A REVIEW & CHARACTER FORMATION 1:

RATIONALIZATION
FOR CHMSC – NATIONALISM & PATRIOTISM
BINALBAGAN: CCJE

PRESENTED BY:

PROF. LIZA JOY B. BARICAN, MS CRIM, PGDip - AC

PROF. LIZA JOY B BARICAN, MSCRIM, PGDip - AC
Degrees:

• Doctor of Philosophy in Criminal Justice with Specialization in

Criminology – Candidate
De Lasalle University – Dasmariñas, Cavite
• Master Of Science In Criminology - Major in Forensic Sciences
West Visayas State University, Iloilo
• Post Graduate Diploma in Applied Criminology
Law Enforcement and Public Safety Academy (LEAPS Academy)
• Bachelor of Science in Criminology
West Negros University (now STI West Negros University)

Specialization: Questioned Document Examination

• Book Author, LEC Review Lecturer
• Adviser, CCJE Student Organizations

Fulltime - Permanent Faculty at STI West Negros University, Bacolod Ctiy

 Preliminaries: Character
Concepts
 Filipino Influences on Traits &
Character
 Filipino Nationalism &
Patriotism
 Filipino Core Values
 Gender Roles
 Filipino Citizenship
 • Character is the solid
foundation on which a
person’s entire life is based. -
Prasad Nanda
Mahatma Gandhi

• character is the magic

Mother Theresa ingredient that sets you apart
from the rest.
Thomas Edison
• Our character will determine
our success and each of us
Abraham Lincoln has the ability and the potential
to develop and strengthen our
character.
 CHARACTER
• Greek word (charassein) to describe an engraving instrument;
originally used of a mark impressed upon a coin or the mark cut
by it.

• Then it was applied to a distinctive mark of the personality; and

gradually, to the sum total of such marks, each individual one is
being called a characteristics. (Leo H. Bartemeier, 2009)

• defined as a psychological notion that refers to all the habitual ways of

feeling and reacting of a person that distinguish one individual from
another.

• It is the trademark of being a person.

CHARACTER FORMATION
• It is defined as the process by which the individual,
through interaction of biologically transmitted
predispositions with the environment, develops stable
pattern of functioning, thinking and feeling.

• character building.

• It is that deeply internalized patterns of values and

attitudes and the consequent actions that are often
established in precognitive times of life through the natural
and normal educational patterns that are appropriate for
young children. (Rogers, Donald, 2006)

• usually formed through the identification with parents and

other important adults in the child’s environment.
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR
CHARACTER BUILDING /
CHARACTER FORMATION
• 1. Parental Influence

• is the most important one.

• The way parents behave with the child, how much

he is allowed to socialize, the kind of culture he is
subjected to by them, and the emotional make-up
of his parents, all these have a great bearing on
the child's mental growth.

• In early childhood, all children ape their parent's

mannerisms. Thus, parents should take care to
become good role models to their children.
• 2. Home Environment

• It is up to the parents to make sure

that the child incorporates the
positive emotions in his personality
and stays away from the negative
ones.

• A child needs both his parents, to

develop his personality. An absentee
father can be a negative influence on
the child.

• To make a child a confident, positive

person, parents should avoid being
too authoritative, trying to discipline
excessively, criticizing the child,
discouraging him, comparing him
with others, and being partial.
• 3. School Environment

• Once a child starts going to school, he

learns how to interact and deal with his
peers.

• He comes to know how to engage in

"playing" according to the rules and
regulations.

• He gets educated, learns how to read,

write and communicate effectively. A

• child's personality is greatly influenced

by the way he is treated at school, both
by his teachers as well as his peers.
• 4. Culture

• Influence of culture in personality and

social development cannot be ignored.

• For instance, a child brought up in

western countries is taught to be
individualistic and competitive, while
children brought up in Asian, African and
South American countries are taught to
be cooperative.

• Different cultures have different values

and a child grows up with them, sub-
consciously absorbing the same.
FACTORS INFLUENCING FILIPINO CHARACTER
FORMATION – Sen. Leticia Ramos Shahani

• Home environment
• Social environment
• Culture and language
• History
• Educational system
• Religion
• Economic environment
• Political environment
• Mass media
• Leadership and role model
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE DIFFERENT CHARACTER OR
PERSONALITY TRAITS:

1. Openness: appreciation for a variety of

experiences.

2. Conscientiousness: planning ahead

rather than being spontaneous.

3. Extraversion: being sociable, energetic

and talkative.

4. Agreeableness: being kind, sympathetic

and happy to help.

5. Neuroticism: inclined to worry or be

vulnerable or temperamental.
GENERAL TYPES OF CHARACTERS
1. Positive Character / Good Character / Positive Trait – these are attributes such as integrity, honesty, courage,
loyalty, fortitude, and other important virtues that promote good behavior and habits.

• Being honest and taking responsibility for your actions

are admirable qualities.
• Adaptability and compatibility are great traits that can
help you get along with others.
• Drive and determination will help you keep going no
matter what.
• Compassion and understanding mean you relate well to
others.
• Patience is a virtue and also a good personality trait.
• Courage will help you do what's right in tough situations.
• Loyalty is a good quality to possess, making others trust
you.
2. Negative Character / Negative Character / Negative Trait – A person’s predisposition to commit
evil acts.

- A propensity for lying, in order to avoid responsibility

for our actions, is a deplorable quality.
- Being rigid and selfish, unyielding to the needs of
others are not endearing qualities.
- Being full of laziness and excuses is sure to drive
others away, too.
- A hot temper and an inability to empathize with
others will also alienate us from others
- Being disloyal, quick to talk about others behind their
backs or, worse, stab them in the back for personal
gain also falls high on the scale of negative
personality traits.
 TYPES OF CHARACTERS
1. Self-realized Character / confident

• A self realized person is ever enthusiastic for he knows his

potentialities and limitations.

• This sort of a character is an asset not only to the family but

also the society in which he/she lives.

2. Covetous Character / arrogant

• A person with greed will endeavour to go all out in collecting worldly possessions
and fulfilling his personal petty ambitions by adopting any means open to him even
crossing all the limits of moral and ethical limits.

• The status acquired makes that fellow most arrogant, repulsive, slanderer and fully
bereft of any moral feelings for the humans. He is the burden not only on the family
but also the society in which he lives.
• 3. Superstitious Character.

• In a way all are superstitious but when we’re

over superstitious then problem starts.

• It is not merely bad for the individual

concerned but also for those who come in
contact with this unpredictable person, who
may change his tag any moment thus
leaving everybody around in the lurch.

• Too much reliance on superstitions also robs

us of scientific temper and forward looking
approach in our life. But we should not
compare superstitious and traditionalists.
• 4. Egoistic /Overbearing / Bossy / Tall-Talker.

• The person who thinks that world runs due to him

and everything and everybody should respect him
as such.

• His overbearing and bossy disposition puts him in

the category of hard-to-please (fastidious).

• This like person learns his lesson after sometimes.

• This fellow with ‘I-DAMN-CARE- ATTITUDE’ hardly

cares for others. This sort of egocentric characters
are the bane of any society, irrespective of their
status in the society.
• 5. Anti-social Character.

• A person who neither care for the norms set by the

society nor cares fig for the moral or ethical values
is an anti-social character.

• This like character is both a sinner and a criminal.

He could also be termed as an offensive character.

• This like character resorts to offense besides being

abusive on even a pettiest pretext.

• This anti-social behavior cuts him off from the

community in which he is living and has to fend for
himself ultimately for his acts of omissions and
commissions.
6. Insincere Character.

• When a person does something good for us, we express

our sincere thanks and go extra mile in being sincere to
that person in whatever way it is possible for us.

• Contrarily, a person who thinks others are there for serving

him and is without any warmth in the feeling for others.
This like person is not only a insincere to his own family,
society and even to the Creator who had created him!

7. Complacent Character.

• We all should have confidence on ourselves. It is good for

day to day functioning of our society. But when we cross
the threshold of confidence and step into the realm of
complacency then problem starts. A person who imbibes
this trait finally faces ignoble defeat for being so and learns
a lesson. (overly contented)
THE SIX PILLARS OF
GOOD CHARACTER
• TRUSTWORTHINESS

• When others trust us, they give us greater

leeway because they feel we don’t need
monitoring to assure that we’ll meet our
obligations.

• They believe in us and hold us in higher

esteem which may be satisfying to us. At the
same time, we must constantly live up to the
expectations of others and refrain from even
small lies or self-serving behavior that can
quickly destroy our relationships.

