CWTS REVIEWER our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good,

conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to

MODULE 1. GOOD CITIZENSHIP
DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENS
ourselves and our prosperity, the blessings of
independence and democracy under the rule of law and
a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality and
peace, to ordain and promulgate this Constitution`

• To be loyal to the republic MODULE 2. VALUES EDUCATION

• To defend the state
• To contribute to the development of welfare of
the state
• To uphold the constitution and obey the laws
• To cooperate with duly constituted authorities
• To exercise rights responsibly and with due
regard for the rights of others
• To engage in gainful work
• To register and vote
How can we become Good citizens
VALUES EDUCATION THROUGH COMMUNITY SERVICE
• “valere” latin word meaning to measure the
worth of something
• Value is defined as any object, activity or frame
of mind that a person considers to be very
important to his life.
• Values are especially important to
understanding human behavior
• Values education is founded on a sound
philosophy of the human person with all its
philosophical ramifications and implications.

• Faith in God
THE MEANING OF MAN AS A PERSON
• Patriotism
GENERAL
• Work
• “Man’s being with others”
• Respect for life
SPECIFIC
• Respect for the law and government
• “Man’s coexistence with others”
• Truth
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
• Justice

• Freedom

• Equality

• Love

• Peace

• Promotion for the common good

• Concern for the family and future generations

• Concern for the environment and order

Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution

We the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the

aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
society and establish a Government that shall embody
 • One who influences or controls the opinions,
thoughts or actions

UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF LEADERSHIP

• Giving Vision

• Passion

• Integrity

• Maturity

• Trust

• Curiosity and Daring

MODULE 3.
LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES • Leader is like a preacher
FOR THE YOUTH TODAY
FUNCTIONS OF LEADERSHIP

• The leader as an Executive

CHARACTERISTICS
• The leader as a Planner
OF A FILIPINO YOUTH
• The leader as Policy Maker

• The leader as Expert

The Filipino youth comprise more or less 40% of the
total Philippine population. If there are 80 million • The leader as Controller of Internal Relations
Filipinos. There are at least 30 million Filipino youth in
the country. • The leader as Surveyor of Rewards and
Punishment
In 2007, the projected population is 88.7 M. So 40% of
the 88.7 M is equivalent to 35 .48 M Filipino youth. • The leader as Arbitrator and Mediator

PROVISION IN THE CONSTITUTION • The leader as an Exemplar

“The State recognizes the vital role of the youth
in nation building and shall promote and protect their
physical, moral spiritual, intellectual and social well-
being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and
nationalism and encourage their involvement in public
civic affairs.”
The Art of Leadership
• The leader as a Symbol of the group
• The leader as a Substitute for Individual
responsibility
• The leader as Ideologist
• The leader as the Father Figure

The true essence of being a leader is the PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP

one who helps everybody around him in order that he
may go up with them.

LEADERSHIP DEFINED A LEADER…

• One who shows the way • Does not create fear among his
followers, but create enthusiasm
• One who acts as guide
• Does not only have goals, but also has a
• One who directs the affairs or actions vision, a dream
 • Does not only know how to disciple • Good judgement
others but also knows how to discipline
• Energy
him/herself
• Working with people
• Does not only hear, but delegates work
among his followers, but also empowers • Defining issues/priorities
them and makes them fruitful
• Handling of meetings
• Does not only decides on what is right,
but discerns what is right • Organizing

• Does not only provide an open • Financial Skills

atmosphere, but also creates open mind • Communication Skills
• Is not only keen on winning, but also • Training Skills
sees failure as opportunities for success
• Political Skills

• Public Speaking
GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Supervision Skills

MODULE 4. TEAM BUILDING

• The leader’s awareness of self (CAPABILITY BUILDING TRAINING)
• Understanding the group’s characteristics

• Understanding individual characteristics KEY AREAS OF TEAM BUILDING

• Flexibility of approach  Task Achievement
• Understanding motivation  Quality of Decisions
• A sense of mission  Accuracy of Decisions
• High character  Risk Taking
• Job competence  Motivation
• Good judgement  Speed of Learning
• Energy TEAM BUILDING GOALS

• The leader’s awareness of self  Clarification of mission and vision

• Understanding the group’s characteristics  Establishment of team member roles and
• Understanding individual characteristics responsibilities

