  e
 2   2   
             
5t 0 5t 0 0 5 0

Subtraction of Matrices
The difference of two matrices A and B of same order m × n is defined to be the
matrix A − B = A + (−B). The matrix −B is obtained by multiplying the matrix
B with −1. So that −B = (−1)B
OR
The difference or subtraction of two matrices of the same order is a matrix ob-
tained by subtracting the corresponding elements of the given matrices.
Exercise
 3:   
5 2 0 1 7 1 5 9 4 2
   
IfA = 7 3 1 3 −5 and B = 2 6 0 4 3  , then
   
   
9 −9 2 2 0 3 11 3 1 10
   
5 2 0 1 7 1 5 9 4 2
   
A − B = 7 3 1 3 −5 − 2 6 0 4 3 
   
   
9 −9 2 2 0 3 11 3 1 10
   
5−1 2−5 0−9 1−4 7−2 4 −3 −9 −3 5
   
= 7 − 2 3 − 6 1 − 0 3 − 4 −5 − 3 = 5 −3 1 −1 −8 
   
   
9 − 3 −9 − 11 2 − 3 2 − 1 0 − 10 6 −20 −1 1 −10
It should be noted that the sum or difference of two matrices of different orders
cannot be obtained.
Additive Inverse of a Matrix
The additive inverse of a matrix A is a matrix obtained by multiplying its ele-

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ments with negative sign. For example, the additive inverse of the matrix
   
a c e −a −c −e
A=  is the matrix − A =  
b d f −b −d −f

Multiplication of Matrices
We can multiply two matrices if and only if, the number of columns in the first
matrix equals the number of rows in the second matrix. Otherwise, the product
of two matrices is not possible.
OR
If the order of the matrix A is m × n then to make the product AB possible order
of the matrix B must be n × p. Then the order of the product matrix AB is m × p.
Thus
Am×n · Bn×p = Cm×p

If the matrices A and B are given by

   
a a12 ··· a1n b b ··· b1p
 11   11 12 
 a21 a22 · · · a2n   b21 b22 ··· b2p 
   
A=
 .. .. ..  ,
 B=
 .. .. .. 

 . . ··· .   . . ··· . 
   
am1 am2 · · · amn bn1 bn2 · · · bnp

Then
  
a11 a12 ··· a1n b11 b12 · · · b1p
  
 a21 a22 · · · a2n   b21 b22 · · · b2p 
  
AB =  .

.. ..   ..
 
.. .. 

 .. . ··· .  . . ··· . 
  
am1 am2 · · · amn bn1 bn2 · · · bnp

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  
a b + a12 b21 + · · · + a1n bn1 · · · a11 b1p + a12 b2p + · · · + a1n bnp
 11 11 
 a21 b11 + a22 b21 + · · · + a2n bn1 · · · a21 b1p + a22 b2p + · · · + a2n bnp 
 
= .. .. ..

. . .
 
 
 
am1 b11 + am2 b21 + · · · + amn bn1 · · · am1 b1p + am2 b2p + · · · + amn bnp

Example 4: If possible, find the products AB and BA, when

   
1 4 7 a b
   
A =  2 5 8 , B =  c d 
   
   
3 6 9 e f

Solution:
    
1 4 7 a b 1a + 4c + 7e 1b + 4d + 7f
    
AB = 2 5 8  c d  = 2a + 5c + 8e 2b + 5d + 8f 
    
    
3 6 9 e f 3a + 6c + 9e 3b + 6d + 9f
 
a + 4c + 7e b + 4d + 7f
 
= 2a + 5c + 8e 2b + 5d + 8f 
 
 
3a + 6c + 9e 3b + 6d + 9f

Since B has two columns and A has three rows, so the product BA cannot be
found.
Example 5: If possible, find AB and BA for
 
  7 1
1 2 3  
A= B = 8 2
   
4 5 6  
9 3

Solution: Since number of columns of A is 3 and the number of rows of B is also

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3, so AB can be found, i.e.
 
  7 1  
1 2 3    1×7+2×8+3×9 1×1+2×2+3×3
AB =   8 2= 
4 5 6   4×7+5×8+6×9 4×1+5×2+6×3
9 3
   
7 + 16 + 27 1+4+9 50 14
= = 
28 + 40 + 54 4 + 10 + 18 122 32

Since number of columns of B is 2 and the number of rows of A is also 2, so BA

can be found, i.e.
   
7 1   7×1+1×4 7×2+1×5 7×3+1×6
  1 2 3  
AB = 8 2  = 8 × 1 + 2 × 4 8 × 2 + 2 × 5 8 × 3 + 2 × 6
   
  4 5 6  
9 3 9×1+3×4 9×2+3×5 9×3+3×6
   
7+4 14 + 5 21 + 6 11 19 27
   
=  8 + 8 16 + 10 24 + 12 = 16 26 36
   
   
9 + 12 18 + 15 27 + 18 21 33 45

It is obvious from this example that AB 6= BA in general.