• Simply refraining from deception is not

enough. Trustworthiness is the most
complicated of the six core ethical values and
concerns a variety of qualities like honesty,
integrity, reliability and loyalty.

a. Honesty
- There is no more fundamental ethical
value than honesty. We associate
honesty with people of honor, and we
admire and rely on those who are
honest. But honesty is a broader
concept than many may realize. It
involves both communications and
conduct.
- Honesty in communications is
expressing the truth as best we know it
and not conveying it in a way likely to
mislead or deceive. There are three
dimensions:
a) Truthfulness. Truthfulness is presenting
the facts to the best of our knowledge.
Intent is the crucial distinction between
truthfulness and truth itself. Being wrong is
not the same thing as lying, although
honest mistakes can still damage trust
insofar as they may show sloppy judgment.
b) Sincerity. Sincerity is genuineness, being
without trickery or duplicity. It precludes all
acts, including half-truths, out-of-context
statements, and even silence, that are
intended to create beliefs or leave
impressions that are untrue or misleading.
c) Candor. In relationships involving legitimate
expectations of trust, honesty may also
require candor, forthrightness and
frankness, imposing the obligation to
volunteer information that another person
needs to know.
 b. Integrity

- The word integrity comes from the same Latin root as “integer,”
or whole number. Like a whole number, a person of integrity is
undivided and complete. This means that the ethical person acts
according to his beliefs, not according to expediency. He is also
consistent. There is no difference in the way he makes decisions
from situation to situation, his principles don’t vary at work or at
home, in public or alone.

- Because he must know who he is and what he values, the person of integrity takes time
for self-reflection, so that the events, crises and seeming necessities of the day do not
determine the course of his moral life. He stays in control. He may be courteous, even
charming, but he is never duplicitous. He never demeans himself with obsequious
behavior toward those he thinks might do him some good. He is trusted because you
know who he is: what you see is what you get.

- People without integrity are called “hypocrites” or “two-faced.”

c. Reliability (Promise-Keeping)

- When we make promises or other commitments that create a legitimate

basis for another person to rely upon us, we undertake special moral
duties. We accept the responsibility of making all reasonable efforts to fulfill
our commitments.

d. Loyalty

- Some relationships — husband - wife, employer-employee, citizen

- country — create an expectation of allegiance, fidelity and
devotion.

- Loyalty is a responsibility to promote the interests of certain

people, organizations or affiliations. This duty goes beyond the
normal obligation we all share to care for others.
2. RESPECT

- People are not things, and everyone has a right to be

treated with dignity. We certainly have no ethical duty
to hold all people in high esteem, but we should treat
everyone with respect, regardless of who they are and
what they have done.

- We have a responsibility to be the best we can be in all

situations, even when dealing with unpleasant people.

- The Golden Rule — do unto others as you would have

them do unto you — nicely illustrates the Pillar of
respect.

- Respect prohibits violence, humiliation, manipulation

and exploitation. It reflects notions such as civility,
courtesy, decency, dignity, autonomy, tolerance
and acceptance.
a. Civility, Courtesy and Decency

• A respectful person is an attentive listener, although his patience with the boorish need not be endless (respect works
both ways). Nevertheless, the respectful person treats others with consideration, and doesn’t resort to intimidation,
coercion or violence except in extraordinary and limited situations to defend others, teach discipline, maintain order or
achieve social justice. Punishment is used in moderation and only to advance important social goals and purposes.

b. Dignity and Autonomy

• People need to make informed decisions about their own lives. Don’t withhold the information they need to do so.
Allow all individuals, including maturing children, to have a say in the decisions that affect them.

c. Tolerance and Acceptance

• Accept individual differences and beliefs without prejudice. Judge others only on their character, abilities and conduct.
• 3. RESPONSIBILITY

• Life is full of choices. Being responsible means

being in charge of our choices and, thus, our
lives. It means being accountable for what we
do and who we are. It also means recognizing
that our actions matter and we are morally on
the hook for the consequences.

• Our capacity to reason and our freedom to

choose make us morally autonomous and,
therefore, answerable for whether we honor or
degrade the ethical principles that give life
meaning and purpose.

• Ethical people show responsibility by being

accountable, pursuing excellence and exercising
self-restraint. They exhibit the ability to respond
to expectations.
a. Accountability

- An accountable person is not a victim and doesn’t shift

blame or claim credit for the work of others.

- He considers the likely consequences of his behavior

and associations.

- He recognizes the common complicity in the triumph of

evil when nothing is done to stop it.

- He leads by example.
• b. Pursuit of Excellence

• The pursuit of excellence has an ethical

dimension when others rely upon our
knowledge, ability or willingness to perform
tasks safely and effectively.

• Diligence. It is hardly unethical to make

mistakes or to be less than “excellent,” but
there is a moral obligation to do one’s best, to
be diligent, reliable, careful, prepared and
informed.

• Perseverance. Responsible people finish what

they start, overcoming rather than surrendering
to obstacles. They avoid excuses such as, “That’s
just the way I am,” or “It’s not my job,” or “It
was legal.”

• Continuous Improvement. Responsible people

always look for ways to do their work better.
• c. Self-Restraint

• Responsible people exercise self-control,

restraining passions and appetites (such as
lust, hatred, gluttony, greed and fear) for the
sake of longer-term vision and better
judgment.

• They delay gratification if necessary and

never feel it’s necessary to “win at any cost.”

• They realize they are as they choose to be,

every day.
4. FAIRNESS

• Most would agree it involves issues of equality, impartiality,

proportionality, openness and due process. Most would agree
that it is unfair to handle similar matters inconsistently. Most
would agree that it is unfair to impose punishment that is not
commensurate with the offense.

• The basic concept seems simple, even intuitive, yet applying it

in daily life can be surprisingly difficult. Fairness is another
tricky concept, probably more subject to legitimate debate and
interpretation than any other ethical value.

• Disagreeing parties tend to maintain that there is only one fair

position (their own, naturally). But essentially fairness implies
adherence to a balanced standard of justice without relevance
to one’s own feelings or inclinations.
a. Process
• Process is crucial in settling disputes, both to reach the fairest results and to
minimize complaints. A fair person scrupulously employs open and impartial
processes for gathering and evaluating information necessary to make decisions.
Fair people do not wait for the truth to come to them; they seek out relevant
information and conflicting perspectives before making important judgments.

b. Impartiality
Decisions should be made without favoritism or prejudice.

c. Equity
• An individual, company or society should correct mistakes, promptly and
voluntarily. It is improper to take advantage of the weakness or ignorance of others.
5. CARING

• If you existed alone in the universe, there would be no need for ethics and your
heart could be a cold, hard stone. Caring is the heart of ethics, and ethical decision-
making. It is scarcely possible to be truly ethical and yet unconcerned with the
welfare of others. That is because ethics is ultimately about good relations with
other people.

• It is easier to love “humanity” than to love people. People who consider themselves
ethical and yet lack a caring attitude toward individuals tend to treat others as
instruments of their will. They rarely feel an obligation to be honest, loyal, fair or
respectful except insofar as it is prudent for them to do so, a disposition which itself
hints at duplicity and a lack of integrity. A person who really cares feels an
emotional response to both the pain and pleasure of others.

• Of course, sometimes we must hurt those we truly care for, and some decisions
while quite ethical, do cause pain. But one should consciously cause no more harm
than is reasonably necessary to perform one’s duties.

• The highest form of caring is the honest expression of benevolence, or altruism.

This is not to be confused with strategic charity. Gifts to charities to advance
personal interests are a fraud. That is, they aren’t gifts at all. They’re investments or
tax write-offs.
6. CITIZENSHIP

• Citizenship includes civic virtues and duties that

prescribe how we ought to behave as part of a
community. The good citizen knows the laws and obeys
them, yes, but that’s not all.

• He volunteers and stays informed on the issues of the

day, the better to execute his duties and privileges as a
member of a self-governing democratic society.

• He does more than his “fair” share to make society

work, now and for future generations. Such a
commitment to the public sphere can have many
expressions, such as conserving resources, recycling,
using public transportation and cleaning up litter. The
good citizen gives more than he takes.
CHARACTER TRAITS

1. Alertness – Being aware of what is taking place around me so I

can have the right responses.

2. Attentiveness – Showing the worth of a person or task by giving

my undivided concentration.

3. Availability – Making my own schedule and priorities secondary

to the wishes of those I serve.

4. Benevolence – Giving to others basic needs without having as

my motive personal reward.

5. Boldness – Confidence that what I have to say or do is true,

right, and just.
6. Cautiousness – Knowing how important right timing
is in accomplishing right actions.