• Flexibility of approach  Faster start up for new teams or teams with

new leaders
• Understanding motivation
 Mechanisms for resolving conflict and
• A sense of mission elimination of dysfunctional behaviour
• High character  An appreciation of differences in work styles
and preferences
• Job competence
ASPECTS OF TEAM BUILDING
• The team building structure
• The nature of the individuals
• The environment of the team meeting
• The was decisions are made
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVE TEAM
• Mutual trust
• Mutual Support
• Genuine Communication
• Accepting Conflicts as normal and working them
through
• Mutual respect for individual differences
MODULE 5. ENVIRONMENT
It is perceived as the immediate
surroundings of an individual. In a broader
context, environment is a complex system
which deals with network of living and non-
living entities.
ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
It is a zero-waste management through total
recycling for the community. Its main objective
is to create the community permanently and
regularly clean, sanitary, and little less. It also
inspire and elicits maximum voluntary
participation from almost all of the people and
various sectors of the community while
persuasively challenging the creativity skills and
capabilities for cooperation and unity.
COMPREHENSIVE SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
• Waste Characterization and
Segregation. The solid waste generated
within the area of jurisdiction shall be
characterized for initial source reduction
and recycling element of the local waste
management plan. A separate container is
required for each type of waste for on-site
collection properly marked as
“compostable”, “non-recyclable”,
“recyclable” or “special waste”. Waste
segregation shall primarily be conducted at
the source including household,
commercial, industrial and agricultural
sources.
• Source Reduction. This refers to the
methods by which the LGUs can reduce a
sufficient amount of solid waste disposed
within five (5) years. LGUs are expected to
divert at least 25% of all solid waste from
waste disposal facilities through re-use,
recycling and composting activities. The rate
of waste diversion is set to increase every
three (3) years.
• Collection and Transport of Solid
Waste. The geographic subdivisions are
taken into account in the coverage of the
solid waste collection area in every
barangay ensuring 100% collection
efficiency within 24 hours from all sources.
The plan shall define and identify specific
strategies and activities taking into account
the availability and provision of properly
designed containers in selected collection
points while awaiting collection and
transfer, segregation of different types of
waste, hauling and transfer of solid waste
 from collection points to final disposal sites,
issuance and enforcement of ordinances for
effective implementation, and provision of
properly trained officers and workers. All
personnel directly dealing with collection of
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF ECOLOGICAL WASTE
solid waste must be equipped with personal
MANAGEMENT
protective gears for their protection.
• Utilizing appropriate technology in existing
• Recycling Program. The Department of
dumpsite to prolong their life
Trade and Industry (DTI), in coordination
with other concerned agencies, is directed • Initially reduce volume of waste stream that
to publish an inventory of existing markets mix both compostable and non-
for recyclable materials, product standards compostable waste
for recyclable and recycled materials, and a
• Reduce pollution by lessening unnecessary
proposal to stimulate demand for the
burning
production of recycled materials and
products. Moreover, a coding system for • Reduce the incidence of diseases associated
eco-labeling is expected from DTI. Non- with unsanitary or unhygienic waste
environmentally acceptable products shall disposal
be allowed within one (1) year after public
• Utilize waste material for income generating
notice as alternatives available to
projects such as urban gardening and
consumers but at cost not exceeding ten
livestock raising, cottage industry
(10) percent of the disposable product. The
use of non-environmentally acceptable
packaging is strictly prohibited by the Act.
FIVE F’S TOTAL RECYCLING
Non-biodegradable or non-compostable
BENEFITS OF ECOLOGICAL SOLID • Factory returnable (Dry paper,
WASTE MANAGEMENT cardboards, plastic, rubber, glass,
bottles, mirror, metals, mineral, tin
cans, dry fibers)
• Simplified, hygienic, dignified management
Biodegradable or compostable
of household waste
• Feed materials
• Maximum and optimum recovery or
retrieval of much needed costly materials • Fertilizer materials
• Enhanced ecological balance of the • Fuel materials
environment, eliminating open dumpsites,
• Filling materials
lessening pollution of our soil, air and water
resources COMPOSTING
• Served as a springboard for useful, timely This refers to the biological process in which
household or barangay level projects to help organic materials such as vegetable trimmings,
our people endure or overcome the present fruit peelings, kitchen refuse, dry leaves cut
economic crisis grasses and plant parts are broken down into a
soil like product. It is a form of recycling, a
natural way of returning nutrients to the soil.
THE THREE TYPES OF R’S OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
 REDUCE
 REUSE
 RECYCLE
SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE IN A COMMUNITY
• Household waste
• Commercial-Industrial waste
• Farm and Agricultural waste
• Institutional waste
• Mining wastes
• Miscellaneous and specialized wastes
• Hazardous wastes
FACTORS THAT AFFECT WASTE REGENERATION
• The state of national economy
• The lifestyle of the people
• The demographic profile of the population
• The size and type of dwelling
• Age
• Religion
• The extent to which the 3 R’s are carried out
• Presence of pets and domestic animals
• Seasonal variations
• Presence of laws and ordinances governing
waste management
• Company buy-lack guarantees for used
containers and packaging
RECREATION AND SPORTS
DEFINITION OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
• A recreational activity, which is done free
time
• Sometimes referred to as play for the young
and diversion for the adults, because they
are enjoying the activity
• An activity that diverts amuses or stimulates
a person
• A diversion that occupies one’s time and
thoughts usually pleasantly
• An activity that refreshes, renews health
and spirit
• Engaging in favourable sports could develop
good health, muscular strength, power,
agility, flexibility etc
• Proper conduct and behaviour among
participants could also be developed
through joining activities
• Joining on leagues, clubs and other smaller
organization gives opportunity to socialize
• Develops the spirit of sportsmanship and
fair play
• Leisure activities could bring happiness to
the person
• Sportsmanship, teamwork, leadership and
honesty could be developed in joining
sports and other recreational activities
TYPES OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITES

1. Physical (Aerobics, Dancing, Group games,
minor sports)
2. Social (parties, dancing, evening dinner)
3. Cultural (arts and crafts, glee clubs and
choral groups, dramatics, concerts and
lectures)
4. Intellectual (poetry writing, song writing,
reading, research and investigations, short
story and novel writing, answering puzzles
etc.)
• Promotes the use of modern technology in
a small scale manufacturing to enhance
productivity
• Develops possible market
• Encourages more research studies and
inventions
• Develops entrepreneurial qualities and
positive attitudes among potential
entrepreneurs.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ENTREPRENEUR
ENTREPRENEURSHIP • Opportunity seeker
The capacity and willingness to develop, • Persistent
organize and manage a business venture along
with any of its risks in order to make a profit. • Committed to a work contract
The most obvious example of entrepreneurship • Risk takers
is the starting of new businesses. In economics,
entrepreneurship combined with land, labour, • Competent and hard working
naturalresources and capital can produce profit. • Goal setter
Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized
by innovation and risk-taking, and is an • Information seeker
essential part of a nation's ability to succeed in • Systematic planner and overseers
an ever changing and increasingly competitive
global marketplace. • Persuasive
• Confident

CONTRIBUTIONS OF ENTREPRENEUSHIP
• Provides self employment ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES

• Creates employment for others

• Develops industries especially in rural areas • Achievement Cluster

• Encourages the processing of the local ▫ Opportunity seeking

materials into finished or semi-finished
▫ Persistence
goods
▫ Committed to work contract
• Generates additional income for the family
▫ Risk taking
• Makes goods and services more available to
the consumers ▫ Demand for efficiency
• Planning cluster
 ▫ Goal setting community levels in order to effect positive
behavior and social change.
▫ Information seeking
▫ Systematic planning and monitoring
The societal mobilization strategy calls for
• Power cluster
partnership with all stakeholders which are the
▫ Persuasion and networking following:

▫ Confidence 1. Political-policy makers

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
2. Bureaucratic/ Technocratic- government
workers and technical experts
IMPACT OF
3. Non-governmental sector
4. Community groups

