TIME •To have a common understanding of the emergency
LAUNCHING OF THE TOPIC (sings, consequences and main action to be taken)
TIME: This is an example of a 1-hour course – The remaining 15 minutes are used for the
•About which emergency we will work on
•What do you know about the assistance to be provided?
installing of the equipment and for the moves of the participants during the exercises.
DEMONSTRATION
A step-by-step demonstration of the basic action,
with local available materials
(What + How + Why, of each step of the action)
Summary of essentials with participants
REPETITIONS
•Repetition of the technique by each participant in groups
of 2 to 3, with the coaching of the facilitator
SIMULATIONS
Putting some participants into particular situations
with a performance evaluation by the others and facilitator
SYNTHESIS - CONCLUSION
•Summary with the participants:
Objective (Why to act) and Key messages (What to do)
•To assess the level of knowledge and practices of the
2' participants (= pre-test + local beliefs)
•To show slowly and gently the essentials of the
technique, using a basic/'standard' situation
•To remind participants with techniques addressed in
the previous lessons, and announcing the next ones
•To be as close as possible to real-life conditions (= use
5' of local materials)
•To ensure participants understood the essentials of the
action before going to practice it
•To coach participants in practicing the technique until
they master it well
•then, to introduce some differences: different types of
15' materials, different locations of the injury, etc.
•To strengthen confidence and skills of participants
through specific situations different from the
basic/'standard' one
20' •To ensure feedbacks are constructive and always refer
to the essentials
•To summarise with the participants, referring to the
main flow-chart 'Examination & Actions' (= links with
previous and next techniques)
3' •To give them on how good they were and confident
they should be when facing this emergency in the future
(+ value of refreshment)
 Presentation of a Technique
example : immediate assistance to a person who bleeds

CASE The casualty bleeds. The bleeding is visible, does not stop
rapidly spontaneously, and its site is easily accessible

TECHNIQUE To maintain a local compression directly on the bleeding site

PRINCIPLES To stop the bleeding as soon as possible, in order to avoid a life-

OF THE ACTION threatening situation (= the casualty can die)

EXPECTED RESULT
The bleeding is completely stopped and remains under control

KEY § To apply immediately a local compression

- if not possible : to temporarily apply a compression at distance
MESSAGES
§ To lay down the casualty
(*) § To make a compressive bandage, and to check its efficiency
§ If possible, to raise the limbs and to maintain this position
§ Give little sips of safe liquids up to 2 litres (only if the casualty is conscious,
without head trauma and no nausea or vomit)
§ To refer to a health care centre as soon as possible
 Presentation of a Technique

(*) KEY MESSAGES FOR ALL CASES

§ (first and always) Work in security & safety (hygiene)
§ Make a complete examination of the casualty, and to control other injuries if any
§ Reassure – Obtain cooperation of the casualty and witnesses-family-comrades-etc.
§ Monitor regularly the result of your action (good) and the casualty condition (stabilised)
§ Wrap the casualty in a cover, a sheet… - except dressings and splints that should
remain visible
§ Debrief and relax: First Aiders should care for themselves as well
 Presentation of a Technique (example)
BASIC CASE FOR THE DEMONSTRATION AND THE REPETITIONS
§ Bleeding on a forearm (or a leg)
KEY POINTS OF THE TECHNIQUE JUSTIFICATION OF THESE KEY POINTS
•No direct contact with blood •Avoid infection
•Apply immediately a direct local compression with one hand •Stop the bleeding as soon as possible
and/or absorbent material, sufficient to stop bleeding
•Lay down the casualty •Avoid side effects (= faintness, unconsciousness)
•Apply firmly a bandage •Maintain a sufficient pressure to stop bleeding
•Not make a tight circular bandage •Absolutely avoid a tourniquet effect
•If possible, raise the casualty limbs and maintain this position •Maintain sufficient blood in the chest and the head

•Give safe liquids •Compensate the blood lost by the casualty

PARTICULAR CASES FOR THE REPETITIONS AND THE SIMULATIONS

§ Bleeding on another body parts
(arm, head, neck, etc.)
§ Direct compression is not possible:
- an object is embedded in the bleeding site
- a fracture is associated with the bleeding
§ Adapt the basic technique
§ Apply a compression point at distance only the time needed to:
- make a compressive bandage (in a figure of eight) around the object
- realign the fracture and to make a compressive bandage (then
immobilise the limb)

- the bleeding site is large (cavity)
§ An amputation (by machete, following
an explosion, etc.)
- pack the cavity with clean compresses or cloth, and make a
compressive bandage
§ Apply a compression point at distance only the time needed to place
clean compresses or cloth oven the stump, and make a compressive
bandage