7. Compassion – Investing whatever is necessary to

heal the hurts of others.

8. Contentment – Realizing that true happiness does

not depend on material conditions.

9. Creativity – Approaching a need, a task, or an idea

from a new perspective.

10. Decisiveness – The ability to recognize key factors

and finalize difficult decisions.
11. Deference – Limiting my freedom so I do not
offend the tastes of those around me.

12. Dependability – Fulfilling what I consented to

do, even if it means unexpected sacrifice.

13. Determination – Purposing to accomplish right

goals at the right time, regardless of the
opposition.

14. Diligence – Investing my time and energy to

complete each task assigned to me.

15. Discernment – Understanding the deeper

reasons why things happen.
16. Discretion – Recognizing and avoiding words, actions,
and attitudes that could bring undesirable
consequences.

17. Endurance – The inward strength to withstand stress

and do my best.

18. Enthusiasm – Expressing joy in each task as I give it

my best effort.

19. Faith – Confidence that actions rooted in good

character will yield the best outcome, even when I
cannot see how.

20. Flexibility – Willingness to change plans or ideas

according to the direction of my authorities.
21. Forgiveness – Clearing the record of those who
have wronged me and not holding a grudge.

22. Generosity – Carefully managing my resources

so I can freely give to those in need.

21. Gentleness – Showing consideration and

personal concern for others.

21. Gratefulness – Letting others know by my words

and actions how they have benefited my life.

21. Honor – Respecting those in leadership because

of the higher authorities they represent.
26. Hospitality – Cheerfully sharing food, shelter,
or conversation to benefit others.

27. Humility – Acknowledging that achievement

results from the investment of others in my life.

28. Initiative – Recognizing and doing what needs

to be done before I am asked to do it.

29. Joyfulness – Maintaining a good attitude, even

when faced with unpleasant conditions.

30. Justice – Taking personal responsibility to

uphold what is pure, right, and true.
31. Loyalty – Using difficult times to demonstrate my
commitment to those I serve.

32. Meekness – Yielding my personal rights and

expectations with a desire to serve.

33. Obedience – Quickly and cheerfully carrying out the

direction of those who are responsible for me.

34. Orderliness – Arranging myself and my surroundings

to achieve greater efficiency.

35. Patience – Accepting a difficult situation without giving

a deadline to remove it.
36. Persuasiveness – Guiding vital truths around
another’s mental roadblocks.

37. Punctuality – Showing esteem for others by doing

the right thing at the right time.

38. Resourcefulness – Finding practical uses for that

which others would overlook or discard.

39. Responsibility – Knowing and doing what is

expected of me.

40. Security– Structuring my life around that which

cannot be destroyed or taken away.
41. Self-Control – Rejecting wrong desires and doing
what is right.

42. Sensitivity – Perceiving the true attitudes and

emotions of those around me.

43. Sincerity – Eagerness to do what is right with

transparent motives.

44. Thoroughness – Knowing what factors will diminish

the effectiveness of my work or words if neglected.

45. Thriftiness – Allowing myself and others to spend

only what is necessary.
46. Tolerance – Realizing that everyone is
at varying levels of character
development.

47. Truthfulness – Earning future trust by

accurately reporting past facts.

48. Virtue – The moral excellence evident

in my life as I consistently do what is
right.

49. Wisdom – Seeing and responding to

life situations from a perspective that
transcends my current circumstances.
FILIPINO INFLUENCES TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS
THE MOST
WELL - KNOWN
TRAITS AND
ATTITUDES OF
THE FILIPINO
 POSITIVE TRAITS
1. Hospitality
• Hospitality is a trait displayed by every Filipino, characterized by heart-warming generosity
and friendliness exhibited to foreigners and locals alike.

• Filipinos are well-known for being hospitable. This is one of the most popular qualities of
Filipinos. Most foreigners who have gone to the Philippines fell in love with the warm
hospitality they have experienced while staying in the country. This is a kind of value system
which has existed in the country a thousand years ago. Good thing is that the hospitality of
the Filipinos is not only shown to the foreigners but to its fellow Filipino as well.

• The hospitality of Filipinos is shown in the following sample situations:

a. When a person visits a friend's house, the host greets him or her with a very warm welcome. The host will immediately let their
visitor sit down and will prepare a meal or a snack plus drinks for the visitor. The host will insist that the friend not leave the house
with an empty stomach. A host will always make sure you had a great time visiting them.
b. People offer their guest room to visitors if they're going to spend the night.
c. Meals offered to guests are very special. A host always finds a way to prepare great -tasting food that her visitor wants to eat.
2. Respect

• This is often observed—not just by younger people—but also by

people of all ages. In the Philippines, respect for one’s elders is a
tradition.

a. Po and Opo – These words are spoken by the Filipinos when

talking to elders, or in order to show respect to persons in authority.
These Filipino words mean "yes," when answering or talking to the
elders.

b. Pagmamano - Another way of showing respect to the elders when

greeting them. This is done by putting their elders' hands on their
foreheads

c. Filipinos also show respect at work by making a bow to their

employers.
Strong Family Ties and Religions

 Filipinos value their families so much that they tend to keep

families intact through the generations. Families go to church and
pray together because their religion is important and creates a
strong bond, marking God as the center of their lives. Filipinos
believe in only one God and the majority of the population are
Catholics.

 It is a value system of the Filipinos to pray before eating, going to

bed, before the start of the meeting, conferences of program,
gathering, etc.

 On the weekend, most Filipino families make sure to have quality

time together by watching television or eating a family meal,
watch movies or going to beach resorts.
Generosity and Helpfulness

• Aside from being hospitable, Filipinos are also well-

known for being generous. They share what they
have to the people around them even when they
only have little.

• These could be felt during birthdays, weddings or

fiesta (party). When visitors came to celebrate great
- tasting special foods are specially prepared for
everyone. It is shared by friends, families or even
strangers.

• When you will be in trouble, Filipinos cannot refuse

to help you. They are always willing to assist you or
lend a hand.
Strong Work Ethics

• Another good thing most Filipinos have is

being hardworking people. They are
always willing to work almost the whole
day to provide the needs of their families.
Filipino farmers though earning so little but
they work harder for not much
compensation.

• Aside from their regular work, Filipinos

always find creative ways to look for other
sources of income like creating a small
business from their home where they sell
foods and other items for the convenience
of their neighbours.
Love and Caring

• Because of their generosity, hospitality and religiosity,

Filipinos are found to be the sweetest and most loving
people in the world.

• It is expressed by both foreigners and Filipino women that

most Filipino men are so sweet and romantic when it comes
to love. They will send their beloved flowers, bring her to a
very romantic place, text her sweet quotes, and tell often
how special she is to them.

• Filipino women are also romantic and very caring, which

often makes some foreigners want to marry them. Women
tend to prepare dinner before their husband comes home.
They love, and value the relationship, always staying faithful
to their husbands. They love deeply and sincerely.
NEGATIVE TRAITS OF FILIPINOS
Fatalism (“Bahala Na” or “Come What May” Attitude)

• When Filipinos are facing difficulties and shortcomings

they have this attitude of leaving it up to God to sort
things out. An attitude of "What Goes Around Comes
Around." Filipinos have a tendency to surrender the future
to luck. They have that strong confidence that everything
will work out in his interest without doing anything.

• Filipinos often accept bad news or circumstances without

trying to stop or change them. This can sometimes be
helpful in adversity, but it can also keep us from finding
ways out of situations. Also, constantly expecting the
worst can get pretty depressing.
Mañana Habit (Procrastination)

• True blooded Filipinos have the attitude

of causing delays in accomplishing
things or making transactions. When not
interested or not in the mood, they wait
or reserve until tomorrow or the next day
to finish what they are doing or meeting
their transactions.

• The “bahala na” attitude is the outcome

of the “mañana habit” when the tasks
are left undone. This is usually shown
and even expressed by people who do
not care much of what lies ahead and
just leave everything in fate.
Crab mentality

• This is an attitude of some Filipinos where

they tend to push each other down to clear
the way for their own gain. Filipino people
with this kind of mentality or attitude try
their best to ruin each other, either by
making issues against the other for him to
turn out bad to the public or to the company
or organization so that people will gradually
put distance and loss their confidence and
trust that eventually result to their
replacement.
Hypocrisy

• This is a trait of the Filipino where criticisms to

others’ failure to live with the moral standards of
the society are inevitable. In the Philippines
morality is highly valued, most of us try to live
up to the standards set by the traditional
society. However, as no one is perfect, many of
us are not actually able to sustain these
standards.