• Entrepreneurship creates employment 5. Households and individuals

• Entrepreneurship improves the quality of

life
• Entrepreneurship contributes to more
equitable distribution of income and
therefore eases social unrest
• Entrepreneurship utilizes and mobilizes
resources to make the country productive
• Entrepreneurship brings social benefits
through the government
KEY ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL MOBILIZATION
1. Organizational Development
2. Capital formation for development through
Community Savings
3. Training for Human Resource Development
4. Socio- economic development

SOCIAL AND RESOURCES MOBILIZATION

BENEFITS OF SOCIAL MOBILIZATION
CONCEPT OF SOCIAL MOBILIZATION
1. For Poverty Alleviation
2. For promoting Democratic Governance
• The social mobilization concept requires
3. For Environment
working hand- in- hand with individuals,
organizations, policy makers and 4. For Conflict Prevention
communities to forge a collective identity to
achieve common goals. It is through this
process that people at various levels of
society engage in dialogue and negotiation
wherein collective action emanates. It is
also an approach that involves planned
actions and processes to reach, influence
and involve all relevant segments of society
across all sectors from the national to
 NETWORKING AND LINKAGING

WHAT IS AN ALLIANCE?

An alliance is an association of people, groups, or nations who agree to cooperate and achieve a shared goal.

It is the coming together of persons, groups or nation, mutually committing to support each other to achieve a
desired goal.

When are alliances formed?

 Alliances are formed when there are needs or objectives that are perceived to be shared like protection from a
common enemy, or objectives to attain.

 Alliances are formed when aside from having common needs and objectives mutual trust and respect and a
willingness to commit are present.

Who are these Potential Allies?

Potential Stakeholders maybe the local government units from the barangay to the provincial level, people’s
organization, non governmental organizations, academic and research institutions, media business associations, donor
agencies, even armed groups from the government or otherwise.

STEPS in ALLIANCE BUILDING

1. COMING TOGETHER- Before any alliance takes place one has to have a good understanding about the project -
the rallying point. It is responsive to the needs identified by the beneficiaries themselves. Does its scheme
manifest assurance of continuity or sustainability? Are the key personnel of its management without doubt
qualified and committed? What can you offer as your counterpart in the alliance?

Initiators for collaborative work come together due to:

1.need for action and

2. a common vision of a better community
1. other than knowledge about and access to potential partners, initiators in alliance
building must consider also the following:
a. Adequacy of Partners. The coverage of the collaborative task determines the
adequate number of collaborative partners. Too many alliances may require a
restructuring to avoid confusion and unnecessary delays. Breaking the big group
into smaller groups and the big task into smaller ones will help keep the alliance
effective and efficient. The more specific task will be assigned to the sub groups.
b. Interest and commitment of decision Makers. To facilitate and strengthen the
collaborative bond, major policy makers
 and authorities of all collaborating stakeholders should be drawn into line.
Initiators must sell the idea of working together to them to get their interest and
commitment. Once you win them on your side, others will fall into line.

4. Threats but potential partners. Persons and Organization perceived to be blocks to

collaborative work that possesses the needed resources and skills for a successful
collaboration should be influenced to join in. Sitting down with them to present the
advantages of collaborating with each other might work. There are cases when staunch
opponents become significant allies.
5. History of potential partners. It is also to consider how the person or group worked with
alliances in the past. Identifying the goat from the sheep at the inception stage will help
secure the viability of the collaborative endeavor.
6. Skills, it is imperative to know what skills are needed to bring this collaboration into
success. Initiators of the alliance should look into the personal and collective skills in the
market of would be partners.
7. Multi sectoral participation. Initiatives to collaborate tend to involve only persons and
institutions within the same field of discipline and or mission. However, often needed
data, skills, resources and other form of support can come from persons or groups
belonging to other sectors.

2. BUILDING AND STRENTHENING

After identifying Potential partners, what more can be done?

In 1992, Apple and IBM rushed to do a joint venture called Taligent tasked to create a new-object
oriented operating system. This joint venture for a time showed indicators of synergism. But later, the
objective of creating a new operating system failed. IBM took upon its shoulder the burden of the loss
which was said to exceed $150 Million.

What was wrong in that partnership? With all systems seemingly in their right places at the outset,
why did it fail? Why Apple and IBM succeeded for a while to convince people that trust and respect were
present in the years of their partnership; the reverse actually happened. Their years of togetherness
were puckered with a number of lawsuits thrown against each other for patent and technology
infringement. Clearly, trust and respect were absent from beginning of their alliance. This failure of an
early alliance prototype teaches us to properly establish the rules of engagement for creating a genuine,
honest and transparent alliance.

a. Getting Potential Partners to Engage

1. Gather as much information about the prospective partner before

meeting them. Conduct profiling of potential stakeholders in the vicinity
in terms of their
VGMO, programs, projects, target beneficiaries and
resources. Identify from the data the potential partners that have a role in
addressing certain issues or components of the project.

2. Know the decision-makers and the key players in the organization. Invite
them to your program presentation.
3. Present the program in a simple, organized and understandable manner.
 4. Show the potential mutual benefits that can be gained from collaborating.
5. Be attentive to the interests and cultural overtones of potential
collaborators.
6. Be clear with the exploratory intentions of the first few meetings with
potential partners.
b. Leveling off. By leveling off, partners create a base of information accessible to all
stakeholders to facilitate common knowledge about partner’s self-interest, cultures
and visions.

1. Self-interest is a powerful stimulant which when properly understood and

considered can work to the advantage of the alliance. It should be clear to
all what each partner has something to gain from collaborating. The more
self-interest is openly expressed, the deeper trust and respect develop
between or among collaborators.
2. Sensitivity and responsibility to be expressed and implied cultural
differences and similarities can further enhance the level of respect and
trust. Talking candidly about cultural expectations and traditions during
formal and informal gatherings is important.
3. A shared vision ensures sustainability of collaboration. A shared vision is
an imagery of what partners hope to create in the future. Formulating a
vision out of many individual or corporate visions is difficult because it
takes a lot of listening, thinking, time and maturity. But, when partners
are clear on what desired ends the alliance is working to achieve, they will
be motivated and energized.

3. STRATEGIC PLANNING. This provides the framework for allied work; it is divided into five (5) tasks:
 Formulation of the Mission Statement. The mission statement expresses the particular of the
general direction stated by the vision, the purposes, values and beliefs of the alliance.

