Ms. Grace E.

Kingking
Teacher
Probability
a measure of how often a particular
event will happen if something is done
repeatedly
is a study that deals with something
that has a chance of happening
For example
Today there is a 60% chance
of rain.
Probabilities are written as:

Fractions from 0 to 1

Decimals from 0 to 1

Percent from 0% to 100%

If an event is certain to happen, then the
probability of the event is 1 or 100%.

If an event will NEVER happen, then the

probability of the event is 0 or 0%.

If an event is just as likely to happen as to not

happen, then the probability of the
event is ½, 0.5 or 50%.
When a meteorologist states that the chance of rain
is 50%, the meteorologist is saying that it is equally
likely to rain or not to rain.

If the chance of rain rises to 80%, it is more likely to

rain.

If the chance drops to 20%, then it may rain,

but it probably will not rain.
An outcome is a possible result of a
probability experiment

When rolling a number cube, the

possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, and 6
An event is a specific result of a
probability experiment

When rolling a number cube, the

event of rolling an even number
is 3 (you could roll a 2, 4 or 6).
What is the probability of getting heads
when flipping a coin?

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟

P(event)=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
1 head on a coin = 1
=
2 sides to a coin = 2

P(heads)= ½ = 0.5 = 50%

 Probability Word Problem:
Rodel is the captain of his track team. The team
is deciding on a color and all eight members wrote
their choice down on equal size cards. If Rodel
picks one card at random, what is the probability
that he will pick pink?
pink pink black

Number of pink = 3 yellow red black

Total cards = 8 yellow pink

3/8 or 0.375 or 37.5%

Jollie is rolling a number cube labeled 1 to 6.
What is the probability of the following?
a.) an odd number 3/6 = ½ = 0.5 = 50%
odd numbers – 1, 3, 5
total numbers – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
b.) a number greater than 5 1/6 = 0.166 =16.6%
numbers greater – 6
total numbers – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Probability Distribution
-is defined by a probability function,
denoted by f(x), which provides the probability
for each value of the random variable.
-provides the possible values of the
random variable and their corresponding
probabilities. A probability distribution can be
in the form of a table, graph or mathematical
formula.
 Properties of a Probability
Distributions
In Words In Symbols
1. The probability of each value
of the random variable is 0  P (X)  1
between 0 and 1, inclusive.
2. The sum of all the
probabilities is 1.
ΣP (X) = 1
EXAMPLE
IDENTIFYING PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

Is the following a probability distribution?

0  P (X)  1

ΣP (X) = 1
Answer:
0.16 + 0.18 + 0.22 + 0.10 + 0.3
+ 0.01 = 0.97 <1

Not a probability distribution

EXAMPLE
IDENTIFYING PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

Is the following a probability distribution?

0  P (X)  1

ΣP (X) = 1
Answer:
0.16 + 0.18 + 0.22 + 0.10 + 0.3
+ 0.04 = 1
It is a probability distribution
Probability Histogram
-is a histogram in which the
horizontal axis corresponds to the value of
the random variable and the vertical axis
represents the probability of that value of
the random variable.
Steps to construct a histogram:

-Plot the values of the random

variable along the horizontal axis.
-Plot the probabilities along the
vertical axis.
 EXAMPLE

Suppose three coins are tossed. Let X

be the random variable representing
the number of tails that occur. Find the
probability of each of the values of the
random variable X and draw the
histogram.
 Value of the
Solution:
Possible random Number of Probability,
Outcomes variable X tails, X
(no. of tails) P(X)

TTT 3 0 𝟏
TTH 2 𝟖
THT 2 1 𝟑
HTT 2 𝟖
HHT 1
2
𝟑
HTH 1 𝟖
THH 1 𝟏
HHH 0 3 𝟖
 EXAMPLE
Two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from a vase containing 5 red
balls and 6 blue balls. Let X be the random
variable representing the number of blue
balls. Construct the probability distribution
and draw the histogram.
 Value of
Possible the Number of Probability,
random
Outcomes variable X blue balls, X P(X)

0 𝟏
(no. of
blue balls)

RR 0 𝟒
RB 1 1
BR 1
2
𝟏
BB 2 𝟒
 Reference
Statistics and
Probability
by Rene R. Belecina
Elise S. Baccay
Efren B.Mateo