• The fear of being an outcast has forced a lot of

people to live a double standard life. To hide our
failure in following a norm, we tend to be
condemning to those who are caught red -
handed.
Ningas Cogon

• Most Filipinos are very good at the start when doing

something. Nevertheless, after a few hours or days,
that excitement to do or accomplish something is lost
we and become too lazy to finish what were have
started.
Tardiness (Filipino time)

• Only in the Philippines that we have the so-called

“Filipino time” but not exactly referring to the
Philippine standard time, but then again we use it
to refer to the “tardiness” of the persons that we
are waiting or who keeps on coming late to the set
time schedule of events. Instead of being
something to be proud of, ‘Filipino time’ brings a
negative impression to our people.

• When the invitation says the program will start at

7pm, it is expected to begin at 9pm. This has not
only caused conflicts in relationships, but it also
discourages others including foreigners from
getting involved in supposedly productive activities
as too much time can be wasted on waiting.
Gossiping

• Filipinos are fond of talking

about others’ business. It is not
true that only women are
gossiping. Even men can also
be nosy on other people’s lives.
Secrets are brought out; failures
and flaws are emphasized; and
relationships are destroyed.
Worse, as gossips are passed
around, they tend to be twisted
until the final story becomes too
far from the original—thus,
causing more damage.
Blaming

• Filipinos can sometimes be too self-righteous. When mistakes

happen, we do not want to take the blame, we lack the
humility to accept our failures, and instead, we point at others.
This shows how irresponsible we are on our actions. This
attitude destroys teamwork, and reliability becomes an issue.
Selfishness (being insensitive of others)

• Most Filipinos are insensitive to the needs and situations of

others. This could be an outcome of having too many
problems that Filipinos are facing and the tendency is to focus
on their own needs first before others.
Disobedience to Simple Rules and Instructions

• Some Filipinos, despite the understanding of the purpose of

laws and ordinances have the inability to observe and follow
them. Consequently, crime victimization and accident rate in
the Philippines are constantly rising, poverty is getting more
rampant and lifestyle development is relaxed.
Attention Taker

• Filipinos are fun and people loving race. Thus, attracting

attention is natural for them. Nevertheless, it is a different
thing to be an “epal” or “kapalmuks - simply, being an
attention grabber.

• Sometimes, in our desperate need to be the center of

attention, we do things that are already embarrassing like
butting in conversations as a know-it-all or by being
scandalous. This habit is also common to our politicians.
Instead of prioritizing their duty to give the best service to
the people, they rather prioritize their thick faces to grab
attention that will bring them more chance of winning in
the next election. But thanks to our vigilant netizens, this
kind of politician earns more shame than fame.
Being onion-skinned or too sensitive

• Another habit or attitude that we need to change

is our being too prideful which usually results in
being oversensitive. If we think highly of
ourselves, then we have the tendency to put a
wall around us and that signboard on our
forehead saying, “I must be respected.”

• Therefore, when someone makes a joke or a not

so positive comment about us, we feel like we
are not respected and we get offended. If all
people in the country do not know how to accept
constructive criticism, then we can never expect
unity.
Living beyond their means (social
climbing)

• One of the reasons why a lot of Filipinos

live in poverty is because of
overspending. Since most people want to
live an elite lifestyle, many resorts to
social climbing or living beyond their
means.

• Sometimes, some of us think that as long

as we wear designer clothes and shoes,
and we send our children to the most
expensive schools, it is alright to be
swimming in credits and loans.
Passivity (lack of leadership)

 Filipinos’ lack of initiative for change is also one

reason why our country does not progress. We keep
on complaining against the government and other
societal issues. However, we do not do anything
about them. One of our excuses is the lack of faith
that our small actions can bring change.

 However, the worse reason for this could be our lack

of care for what is happening around us. Common
Filipinos also lack courage and confidence. If you
can notice it, in classrooms, churches, or conference
rooms, most of us don’t like to sit in the front seat.
Other Negative Traits

• Some Filipino women give birth at an early age 16 (Teenage Pregnancy). Some just don’t mind their own business.
Some have many bad habits, like drinking, smoking, etc. Some poor teenagers engage in prostitution. There are many
broken families. A lot of bad words to choose from which Filipinos just can’t avoid saying those. Most Filipinos tend to
be with friends most of the time than to be with their parents.
THREE MAIN TRAITS UNDERSCORING FILIPINO VALUES
Personalism

• Filipinos valued interpersonal

relationships. It is firmly believed that
harmonious personal relationship is
the key to successful endeavours.

• Amicable settlement of a dispute is

the primary means of restoring
broken relationships and face-to-
face open forum is considered once
a conflict is recognized in an
organization or the community.
Extreme Personalism

- always trying to give personal interpretation

to actions

- (Cow fave or Mahilig sa "baka”)

- thank you with "but" (compliment-criticism-

compliment)
Familialism

• Filipinos are family-oriented.

Development programs and projects
in the community are concentrated
on the family. Decision on matters is
centered on the welfare and best
interest of the family rather than on
the betterment and interest of some
individuals.

• The mistakes committed by a family

member affects the credibility and of
the immediate members of the family
and relatives.
Extreme Family Centeredness

- Very strong family protection whether

it is in good or bad condition and
situation

- (konsentidor, overprotected)
Particularism

• Displayed behaviour by the individuals may it be good or

bad is blamed against the family. It is based on the
principle that home is the cradle of human personality and
character that is, the product of goodness is always good
and those who are moulded in wickedness, will always
show-off badness. Individuals strive to promote their own
and their family’s interests over community interests.

• On the other hand, knowing how to entertain people

(marunong umasikaso ng kapwa) is important. Conformity
to proper codes of conduct reaps the rewards of
cooperation and assistance; non-conformity is punished by
withdrawal of support.
 FOUR MAIN OBLIGATIONS
UNDERLYING FILIPINO
VALUE ORIENTATION

 The relational or face-to-face

interactions and their resulting
responsibilities are called
interpersonal obligations. This
is in relation to the value in
Filipino cultural orientation, the
personalism.

 Pakikiramay, pakikisama,
bayanihan, and galang are the
nature of interpersonal
relationships that are inherent to
the pure-blooded Filipino people.
Pakikiramay

 It is in the Filipino
value of going out of
the way to help,
without being asked,
i.e., unsolicited help
Pakikisama (Smooth
Interpersonal Relations)

• Regardless of whether
someone’s views are agreeable
or not, Filipinos are capable of
getting along with it.

• Camaraderie, trust, confidence,

and loyalty are enhanced and
developed by this Filipino value.
Bayanihan

• As mentioned in the preceding topics, Filipinos are able to render services and generous enough to extend help
without compensation. –Somebody can request help in time of need from those to whom it is extended.
Galang (Respect)

• Filipinos are basically oriented

to revere to the opinions of
elders, peers, or those in
authority, during important
discussions during social
encounters.

• Verbal clash or any sign of

extreme familiarity in public
meetings is a sign of
disrespect to elders or persons
in authority.
NATIONALISM
AND PATRIOTISM
 NATIONALISM PATRIOTISM

means love, care for, preservation and patronage taken from the Latin term pater, which literally
of one’s native land and everything in it means “father”.

implies a heartfelt dedication for the love, care, the willingness and determination to lay down
and preservation of one’s country and everything one’s life for the fatherland - the constant resolve
that is identified with it: the country’s territory, to sacrifice one’s life and limb for the preservation
the inhabitants, sovereignty, its government, all of the State.
things that represent and symbolize the country;
the aspirations, hopes, dreams and needs of the
its people.

“to be patriotic is to be nationalistic”

the nationalist is proud of his country no matter the patriot is proud of his country for what it does
what it does
a feeling of blind arrogance that leads to a war. creates a feeling of responsibility
Loyalty to ones nation Love of country
TYPES OF NATIONALISM
1. Ethnic Nationalism / ethnonationalism
2. Civic Nationalism / Civil Nationalism
3. Expansionist Nationalism
4. Romantic Nationalism
5. Cultural Nationalism
6. Third World Nationalism
7. Liberal Nationalism 8. Religious Nationalism
9. Pan - Nationalism
10. Diaspora Nationalism
11. Stateless Nationalism
12. National Conservatism
13. Revolutionary Nationalism
14. Left-Wing Nationalism
 HOLOCAUST

1. Ethnic Nationalism
(Ethnonationalism)

• The country is described from prior

generations in terms of ethnicity and
descent. It also involves the concept of a
shared culture among group members,
and generally a shared language.

• The nation's membership is hereditary.