1. It must describe what must be achieved for whom

2. It must define the coverage of task.
3. It must express the desired objectives which is related to the missions of individual or
collective partners but somehow unique from them.
4. It must be clearly expressed for all partners to understand.

 Environmental and Capacity Assessment

1. Environmental assessment looks into the threats and the opportunities external but
affecting the collaboration.
2. Capacity assessment looks into internal strengths and weaknesses and confronts the
environment in the context of its perceived capabilities. A hasty external and self-
analysis may spell disaster for the alliance. A careful analysis of both reinforces strengths
and fills in gaps consequently making the alliance stronger.
 Goal Formulation. A goal is a specific statement of what alliance commits to do. This consists of
the standard against which the progress of the alliance is to be measured. Goals that span for
a period of three years or more are called long term goals and those that are immediate are
dubbed as short term goals.

1. A goal states desired achievements

 2. It is realistic
3. It is measurable
4. It is specific
5. It is expressed in a simple and easily understood statement.
 Strategy Selection. To achieve the goals, appropriate strategy should be selected.

1. An appropriate strategy must lead to goal realization 2. It must work within

the bounds of available resources

3. It must be consistent with the mission Statement.

 Development of an Action Plan. Basing on the goals made, a plan of action is made. The plan of
action list down the steps to be undertaken. The plan may best be arranged into a matrix for
easy reference. The action plan consists of the following data:

1. the activities to be undertaken

2. the partners responsible to carry out the activity
3. time frame for completion
4. accountability indicators
5. success indicators and
6. anticipated costs

4. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ACTION PLAN. This is the time for the allied partners to manifest their
commitment to the mission and vision that they set for themselves under this collaborative scheme. The
implementation may begin by piloting certain activities before going full scale. This allows partners to fill
gaps before resorting to full implementation.

5. EVALUATION. This stage is the time of knowing how the collaborative efforts and strategies fare against the
set standards. Evaluation may be conducted by all the stakeholders of the alliance or it may be conducted by
all the stakeholders of the alliance or it may be conducted by entities external to it. AN evaluation tool that
is sensitive enough to measure degrees of efficiency, effectiveness, and other indicators of success should be
designed. Invite the stakeholders to be present in the present in the project’s evaluation and phasing-out
activities.
 the whole collaborative process is subject to review and revision as more allies are added, as new
events unfold and as new directions are set.

HEALTH CARE

Introduction
We often hear that health is wealth and this is very true, No matter how much we study and work hard to earn a big
income, without good health, everything is futile.

How do we define health? Health is the complete fitness of the body, soundness of the mind and wholesomeness of the
emotion, which make possible the highest quality of effective living and of service.

Why do we have to study health?

The following are the reasons why we have to study health:

1. Medical health records show that current health practices are poor
 2. People’s attitude towards health does not lead to hygienic living
3. People lack basic information regarding health matters
4. Habits affect health and the school can develop health habits

Principles underlying health

1. Heredity, environment and mode of living determine one’s health
2. The students’ health is a joint responsibility of the home, the school as well as the community
3. Teaching health in the school is principally in the hands of the Health teacher
4. Health education is included in the curriculum starting from kindergarten up to college
5. The health specialist of the school should have a better understanding, sympathy, cooperation and support in
order to have an effective health education
6. Better accomplishment of the medical and dental and nursing services of the school lies in the health
instruction and the development of health, attitude and habits
7. The promotion of the teacher’s health is important to the health education program as well as to the quality
and cost of education
8. What constitutes a valuable element in the health education of the student is the professional skill and
initiative of the teacher
9. It is very essential to develop the health practices of the student starting from kindergarten until he becomes
old enough to understand the scientific reasons which these practices rest.

According to Fuentes (1999), women tend to live longer and are generally far healthier than men. Yet they visit
the doctor twice as often. This is partly because even when they are in the best of their health, their basic biological
functions – menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth and menopause – frequently require medical intervention.

Further, she said that there is an increasing and predominantly silent crisis in men’s health and well being. Due to
lack of awareness, poor health education, and culturally induced behavior patterns in their work and personal lives,
men’s health and well-being are deteriorating steadily. In the 1920’s, the life expectancy of males and females was
roughly the same. Now, life expectancy among males is over 10% lower of 7 years shorter than that of women. The
relative slack in men’s health is due to a number of reasons. The primary reason is that men have been brought up to
think it is unmanly to react to pain in their bodies. The consequence is that men are at greater risk for several of the top
killers – heart disease, cancer, suicide, accidents and violence.

Women depend on their gynecologist for female problems, and learn the benefits of early detection for breast
cancer through self-examination. Men, on the other hand, often ignore warning signs and symptoms until the problem
becomes serious. Furthermore, there really isn’t a medical specialty to deal with the wide variety of problems that a man
faces.

Essential Facts which man should know (Fuentes, et. al 1999)

1. Heart Disease. One of the leading causes of death among men is heart disease. This disease is brought by
lack of concern for diet as well as a stressful lifestyle.
2. Hospital. Men visit doctors when they can no longer bear the pain. So, if their disease os already severe, the
tendency is to stay longer in the hospital.
3. Violence. Men’s tendency is to become aggressive than women. This aggressiveness is brought about by the
male hormone, testosterone. What happens is they end up in jail or in a mental hospital.
4. Addiction. Men are prone to addiction. According to Fuentes, et. al (1999), it is estimated that over two-
thirds of alcoholics are men. The reason for this is the “macho” image in which men seldom share their
 emotional disturbance with others. Because of these emotional outbursts, they tend to take drugs or
alcohol.
5. Accidents. Men are exposed to hazardous jobs especially engineers, pilots, marines, fishermen, etc. So, they
are also prone to accidents.
6. Sexually transmitted disease. STD is a disease among men if they do not practice safe sex, or restrain from
sexual activities with some low moral women, especially the prostitutes.
7. Suicide. More men tend to commit suicide than women. Because of the “macho” image, they always keep
their problems to themselves. So they are more likely to commit suicide, as they don’t have any outlet to
share their emotions.
8. Impotence. This is brought about by psychological aspects. Other contributors to impotence are: smoking,
alcohol, blood pressure medicines and diabetes.
9. Cancer. Accodring to Fuentes, et. al (1999), men are twice as likely to die from cancer than women are. The
male specific cancers are: testicular, prostate, while nongender specific caners are lung and colon cancers.
10. Stress. Several factors can cause stress among men such as financial problems, poor health, heavy workload,
the death of a loved one, work environment and marriage strife.