The state derives political legitimacy from
its status as the ethnic group's homeland
and from its obligation to safeguard the
partially domestic group and as a group to
promote its family and social life.
2. Civic Nationalism /
Civil Nationalism
• The state derives political legitimacy from its citizens '
active involvement and the extent to which it reflects
the "will of the individuals." Civic nationalism lies
within the traditions of rationalism and liberalism, but
it is contrasted with ethnic nationalism as a type of
nationalism.

• Civic nation membership is regarded to be voluntary.

The growth of representative democracy in nations
such as the United States and France was affected by
civil-national values.
• State nationalism, often coupled with
ethnic nationalism, is a version of civic
nationalism. It means that the country
is a community of those who
contribute to the state's maintenance
and strength, and that there is the
person to contribute to that objective.

• The country is supposed to be a

community of those who contribute
to the state's maintenance and
strength, and where the person exists
expressly in the society to contribute
to that objective. This often results in
fascism - generally characterized by
authoritarianism and nationalism, a
political ideology. (dictatorship)
3. Expansionist Nationalism
• A radical form of imperialism that includes
independent, patriotic feelings with a faith in
expansionism, generally through military aggression.
The word was coined in the late 19th century as
European powers indulged in the ' Scramble for
Africa ' in the name of domestic glory, but was most
closely linked with militarist governments in the 20th
century, including Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, the
Japanese Empire, and the Balkan nations of Albania
(Great Albania), Bulgaria (Greater Bulgaria), Croatia
(Greater Croatia), Hungary.

• Nations are not believed to be equivalent to their

right to self-determination; some countries are
believed to possess features or qualities that make
them superior to others. Therefore, expansionist
nationalism argues the right of the state to expand its
boundaries at the cost of its neighbours.
 4. Romantic
Nationalism
• It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity
nationalism. Is the form of ethnic nationalism in which the
state derives political legitimacy as a result and expression of
the nation's natural. It is based on the presence of a historical
ethnic culture that meets the romantic ideal.

• It expressed Romanticism's values and opposed the

rationalism of Enlightenment. A historical ethnic culture that
meets the Romantic Ideal was emphasized by romantic
nationalism; folklore evolved as a romantic nationalist notion.
5. Cultural
Nationalism
• The country which practices cultural nationalism is described by
shared culture, not solely civic or ethnic. Chinese nationalism is an
instance of cultural nationalism, partially due to China's many
national minorities. Membership in the nation is neither
completely voluntary nor hereditary.

• However, a traditional culture can be more readily integrated into

the lives of any person, particularly if the person can obtain his or
her abilities at an early point of his or her own lives. (Conversi,
2008).

• Cultural nationalism has been defined as a variety of non-civil or

ethnic nationalism (Nielsen, 1999).
6. Third World
Nationalism
7. Liberal
Nationalism
• Is a kind of nationalism lately defended
by political philosophers who think that
a non-xenophobic form of nationalism
compatible with liberal values of liberty,
tolerance, equality and individual rights
can exist (Tamir,1993, Kymlicka,1995,
Miller,1995). It is asserted that in order
to lead meaningful, independent life,
people need a national identity and
those liberal democracies need
domestic identity to work correctly.
8. Religious
Nationalism
• Nationalism's connection to a specific
religious faith, church, or affiliation. It
can be seen that a shared religion
contributes to a sense of domestic unity
and a mutual bond between the
nation's people. This connection can be
divided into two dimensions; religion's
politicization and religion's converse
effects on politics. In the former aspect,
it can be seen that a shared religion
contributes to a sense of domestic
unity; a common bond between the
nation's people.
9. Pan -
Nationalism
• Is a kind of ethnic or cultural nationalism
which refers to a type of nationalism in a
country that is itself a cluster of associated
ethnic and cultural communities (such as
Turkish peoples).

• It is a specific term, used mainly in social

sciences as a designation for those forms of
nationalism that are trying to transcend
traditional boundaries of basic national
identities, in order to create a "higher" pan-
national identity, based on various common
denominators.
 10. Diaspora Nationalism
• where there is nationalist feeling among a
diaspora, (an ethnic population living
outside their traditional homelands) e.g.
the Irish in the United States, the Jews in
the United States and elsewhere, etc.

11. Stateless Nationalism

• where an ethnic or cultural minority

within a nation-state seeks
independence on nationalist grounds
(e.g. the Catalans and Basques in
Spain).
12. National Conservatism

• a political term, used primarily in Europe, to

describe a variant of Conservatism which
concentrates more on national interests than
standard Conservatism, while not being unduly
Nationalist or pursuing an excessively far-right
agenda.
• Upholds national and cultural identity

13. Revolutionary nationalism

• Revolutionary nationalism is an ideological theory that calls for a domestic

group united by a shared sense of intent and destiny, also known as radical
nationalism. It was first ascribed and strongly promulgated by Benito
Mussolini to followers of revolutionary syndicalism. In France and Italy at
the start of the 20th century, this intellectual synthesis of "radical
nationalism and dissident society" was created.
14. Left-Wing Nationalism

• Left-wing nationalism, also sometimes referred

to as socialist nationalism, relates to any political
movement combining left-wing or socialism with
nationalism.

• Notable examples include the 26 July Movement

of Fidel Castro, which launched the Cuban
Revolution in 1959 to oust the American-backed
Fulgencio Batista, Ireland's Sinn Féin, Israel's
Labor Zionism and the African National
Congress. • supports social equality and egalitarianism - the doctrine
that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and
opportunities.
PATRIOTISM
• national pride - is a sense of love,
dedication and attachment to a
country and an alliance with other
people who share the same
impression.
 KINDS OF
PATRIOTISM
1. Patriotism of Duty

• This includes fidelity to one's

nation through material acts.

• This is military service patriotism

and other selfless sacrifice types.
This is where patriotism
becomes embodied and its
ideals take praiseworthy
particular actions.
2. Patriotism of affection

• is the patriotism of the heart.

It concerns one’s inner desire
for the well-being of his
country.

• The patriotism of affection can

be seen in the patriotism of
duty, but it does not
necessarily result in it; one can
genuinely love his country and
yet be a coward, just like one
could theoretically perform a
patriotic duty and yet feel
apathetic about the welfare of
the country.
3. Patriotism of Manners

• This is customs patriotism, written and

unwritten. The patriotism of manners is
to place one's hand over the heart
during the national anthem.

• It can be performed by anyone

without actually needing affection or
duty patriotism. While the above types
of patriotism show, at least in part, the
real beliefs and hopes of a person, the
patriotism of manners establishes
mostly a set of protocols
 1. Personal
patriotism

2. Official • Levels of patriotism vary across

patriotism time, and among political
TYPES OF
PATRIOTISM communities. Typically, patriotic
3. Symbolic intensity is higher when the
patriotism state is under external threat.

4. Peacetime
patriotism
1. Personal patriotism - is
emotional and voluntary. The
patriot adheres to certain
patriotic values, such as
respect for the flag or the
honoring of veterans.

• enlisting in the army

• public service
• participation in the political
process through voting or other
forms of activism.
PATRIOTISM IS
ENCOURAGE BUT IT
DOES NOT GIVE YOU
THE LICENSE TO
ACT UNEDUCATED…
• 2. Official patriotism – promoted by
the government which has a high
symbolic and ceremonial content.

• National monuments, and veterans

days and commemoration
ceremonies are typical examples.

• Often official patriotism is highly

regulated by protocol, with specific
methods for handling flags, or
specific pledges and displays of
allegiance.

• displaying the flag

• singing the national anthem
• saying a pledge
• participating in a mass rally
• placing a patriotic bumper sticker
on one's vehicle
• or any other way of publicly
proclaiming allegiance to the state.
 Symbolic patriotism - in
wartime is intended to
raise morale, in turn
contributing to the war
effort.

• Peacetime patriotism - cannot

be so easily linked to a
measurable gain for the state,
but the patriot does not see it
as inferior.
FILIPINO
CORE
VALUES
MODELS OF THE FILIPINO VALUES

1. Exogenous Model or the Foreign Model

• A "legal and formal" model is defined as the international model. Filipinos from Western cultures, particularly from
the Spaniards and the Americans, inherited the foreign model. An example of foreign or exogenous impact is the
bureaucracy displayed in the Philippine government. – meaning, we adapt to other foreign values; example:
celebrating birthdays and holidays was adopted in western culture

2. Indigenous Model or the Traditional Model

• Described as a "traditional and non-formal" model or guide, the indigenous model is deeply integrated in the
Filipinos ' subconscious.
• Example are values which are traditional ours from the beginning; without the influence of other foreign cultures.
Example: belief for superstitions, kulam and doctor quack2x
 FILIPINO CORE VALUES
• It refers to the set of values or the value system that
a majority of the Filipino have historically held
important in their lives.

• also known as Filipino social values.

 THE “FIVE CORE FILIPINO VALUES”
• This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos to "Pamumuhay" (Life)
and "Pananalig sa Diyos at Kapwa" (God and People Faith).
Filipinos understand how life can be enjoyed. We have plenty of
vacations, celebrations, occasions, and meetings. Filipinos are
cheerful and sociable, of course. Even in depressing
circumstances, we wear smiles on our faces. That's because we're
always looking at life's bright side.

• We always have a positive outlook because, even in the smallest

things, we always find things to be grateful for. We would always
say "Salamat sa Diyos" (Thank God) whenever excellent things
occur because Filipinos would attribute the blessings of life to the
Higher Being from whatever religion. We also recognize other
people's excellent acts towards us and do our utmost to return the
favor.
• Filipinos, being in a nation susceptible to natural
disasters, have adjusted and learned to be powerful in
moments of need and in difficult circumstances that life
throws at us. This power is derived from our love for our
family and our belief in the greater being. This is based
on Filipino's "Kaayusan" (Order) aspiration.

• In reality, the popular phrase of the Philippines is "Ayos

Na." When we are able to overcome problems, we say
"Ayos Na." We Filipinos are longing for "Kaayusan,"
and we will endure all and be powerful in the midst of
hardships and challenges until we overcome the
barriers.
• We do everything we can to get it when Filipinos dream of
something. We're doing it for our loved ones and relatives. This
is based on the "Kasaganaan" (Abundance) and "Ginhawa"
(Relief) aspiration of Filipinos. Not for himself, but for his family, a
Filipino aspires to abundance. Masaganang Bagong Taon
(Bountiful New Year) is the Filipino translation for Happy New
Year because we match happiness and celebration with
abundance.

• "Ginhawa" in Bisaya implies breath. And the soft breath flow is

the soft life flow we call "Ginhawa." "Ginhawa" is the feeling of
well-being in a Filipino, according to lay theologian Dr. Jose de
Mesa. Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) would be an instance
of enduring being away from home to offer their families a
healthy life – abundance and relief from hardships.
• It is because of our family love extended to friends, neighbors
and others that naturally sympathetic Filipinos. This
compassion allows us to assist others without in exchange
asking for anything. This is based on the aspiration of
Filipinos to "Loob at Damdamin" and "Kapwa" (Other
People). "Loob" is the seat of the dignity of the Philippines.
Filipino's personality is expressed in his "kalooban." Filipinos
tune in the "kalooban" of each other by checking the situation
of each other and talking about the life of each other.

• Filipinos use "kapwa" to refer not only to a stranger, but to a

relative, a neighbor next door, a distant relative, or a friend
because of our family culture. Our characteristic of
"Mapagmalasakit" makes it simple for us to promote the spirit
of Bayanihan–to unite and assist one another during
calamities and to celebrate together on unique occasions.
• The use of po, opo, and pagmamano (hand kissing) are
separate methods of regard for Filipino people. We say
these phrases and use this gesture to demonstrate our
respect and love to elderly. The Filipinos' respect is not
just limited to the elderly but also to other people's
properties, emotions, and ideas. We are polite people.

• Our language is also respectful because it has no sex

bias. For example, the phrases “kapatid” (brother/sister) or
asawa (husband/wife) or “biyenan” (father-in-law/mother-
in-law) or “anak” (son/daughter) do not show gender
differences. These words are certainly sex-friendly Filipino
uniquely. Our respect for other people is an integral part of
our culture and our language. This is based on our “Lakas
ng Loob” or “Kagandahang Loob” aspiration.
• Philippine Commission on Women defined Gender and Development as the
development perspective and process that is participatory and empowering,
equitable, sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human rights,
supportive of self-determination and actualization of human potentials.

• GAD focuses on the principle that development is for all. Everyone

in society, female or male, has the right to equal opportunities to
achieve a full and satisfying life.

• It does not define the following:

1. Not a war of the sexes

2. Not anti-Male

3. Both women and men are victims although women more than men.

4. Both have a stake in the struggle for gender equality

 SEX AND GENDER:
HOW DO THEY DIFFER?
• It is more than just knowing that you are male or
female. Identification of sex is usually clearly
internalized by the age of 3 but begins around the
age of 18 months.

• Gender refers to the specific set of characteristics

that identifies the social behavior of women and
men and the relationship between them.

• Gender alludes not simply to women or men but

the relationship between them and the way it is
socially constructed. Since gender biases exist and
these biases prevent people from attaining their full
potentials, development is impeded.
 SEX GENDER
Categorized as male or Masculinity and
female femininity
biological Socially, culturally and
historically determined
Fixed at birth Learned through
socialization
Does not change Varies over time and
across time and space space
Equally valued Unequally valued
(masculinity as the norm)
 GENDER IDENTITY / GENDER ROLE

• includes knowledge of a
large set of rules and
expectations for what boys
and girls should wear, how
they should speak and act,
and their ‘place’ in the
overall structure of the
society.
COMMON MYTHS ABOUT GENDER

1. If a father does the household work, he is considered as “under the saya.”

2. Men are better leaders and administrators than women.

3. It is the woman’s fault if she is being harassed sexually when she is

wearing skimpy clothing.

4. It is not proper for a girl to say “I love you” first to a boy.

5. The mother should be the only one responsible for child-rearing and
parenting.
TERMS RELATED TO GENDER
1. Socialization – is the process by which social norms, roles and expectations are
learned and internalized.

2. Gender Socialization – is the process by which norms and expectations in relation to

gender are learned by women and men.

3. Gender stereotype – a form of prejudgment, bias or limitation given to roles and

expectations of males and females. These may affect the gender equality and inequality
in the society.

4. Gender equality – gives men and women the entitlement to all aspects of human
development.

5. Gender inequality – refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on

their gender.
GENDER STEREOTYPE INVOLVES THE
DIFFERENTIATIONS attributed by a given culture to
women and men, in the following aspects:

1.social roles

2.capacities

3.traits and characteristics

1. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN SOCIAL ROLES
BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

MEN WOMEN
Provides financially for Takes care of the
the family house and children
Works as managers, Works as nurse,
construction builders teacher , secretary
or engineers
Portrayed as leaders Portrayed as followers
2.GENDER STEREOTYPE IN CAPACITIES
BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

MEN WOMEN
Good in math and Good in arts and less
science intellectual pursuits
Physically strong Physically weaker and
fragile
Firm decision makers Wishy – washy or
fickle minded in
decision making
3. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN TRAITS AND
CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN MEN AND
WOMEN

MEN WOMEN
active passive
aloof loving
aggressive peaceful
independer dependent
brave fearful
AREAS OR CHANNEL OF
SOCIALIZATION

1. Family
2. Church
3. Mass Media
4. School
5. Peers
 A.FAMILY
• (from Latin: familia)

• is a group of people related either by:

a. consanguinity (by recognized birth)

b. affinity (by marriage or other relationship)

c. co-residence (relatives and servants).

• It is also known as the basic unit for raising children. In most societies, the
family is the principal institution for the socialization of children.
TWO TYPES OF FAMILY

1. Immediate family - may include spouses,

parents, brothers, sisters, sons, and
daughters.

2. Extended family - may include

grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins,
nephews, nieces, and siblings - in-law.
Sometimes these are also considered
members of the immediate family,
depending on an individual's specific
relationship with them.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF FAMILY
STRUCTURES

1. matrifocal family - this kind of family occurs

commonly where women have the resources to
rear their children by themselves, or where men
are more mobile than women; opposite of
patrifocal family.

2. patriarchal family - is a family in which the

father is considered head of household; this is
true regardless of which parent is the primary
breadwinner (in a household with a working mom
and stay-at-home dad; also known as father –
centered family or father dominated family;
opposite of matriarchal family.
3. conjugal family / nuclear family / single
family – a traditional form of famiy that includes
only the husband, the wife, and unmarried
children who are not of age.

4. avuncular family – a family composed of a

grandparent, a brother, his sister, and her
children

5. childless family - is sometimes the "forgotten

family," as it does not meet the traditional
standards set by society. Childless families
consist of a husband and wife living and working
together. Many childless families take on the
responsibility of pet ownership or have extensive
contact with their nieces and nephews as a
substitute for having their own children.
6. extended family - family that extends beyond the
nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles,
and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one
household.