Carriers of contagious disease

There are three agent-carriers of disease germs according to Meñez (1970) and these are:

1. Man. Man spreads a contagious disease directly or indirectly. He is a carrier even if he has not been sick with
the disease, but carries the germs with him.
2. Water. Drinking water is another carrier of a disease. We also get the disease by using the glass and utensils
of a sick person.
3. Food. Food is also a carrier of disease, so let us avoid eating dirty food. Leftover food should always be
covered so that flies, rats and cockroaches will not step on them. In order to avoid getting disease from
infected food, you should not buy from the outside vendors, because you are not sure how they prepare,
cook and serve the food.

Fitness and Healthy Living

Fitness relates to physical activity – perhaps a rigorous daily exercise regimen. Others may think of fitness simply as
being free from disease and other health problems. Yet the true definition of fitness is far broader and more personal. It
refers to your own optimal health and overall well-being. Fitness is your good health.

Being fit relates to every aspect of your health – physical, emotional, and mental. All the three are interconnected.
Nutrition and physical activity are fundamental to each one.

When you are fit, you have:

1. Stamina and are optimistic in dealing with everyday emotional ups and downs as well as the different mental
challenges that are often encountered
2. Reduced risk for may health problems, including serious diseases
3. An attitude of looking and feeling the best
4. Physical strength and endurance to handle yourself in case of an emergency
5. A better future to become an asset to your country
6. Chance for a better quality of life and ready to face challenges
Nutrition
Nutrition is the science that studies nutrients determining what they are, in what quantities they are found in different
foods, how they are utilized by the body, and in what quantities they are needed by the body.

Its is also deifned by Fuentes, et. al (1999), as how the food nourishes your body. Being well nourished depends on
getting enough of the nutrients your body needs, but not too much of the nutrients and energy your body needs.

There are two classes of nutrients. The Macronutrients are relatively in large quantities and make up the bulk of
all diets (supply energy). The Micronutrients are needed in smaller quantities which serve as calorie sources, but play
essential role in the body chemistry.

Common deficiency diseases

The common deficiency diseases among children in the Philippines are brought by inadequate nutrients in the body. As
the children grow up, it has been noted that the quantity of balanced food they eat goes down.

Hereunder are the common deficiency diseases:

1. Kwashiorkor – calorie deficiency

2. Vitamin A deficiency
3. Vitamin B deficiency
4. Vitamin C deficiency

Basic elements in food

Food is a substance out together by nature into plant or animal life. There are two general groups of food:

1. Those that give energy for life, growth and repair (energy-growth giving foods) Under this group are the
carbohydrates and protein.
2. Those that are needed by the body to help do its work (regulating foods) Under this group are minerals,
calcium and vitamins.
Water is not food, but plays a very essential part in changing substances for digestion, in helping waste elimination and
in regulating our temperature.

Balanced diet food

1. Eat a variety of foods with different nutrients good for your body.
2. Balance the foods you eat so that you can attain good health; eat grain products which are energy giving
foods, vegetables and fruits which supply other nutrients needed by your body.
3. Choose a diet rich in grain products, vegetables and fruits because these are excellent sources of many
nutrients like vitamins, minerals, complex carbohydrates as well as fiber and other healthful food substances.
4. Choose a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol. Fat is essential for health. It supplies energy, contains
essential fatty acids and carries vitamins into your blood stream, but too much of it can also cause an
ailment.
5. Choose a diet moderate in sugars because it can cause diabetes.
6. Choose a diet moderate in salts, especially those who are suffering from high blood pressure. Sodium is a
nutrient and a natural part of many foods. It helps the body maintain fluid balance and regulate blood
pressure but a person with high blood pressure is sodium-sensitive.
7. Drink alcoholic beverages in moderation. Drinking higher amount is linked to many health problems.
Common communicable diseases
A disease is the abnormal state or functioning of all or part of the organism. It is also an alteration of the dynamic
interaction between an individual and his environment. On the other hand, a communicable disease is a disease that can
be transferred from the source to another person.

Some signs of disease are abnormal changes in temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate. Symptoms are pain and
restlessness, though these may not be the same for all persons. The following are the different communicable diseases:

1. Sore eyes
2. Chronic bronchitis
3. El tor or cholera
4. Common cold
5. Chicken pox
6. Whooping cough
7. Measles
8. Pneumonia
9. Tuberculosis
10. Dengue fever
11. Typhoid fever
12. Mumps

DRUG EDUCATION

Introduction
A drug is a chemical substance that brings about physical, emotional or behavioral change in a person taking it.
Any drug can be harmful when taken in excess. Some drugs can also be harmful if taken in dangerous combinations or by
hypersensitive (allergic) persons in ordinary or even small amounts. Substance like glue, paint thinners, gasoline and
other volatile (breathable) solvents contain a variety of dangerous chemicals. They should be sold and used with caution.

What is Drug abuse?

Drug abuse is the use of any chemical substance, licit or illicit, which results in an individual’s physical, mental or social
impairment. It may refer to any of the following practices:

1. Using, without benefit or prescription, useful drugs which have the capacity to alter the mood or behavior.
2. Using drugs and substances for a purpose different from the one for which the drug has been prescribed.
3. Using drugs and substances having no legitimate medical application for purposes other than research.

Why do people turn to drugs?

These are the reasons ranging from the following:

1. “Medicines” can solve problems
2. Widespread access to various drugs
3. Peer pressure
4. The notion that drugs give enjoyment to users and in the context that it is used as an alcohol substitute
What drugs are commonly used?

Drugs that are commonly abused depending on their pharmacological effects may be classified into:

1. Stimulants – drugs which increase alertness and physical disposition. Examples are amphetamine, cocaine,
caffeine and nicotine
2. Hallucinogens (also called as psychedelics) – drugs which affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness and
emotion. Changes in time and space perception, delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations may be mild or
overwhelming, depending on dose and quality of the drug.
Examples are LSD, Mescaline and Marijuana

3. Sedatives – drugs which may reduce anxiety and excitement.

Examples are barbiturates, non-barbiturates, tranquilizers and alcohol

4. Narcotics – drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep.

Examples are opium and its derivatives (morphine, codeine and heroin)

How can you tell when one is abusing drugs?

A person who is abusing drugs has a lot of changes in behavior, appearance and mood. The changes may be pleasant or
unpleasant. Thus he is:

1. Irritable, discourteous, defiant and aggressive

2. Untrustworthy and lacks self-confidence
3. Unhealthy and unconcerned with good grooming
4. Has a low frustration tolerance
5. Lacks interest in his studies/work
6. Blames everybody for his problems
7. Prefers his barkada where he feels accepted

What are the ill-effects of drug abuse?

Drug abuse leads to medical and health problems. The physical complications depend to an extent on the specific drug,
its source and the way it is used. Among the physical and mental complications are:

1. Malnutrition. The lives of drug dependents revolve around drug abuse. They miss their regular meals
because they lose their appetite.
2. Panic Reaction. The loss of thought processes can cause panic reactions or feelings on invulnerability. Both of
these states can lead to injury and death. The prolonged harmful reactions include anxiety and depressive
sates, or breaks with reality, which may last from a few days to months.
3. Physical Damage. In addition to those disease, which accompany the use of unsterile syringes and
contaminated drugs these may cause certain medical problems. Kidney failure, hepatitis, drastic weight loss
and vitamin deficiencies are some of the adverse physical complications.
The life of drug abusers is a dreadful one. To support the habit, they resort to committing crimes like stealing,
prostitution and gambling, wherein they hamper their emotional maturation.

What can a person do to prevent drug abuse?

 1. Maintain god physical and mental health
2. Use drug properly
3. Understand your own self
4. Develop your potentials
5. Learn to relate effectively to whom you can communicate your problems freely
6. Learn to cope with your problems and other stresses without the use of drugs
7. Seek professional help if you feel you cannot cope with your problems 8. Develop strong moral and spiritual
foundations

What are the general facts about Ecstasy, Marijuana, Inhalant abuse, Opiates and Cocaine?

Ecstasy is a synthetic amphetamine – related substance. IT GAINED POPULARITY AS A RECREATIONAL DRUG, FIRST IN
THE United States and then later in Europe and now is increasingly known in other parts of the world. It has the
following street names: X, Rave, Love Drug, Flying Saucer, LBD or Libido, Jagged Little Pill, Artist Drug, Hug Drug,
MDA, MDEA, XTC, E, Eckie, and Love Doves. Its scientific name is 3, 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA). A user generally takes the drug through oral ingestion, but some resort to snorting for its faster effect,
but this is usually painful and irritating to the nostrils. Its dosage varies whole tablet-1 “hit” lasts for about 3 to 5
hours. A typical dose is between 75 mg and 150 mg; one half-tablet – half a bit.

The physiological effects are muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, appetite loss, blurred vision, rapid eye
movement, hallucinations, irritability, faintness, chills, sweating, sleeping problems, increase in heart rate, body
temperature and blood pressure, liver & heart damage, and brain hemorrhage.

MDMA is particularly dangerous when taken with alcohol, or by those suffering from heart ailments, diabetes, asthma
and psychosis.

The psychological effects are classified into two categories. The first of which are positive psychological effects which
include: extreme mood lifts, increase in willingness to communicate, increase in energy or stimulation, ego
softening, feeling of comfort, belonging and closeness to others, feeling of love and empathy, forgiveness,
increased awareness and appreciation of music, increased awareness of senses, profound lifechanging spiritual
experiences, neurotically based fear dissolution, experience bright and intense sensations and urge to hug and
kiss people. The second category has negative effects which include: inappropriate and unintended emotional
bonding, tendency to say things the user might feel uncomfortable about later, depression and fatigue up to
seven days, confusion, drug craving, severe anxiety and paranoia.

The short term effects of MDMA are: restlessness, anxiety, pronounced visual and auditory hallucinations at larger dose,
increased blood pressure and heart rate which may lead to cardiac arrest, nausea and vomiting while the long
term effects of MDMA are: psychosis, arrhythmia, same effect as with Amphetamines, psychological
dependence, depression.

A user experience grogginess, talkativeness, increased heart rate and palpitation, reverberating feeling,
glassy eyes, and hypertension. The after effect of Ecstasy leads to sudden drop of euphoria and depression. After
taking the drug, users usually indulge in sex (with single or multiple partners) and some resort to mental
intercourse (jamming or sex talks.
The signs and symptoms are: poor appetite, disturbed sleeping pattern, erratic behavior, paranoia and
suspicious of people.

The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from five hundred thousand pesos (PhP
500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who unless authorized by law, shall possess 10 grams of
 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) regardless of purity to include illegal manufacture, sale,
administration, dispensing, distribution, delivery and transportation.

Marijuana, often called grass, pot, or weed, is a crude drug made from Cannabis sativa, a plant that contains a mind-
altering (psychoactive) ingredient called tetrahydrocannabinol THC. A marijuana “joint” or cigarette is made from
the dried leaves, tops and flowers of the plant. Its strength depends on the type of plant, the weather, the soil
and the time of harvest of the plant. Hashish or hash – is made from the extracted resin of the plant. It is usually
stronger than crude marijuana and can be both be smoked and eaten. Marijuana slows down the user’s mental
and psychomotor activities. Users don’t remember what they have learned when they are high. The effects of
marijuana can also impair thinking, reading comprehension and verbal and mathematical skills. Marijuana
creates other health problems related to the reproductive system, the heart and the lungs. It has been found
that Marijuana use may lead to cancer. The long term regular use of this may lead to psychological dependence.
Once started, it may take more of the drug for the user to get the same effect.

The immediate effects are: faster heartbeat and pulse rate, bloodshot eyes, dry mouth and throat,
altered sense of time/disorientation, forgetfulness or inability to think, impaired reflexes, coordination and
concentration, “acute panic anxiety reaction” – extreme fearing of losing control. The long term effects are chest
pain, irregular menstrual cycle, temporary loss of fertility for both sexes, premature babies or low birth weights,
cancer, and marijuana “burn out” (dull, slow moving, inattentive, and unaware of surroundings).