7. family of choice / chosen family - is common within

the LGBT community, both in academic literature and in
colloquial vocabulary. It refers to the group of people in
an individual's life that satisfies the typical role of family
as a support system.

8. blended family or stepfamily - describes families with

mixed parents: one or both parents remarried, bringing
children of the former family into the new family.

9. monogamous family - In this case, an individual has

only one (official) partner during their lifetime or at any
one time.
10. polygamous family – a family composed of a marriage
that includes more than two partners (polygamous).

a. polygyny - a man is married to more than one wife at a

time which is common in some parts of Middle East and
Africa and is often associated with Islam;

b. polyandry - when a woman is married to more than one

husband at a time; traditionally practiced in areas of the
Himalayan mountains, among Tibetans in Nepal, in parts
of China and in parts of northern India.

c. fraternal polyandry - where two or more brothers are

married to the same wife

d. polyamory - If a marriage includes multiple husbands

and wives; group or conjoint marriage.
4 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN GENDER SOCIALIZATION IN THE
FAMILY (Ruth Hartley)

1. Manipulation – means that people handle girls and boys differently as infants.

a. Mothers tend to use more physical stimulation on male infants and more verbal stimulation on
female infants.

b. Boy babies are tossed in the air.

c. Girl babies get more delicate handling.

2. Canalization – means that people
direct children’s attention to
gender-appropriate object.

a. In the choice of toys, boys are

given toy cars and machines;

b. girls are given dolls and tea sets.

c. Toys teach children what their

prescribed roles in life will be
3. Verbal Appellation – telling children what they are and what is
expected of them.

a. Brave boy, pretty girl

b. Boys don’t cry, girls don’t hit playmates

4. Activity exposure – familiarizing children to their gender -

appropriate tasks

a. Girls help their mother with housework.

b. Boys are encouraged to play outside the house

 B.CHURCH / RELIGION
• It is a collection of cultural systems, belief
systems, and worldviews that relate
humanity to spirituality and moral values.

EFFECTS OF RELIGION

1. Regular attendance at religious services is linked to healthy, stable family life, strong
marriages, and well-behaved children.

2. Religious worship also leads to a reduction in the incidence of domestic abuse, crime,
substance abuse, and addiction.

• In addition, religious practice can increase physical and mental health, longevity, and
education attainment.
C. MASS MEDIA

• These are diversified media technologies

that are intended to reach a large
audience by mass communication. It has
an immense impact on young minds.
With the advent of the Internet, television
now has a partner in the role of visual
stimulant of young minds. The culture
portrayed by the mass media
emphasizes glamour, sexual satisfaction
and promiscuity, comedic vulgarity,
violence, and immediate gratification of
needs.

• The organizations that control these

technologies, such as television stations
or publishing companies, are also known
as the mass media.
EFFECTS OF MASS MEDIA IN
SOCIALIZATION

1. Media`s sexualisation of young

female celebrities

2. Video games that promote violence

and negative stereotypes.

3. Music lyrics and music videos that

promote negative stereotypes and
violence

4. Sex stereotypes in kid`s TV program

 D.SCHOOL

1. It is an institution for educating children,

any institution at which instruction is given
in a particular discipline, a group of people.

2. It is an artificial institution set up for the

purpose of socialization and cultural
transmission.

3. The school can be regarded as a formally

constituted community as opposed to
mutual communities.
 E.PEER GROUPS

• These are both a social group and

a primary group of people who
have similar interests (homophily),
age, background, or social status.

• The members of this group are

likely to influence the person’s
beliefs and behaviour.

• Peer groups contain hierarchies

and distinct patterns of behavior.
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF PEER GROUPS

1. Serve as a source of information

2. Teach gender roles
3. Serve as a practicing venue to adulthood
4. Teach unity & collective behaviour in life
5. Identity formation - is a developmental process where a person acquires a sense of self.

NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES (DISADVANTAGES) OF PEER GROUPS INFLUENCE

1. Peer pressure - often used to describe instances where an individual feels indirectly
pressured into changing his/her behavior to match that of his/her peers. Taking up smoking
and underage drinking are two of the best known examples.
2. Future problems
3. Risk behaviors
4. Aggression and pro - social behaviour
5. Sexual promiscuity - practice of having sex frequently with different partners or being
indiscriminate in the choice of sexual partners.
CITIZENSHI
P
• a term denoting
membership of a citizen
in a political society,
which membership
implies, reciprocally, a
duty of allegiance on
the part of the member
and duty of protection
on the part of the State.
 CITIZEN
• is a person having the title
of citizenship.

• He is the member of a
democratic community who
enjoy full civil and
political rights, and is
accorded protection inside
and outside the territory of
the State.
CITIZENSHIP / NATIONALITY /
CITIZEN NATIONAL
nationals of a State • include not only its citizens who
enjoy full civil and political privileges
but also all others who are not its
citizens, but because they owe
allegiance to it, are not regarded as
aliens.
• ex. Balikbayans
• Foreign national with a Filipino
parent

• not all nationals are citizens of a state

MEANING OF SUBJECT AND
ALIEN
• A citizen is a member of a democratic
community who enjoys full civil and
political rights.

• In Monarchial State, He is often called

Subject.

• An alien is a citizen of a country who is

residing in or passing through another
country. He is a popularly called
“foreigner.” He is not given the full rights
to citizenship but is entitled to receive
protection as to his person or property.
GENERAL WAYS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP

1. Involuntary method - by birth,

because of blood relationship or
place of birth.

2. Voluntary Method - by
naturalization, except in case of
collective naturalization of the
inhabitants of a territory which takes
place when it is ceded by one state
to another as a result of a conquest
or treaty.
WHAT ARE THE MODES IN
ACQUIRING PHILIPPINE
CITIZENSHIP?
1. Filipino by birth / Natural Born Filipino

a. Jus soli (right of soil) which is the legal principle that a

person’s nationality at birth is determined by the place of
birth (e.g. the territory of a given state)

b. Jus sanguinis (right of blood) which is the legal principle

that, at birth, an individual acquires the nationality of
his/her natural parent/s. The Philippine adheres to this
principle.
2. Filipino by naturalization / Naturalized
Citizen

• which is the judicial act of adopting a foreigner

and clothing him with the privileges of a native-
born citizen.

• It implies the renunciation of a former

nationality and the fact of entrance into a
similar relation towards a new body politic
(2Am.Jur.561,par.188).
CLASSIFICATION OF FILIPINO
CITIZENS
(Article IV, Section 1, Philippine Constitution)
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of
the adoption of this Constitution;

2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the

Philippines;

3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers,

who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of
majority; and

4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

IDEALS POLICY ON
NATURALIZATION
• only those who have come to love the country

• who have integrated themselves into the

citizenry

• who can contribute to the development of the

nation

citizenship by naturalization.
Naturalization
• is the act of formally adopting
a foreigner into the political
body of the state and clothing
him with the rights and
privilege of citizenship.

• It implies the renunciation of a

former nationality and the fact
of entrance to a similar
relation towards a new body
politic.
NATURE OF NATURALIZATION
• An alien does not have a natural, inherent or vested fight to be
admitted to citizenship in a state.

• Citizenship is a matter of grace, favor or privilege which a sovereign

government may confer on, or withhold from, an alien or grant to him
under such conditions as it sees fit without the support of any reason
whatsoever.

• Citizenship in our republic be it ever most powerful nation if the

world, can take such citizenship for granted or assume it as a matter
of right. In view of the above principles, the rule is that in case of
doubt concerning the grant of citizenship, such doubt be resolved in
favor of the state and against the applicant for naturalization.
THREE WAYS OF ACQUIRING BY
NATURALIZATION
1. By judgment of the court

• The foreigner who wants to become a Filipino citizen must apply for
naturalization with the proper Regional Trial Court / Court of First
Instance. The Revise Naturalization Act (CA 473) is the present
naturalization law. Such law shall also continue in force pursuant to
the transitory provision of the Constitution (Art. XVIII, Sec.3.);

2. By direct act of congress

• In this case our law - making body simply enacts an act directly
conferring citizenship of a foreigner.
3.By administrative proceeding

• Under R.A. No.9139 (Jan, 8, 2001), known as

the Administrative Naturalization Law of
2000,”aliens born and residing in the
Philippines may be granted Philippine
citizenship by administrative proceedings
before a special committee on naturalization.