The reasons why people use marijuana are: peer pressure, curiosity, boredom, frustration (due to
personal/family/school and work problems), poor self-image, weak personality (unable to cope with stress,
conflicts, etc.), desire to escape from reality, an lack of parental guidance.

Inhalant abuse is the deliberate inhalation of volatile chemical substances that contain psychoactive (mind/mood
altering) vapors to produce a state of intoxication. It is dangerous because it will cause permanent damage to the
brain or may result in “sudden sniffing death”. Abusers under the influence of inhalants are prone to accident.
Abusers

can also become violent. Inhalant abuse produces psychological dependence. Once the habit is formed, the dose
has to be increased gradually to produce the same effect.

The immediate effects of this are: confusion or disorientation, distorted perception of time and distance,
aggressive behavior or violence, illusions, nausea, vomiting and hallucination. The delayed effects are: loss of
memory, inability to think, muscle cramps and weakness, numbness in limbs, abdominal pains, and damage to
the central nervous system, kidneys & liver.

Opiates, sometimes called narcotics, are a group of drugs that are used to relieve pain, but have a high potential for
abuse. Some opiates come from a resin taken from the seedpod of the Asian poppy.

Opium – dark brown chunks or powder that are usually smoked or eaten.

Morphine – white or brownish powder that is usually dissolved in water and then injected.

Heroin – diluted or “cut” with other substances such as sugar or quinine.

Codeine
Synthesized or manufactured opiates – come in capsules, tablets, syrups, solutions and suppositories.

Morphine, meperidine, paregoric (which contains opium), and cough syrups (that contain codeine) are the most
common opiates with legal medicine uses that are abused.
 The dangers of opiates abuse are: opiates may cause dependence and tolerance. An opiate-dependent person makes
finding and using the drug his main focus in life. Over time, opiate users may develop infections of the heart
lining and valves, skin abscesses and congested lungs. The opiate-dependent women suffer from health
problems like anemia and may give birth to babies with defects or who are dead.

The immediate effects are: restlessness, nausea and vomiting, “on the nod” effect (going back and forth from feeling
alert to drowsy), for very large dose – person cannot be awakened anymore, smaller pupils, cold, moist and
bluish skin, slowed down breathing and death.

The delayed effects are: uneasiness, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, chills, sweating, nausea, runny nose and eyes.

The symptoms begin 4-6 hours after lat dose of the drug, are stronger 24-27 hours after and subside with 7-10 days.
Sometimes, symptoms such as sleeplessness and drug craving can last for months.

The treatments for opiate addicts are: detoxification in a hospital or as outpatient, rehabilitation in therapeutic
communities, outpatient drug-free programs, methadonemaintenance using methadone (a substitute for heroin,
on a daily basis to help people lead productive lives while in treatment).

Cocaine is a drug extracted from the leaves of coca, a South American shrub, which has the same effect as
amphetamines – a central nervous system stimulant.

Cocaine is available in the following forms:

Cocaine Hydrochloride – is the most available form. It is a fine white crystal-like powder that is medically known as a
local anesthetic. Users sniff or snort it into the nose.
“Street” Cocaine Hydrochloride or “rocks” – these are the larger pieces of cocaine hydrochloride.
Freebase – is the purified substance of “rocks”. It is usually injected or smoked.

Coca Paste – is the crude product smoked in South America. It is more dangerous because it has contaminants such as
kerosene.

Cocaine is dangerous because in some people, even low doses of cocaine, it may

Create psychological problems. An overdose may cause delirium, convulsions, respiratory failures or death. Regular
intake of high doses of cocaine may cause paranoia or may lead to “cocaine psychosis” (hallucinations of touch,
sight, taste or smell).

Injecting cocaine with unsterile equipment can cause hepatitis or other infections. Preparation of freebase exposes the
user to death and serious injuries from fire or explosion that can occur.

Repeated use of cocaine leads to addiction. Users can get to the point of centering their lives on seeking and using the
drug. Sometimes, they may continue to use it to avoid depression and fatigue they would feel if they stopped
using the drug.

The immediate effects are: dilated pupils, increase in blood pressure/heart rate/breathing rate/body temperature, a
sense of well-being, feels energetic/alert, less hungry and slurred speech.

The delayed effects are: psychosis, restlessness, irritability/anxiety, sleeplessness, stuffy or runny nose/ulcerated
mucous membrane of nose, confusion, and slurred speech.

VOTERS’ AWARENESS

The Right of Suffrage

The human right to vote is embodied in three instruments: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. The Philippines is governed
by these three documents which similarly mandate universality of the right; equality in access to public service; and
secrecy of votes.

History of Elections

A system of election was first practiced in the Philippines during the Spanish and American colonial period. But the
process was only limited to male voters and was more of a ceremonial rather than a genuine democratic mechanism.

1937 - when Act 4112, granting women the right of suffrage, was implemented

1946 - The first democratic election. The election for President and Vice-President of the Republic, Members of the
Senate and of the House of Representatives. From then on, the country operated on a two-party system where
two major political parties, the Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party, figure in succeeding elections.

1972 - When Marcos declared Martial Law. the 1935 Constitution was scrapped, an Interim Batasang Pambansa was
created and a new (1973) Constitution was adopted

1978 - Election for the Interim Batasang Pambansa was called. The Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) became the
administration party.

1980 - Local election was characterized by widespread terrorism, violence and wholesale fraud.

1981 - Marcos submitted himself to the electoral process to regain legitimacy.

1983 - The Aquino assassination resulted in waves of protest forcing the creation of wider democratic space.

1984 - Batasang Pambansa elections happened to replace the Interim Batasang Pambansa.
1986 - Snap elections were held. The widespread election manipulations and irregularities and the worsening
social, political and economic order triggered the EDSA uprising in the same year.
1992 - synchronized national and local elections, the people voted for president for the first time under the
1987 Constitution.
1995 - congressional and local elections were held. A new form of fraud dubbed as “dagdag-bawas” or
the subtraction of votes from one candidate to be added to the contending candidate was in
practice during these two major elections.
1998 - the first party-list elections were held. Joseph Estrada was seated as President of the Republic with
popular support
2001 - EDSA DOS, a repeat of the 1986 People Power removed Estrada from Malacañang and seated Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo as the new president.

Elections and Democracy

• The Constitution guarantees that we are a sovereign people, where all government authority comes
from. Sovereignty or the power to govern is exercised directly through suffrage and indirectly through
public officials elected by the people. The will of the people, then, is best expressed in clean, orderly
and honest election.

• The representative democratic structure, in which the people govern through elected representatives,
is based on the idea of “consent of the governed”. Thus, the government officials chosen and elected by
the people become servants and not masters of the people from whom and for whom these officials
exercise their power and authority.

• The citizen voters are entitled to free and informed choice on whom to vote and must be dictated by
the genuine welfare of the majority. Every individual political choices and decisions made by the
citizen voters will determine the kind of government that will serve them.

Government Structure
Powers and Functions of Public Servants

Executive power is vested in the President of the Republic. This power covers:
• control of all executive departments and all implementing agencies of the government;
• appointment of high officials in the government (heads of executive departments/cabinet members,
ambassadors, public ministers, consuls, officers of the armed forces);
• seeing to the execution and implementation of laws and policies
 Local government units also exercise executive functions through the governors of provinces, municipal
and city mayors.

Legislative power is lodged in the Congress of the Philippines: the Senate and the House of
Representatives. Legislative functions include:
• Statute making, constitution making, and amending of constitution;
• Appropriations/financial function;
• Oversight function;
• Informational or the power to conduct inquiries in aid of legislation.

Legislative functions are carried out in the local level by the different “sanggunians” or local legislative
bodies.

Election Process
All citizens of the Philippines, eighteen years of age or over, and a resident of the Philippines for one
year and in the city or municipality wherein he proposes to vote for at least six months immediately
preceding the election are qualified to vote.

The following shall be disqualified from voting:

• Any person who has been sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment for not less than one
year. However, he/ she may reacquire the right to vote upon expiration of five years after service of
sentence.
• Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by competent court or tribunal of having
committed any crime involving disloyalty to the duly constituted government such as rebellion,
sedition, violation of the anti-subversion and firearms laws, or any crime against national security,
unless restored to his full civil and political rights in accordance with law: Provided, That he shall regain
his right to vote automatically upon expiration of five years after service of sentence.
• Insane or incompetent persons as declared by competent authority
In addition, RA 9189 or the Overseas Absentee Voting Law entitles all Filipino citizens overseas, not
otherwise disqualified by law, and immigrants and permanent residents with affidavit of intent to
resume residence in the Philippines, to vote for elective positions in the national level: President; Vice-
President; Senators; and Party-List Representatives

• Registration
• Election Day
• Modernized Election Process
• Implementation of RA 8436 through Comelec Resolution 02-0170
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND CONTINGENCY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Disaster - A disaster is an event, natural or manmade, sudden or progressive, which impacts with such severity,
that the affected community has to respond by taking exceptional measures.

It is a serious disruption of the functioning of a society causing widespread human, material,

financial, and environmental losses which exceed the ability of the society to cope using its own
resources.

Common types of disaster

• Earthquake
• Volcanic eruption
• Tsunami
• Tropical cyclone (typhoon, hurricane)
• Flood
• Landslide
• Bushfire (or wildfire)
• Drought
• Epidemic
• Major accident, and
• Armed conflict and civil unrest

General effects of disaster

• Loss of life
• Injury
• Damage to and destruction of property
• Damage to and destruction of subsistence and cash crops
• Disruptions of production
• Disruption of lifestyles
• Loss of livelihood
• Disruption of essential services
 • Damage to national infrastructure and disruption of governmental systems
• National economic loss, and
• Sociological and psychological after-effects
What is Disaster Preparedness?

These are measures, which enable government agencies, organizations, communities, and individuals
to respond rapidly and effectively to disaster situations.

What are the general disaster counter-measures?

• Development of possible warning indicators
• Land-use regulations
• Building regulations
• Relocation of communities
• Public awareness and education programs
• Evacuation plans and arrangements
• Fire prevention regulations
• International cooperation in information and technology sharing

What are the Philippine approaches to disaster management?

• Prevent/mitigate
• Prepare
• Take adaptive action, and
• Take corrective action

What are the common problems in disaster management?

• Lack of appreciation for the Disaster Preparedness Program by local officials themselves
• Lack of a strong and effective Disaster Coordinating council installed in the LGU
• Absence of Disaster Preparedness Planning
• Lack of effective linkages for disaster operation
• Absence of a functional Disaster Operation Center
 • Erroneous disaster reporting and monitoring

What are the components of Disaster Management?

• Prevention. These are actions designed to impede the occurrence of a disaster or its harmful effects on
communities and key installations.
• Mitigation. These are programs intended to reduce the ill effects of disaster.
• Preparedness. These are measures, which enable governments, organizations, communities and
individuals to respond rapidly and effectively to disaster situations.
• Disaster Impact. This reminds us that the impact of disasters can vary between different types of
disasters.
• Response. These are measures taken immediately prior to and following disaster impact.
• Recovery. This is a process by which communities and organizations are assessed in returning to their
proper level of functioning following a disaster.
• Development. This provides the link between disaster-related activities and national development.
What can influence disaster warning?
• The source and timing of the warning
• The warning message
• The warning transmission
• The recipient’s response
What are the Objectives of Disaster Management?
• To avoid or reduce physical and economic losses
• To reduce human personal sufferings and personal losses
• To achieve rapid and durable recovery

What does the National Disaster Management Program contain?

• Disaster preparedness
• Construction of disaster reduction facilities
• Disaster response and short-term rehabilitation
• Public information
• Research and development
What are the suggestions to enhance community preparedness?
• Appreciation of the fact that any disaster can occur with or without warning
• Awareness on the characteristic and corresponding effects of calamities
• Identification of vulnerable and disaster prone areas in the locality
• Readiness in responding to the threats of natural and man-made hazards
• Capability to do what must be done and when to do it in case disaster strikes; and
• Application of counter-measures to cushion the impact of the calamity.