• The petition for citizenship shall be filled with

the committee which has the power to approve,
deny or reject application as provided in the
law.
WHO MAY QUALIFY AS PHILIPPINE CITIZEN BY
NATURALIZATION UNDER THE REVISED
NATURALIZATION
Section 2, CA 473 or the ACT?
Revised
Naturalization Law

1. He must not be less than twenty-one years of age on the day of the hearing of
the petition;

2. He must have resided in the Philippines for a continuous period of not less
than ten years;

3. He must be of good moral character and believes in the principles underlying

the Philippine Constitution, and must have conducted himself in a proper and
irreproachable manner during the entire period of his residence in the
Philippines in his relation with the constituted government as well as with the
community in which he is living;
4. He must own real estate in the Philippines worth not less than five
thousand pesos, Philippine currency, or must have some known lucrative
trade, profession, or lawful occupation;

5. He must be able to speak or write English or Spanish or anyone of the

principal languages;

6. He must have enrolled his minor children of school age in any of the
public or private schools recognized by the Bureau of Public Schools of
the Philippines where Philippine history, government and civics are taught
or prescribed as part of the school curriculum, during the entire period of
the residence in the Philippines required of him prior to the hearing of the
petition for naturalization as Philippine citizen;
WHO ARE NOT QUALIFIED TO APPLY FOR NATURALIZATION
OF THE REVISED NATURALIZATION LAW?

1. Persons opposed to organized government or affiliated with any association or

group of persons who uphold and teach doctrines opposing all organized
governments;

2. Persons defending or teaching the necessity or propriety of violence, personal

assault, or assassination for the success and predominance of their ideas;
Polygamists or believers in the practice of polygamy;

3. Persons convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude;

4. Persons suffering from mental alienation or incurable contagious diseases;

5. Persons who during the period of their stay in the Philippines, have not mingled
socially with the Filipinos, or who have not evinced a sincere desire to learn
and embrace the customs, traditions, and ideals of the Filipinos;

6. Citizens or subjects of nations with whom the Philippines is at war.

7. Citizens or subjects of a foreign country other than the United States, whose
laws do not grant Filipinos the right to become naturalized citizens or subject
thereof;
LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP
1. Voluntary

a. By Naturalization in a foreign country

b. By express renunciation of citizenship (expatriation)

c. By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the constitution and law

of foreign country

d. By rendering service to or accepting commission in the armed forces of a

foreign country
EXPATRIATION
• The voluntary loss or
renunciation of one’s
nationality
2.Involuntary

a.By cancellation of his certificate of

naturalization by the court

b.By having been declared by competent

authority a deserter of the Philippine
armed forces in times of war.
WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR
REACQUIRING LOST PHILIPPINE
CITIZENSHIP?
1. By naturalization

2. By repatriation - affected by merely taking the

necessary oath of allegiance to the Republic of the
Philippines and registering the same in the proper
civil registry.

3. By direct act of congress

RETENTION AND ACQUISITION
OFCITIZENSHIP

• Under R.A. 9225 otherwise known as the

“Citizenship Retention and Re- acquisition Act of 2003”
which was approved in August 29, 2003, natural born
citizens of the Philippines who have lost their Philippine
Citizenship by reason of naturalization as citizens of a
foreign country are deemed to have reacquired
Philippine citizenship upon taking an oath of allegiance
to the Philippine Republic.
 OATH OF ALLEGIANCE
“I ___________, solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and
defend the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines and obey the
laws and legal orders promulgated by the duly constituted authorities of
the Philippines; and I hereby declare that I recognize and accept the
supreme authority of the Philippines and will maintain true faith and
allegiance thereto; and that I impose this obligation upon myself
without mental reservation or purpose of evasion.”

• The natural-born citizens of the Philippines who, after

the effectivity of the Act, become citizens of a foreign
country shall retain their Philippine citizenship upon
taking the aforesaid oath.
DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP
• The unmarried child, whether legitimate,
illegitimate or adopted, below 18 years of age,
of those who reacquire Philippine citizenship
upon effectivity of the Act shall be deemed
citizens of the Philippines.
CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
AND LIABILITIES
1. Those intending to exercise their right of suffrage must meet the
requirement under Section 1, Article V of the Philippine Constitution,
RA 9189 otherwise known as “The Overseas Absentee Voting Act of
2003 and other existing laws.

2. Those seeking elective public office in the Philippines shall meet the
qualification for holding such public office as required by the
Constitution and existing laws and, at the time of the filing of the
certificate of candidacy, make a personal and sworn renunciation of
any and all foreign citizenship before any public officer authorized to
administer oath;
3. Those appointed to any public office shall subscribe and swear to an
oath of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and its duly
constituted authorities prior to their assumption of office. They must
renounce their oath of allegiance to the foreign country where they
took that oath;

4. Those intending to practice their profession in the Philippines shall

apply with the proper authority for a license or permit to engaged in
such practice; and

5. The right to vote or be elected or appointed to any public office

in the Philippines cannot be extended to, those who:

a. Are candidates for or are occupying any public office in the country
of which they are naturalized citizens; and/or

b. Are in active service as commissioned or non - commissioned

officers in the armed forces of the country of which they are
naturalized
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MARRIAGE
OF A CITIZEN TO AN ALIEN?
1. Under Section 4, a Filipino citizen who marries an alien
does not automatically lose his or her citizenship, even if
his or her nationality was granted by his or her
husband’s or wife’s country.

2. Only by their act or omission are they deemed under the

law to have renounced their citizenship such as taking
an oath of allegiance to a foreign country.

3. If a Filipino woman marries an alien and acquires her

husband’s citizenship, she will possess two citizenships,
Philippine citizenship and that of her husband.
ALLEGIANCE
• loyalty owed by a person to his
state.

• Section 5 prohibits more particularly

naturalized Filipinos from practicing
what is called “dual allegiance”
declaring it inimical to national
interests.

• Note that what Section 5 prohibits is

not dual citizenship but dual
allegiance of citizens.
 Dual citizenship
• possession of two citizenships by an
individual, that of his original citizenship and
that of the country where he became a
naturalized citizen.

• It arises because our laws cannot control

laws of other states on citizenship but dual
allegiance can be a matter of personal
choice or decision.
DUTIES AND OBLIGATION OF THE
CITIZENS
1.To be loyal to the
republic.

• Loyalty implies faith and confidence

in the republic and love and devotion
to the country.

• The citizen must be proud of his

country, its customs, traditions,
language, and institutions.

• He must share in its glories and feel

sad in its misfortunes.

• It is the “home of our people, the seat

of our affections and the source of
our happiness and well-being.”
2.To defend the
State.
• Men may differ and do differ on
religious beliefs and creeds,
government policies, the wisdom
and validity of laws, even the
correctness or judicial decisions
and decrees, but in field of love of
country, national unity, and
patriotism, they can hardly afford
to differ for these are matters in
which they are mutually and vitally
interested, for to them they mean
national existence or survival as a
nation or national extinction.
3.To contribute to the
development and welfare
of the state.

• The development and welfare of

the state should be the concern
of every citizen for he will be the
first to enjoy the benefits
thereof.

• Anything that affects him,

individually and personally. He
is affected by its ills and
disorder, growth and stability.
3. To uphold the constitution and obey the laws.

• It is the shrine for all the hopes and visions for our nation. Laws are
enacted in accordance with it for the good of all.

• It is therefore the duty of every citizen to defend and respect the

constitution and obey the laws.

• If the people would disregard them, the government would collapse, and
this would mean lawlessness and the disintegration of the social order.
The constitution contains provisions designed to insure that is the accord.

4. To cooperate with the duly constituted authorities.

• The larger interest of the group and the nation that he must serve
necessarily involve his own. And he would be recreant to the claims of
that interest if he did not actively concern himself with the affairs of his
government.

• It is not enough for example that a citizen should take care that in his
daily life he does not violate any of the multitudinous rules.
5.To exercise rights
responsively with due
regards to the rights of
others.

• Society is composed of men,

each with interest of his own. In
the course of life, the interest of
man conflict with those of many
others.

• Amidst the continuous clash on

interest, the ruling social
philosophy should be that, in the
ultimate social order, the welfare
of every man depends upon the
welfare of all.
6. To engage in gainful
work.

• Employment is not the

obligation solely of the
state.

• Every citizen should

consider it his own
responsibility and should
strive to become a useful an
productive member of
society to assure not only
himself but, perhaps, more
important, his family a life
worthy of human dignity.
7.To register and
vote.

• Suffrage is both a
privilege and a duty which
every qualified citizen
must perform.

• It is through suffrage that

the will of the people is
expressed. The quality of
public official of the
government, depend,
direct or indirectly, upon
the voters.
THANK YOU!