TRANSESTERIFICATION OF MAFURA OIL TO BIODIESEL USING

10NI−10WAL-MCM-41 BIMETALLIC CATALYST AND ANALYSIS OF

ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS ON VCR ENGINE

ABSTRACT

In order to meet the energy requirements, there has been growing interest in
alternative fuels like vegetable oils, biodiesels, biogas, LPG, CNG to provide a
suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion (IC) engine. Vegetable oils,
because of their agricultural origin, may be due to less carbon content compared to
mineral diesels are producing less CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. It also
reduces import of petroleum products. In this experimental study is carried out on
an IC engine laboratory single cylinder, four-stroke variable compression ratio
(VCR), direct injection diesel engine to analyze the performance and emission
characteristics of pure diesel and waste cooking oil (WCO) – diesel blended fuels
with various blended rate. Experiments have been carried out to estimate the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder, four-
stroke VCR multi fuel engine fueled with biodiesel land its blends with standard
diesel.
 CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

To meet the growing energy needs resulting from spiralling demand and
diminishing supply, alternative energy sources “mostly biofuels” are receiving
more attention. In addition, the increasing global concern has caused to focus on
the oxygenated diesel fuels because of the environmental pollution from internal
combustion engines. These issues have triggered various research studies to
replace petroleumbased diesel fuel with the biofuel.
Crude oil is obviously a limited resource and anticipating the point in time where
unrefined petroleum is not any more a monetarily reasonable item is uncertain, this
fact has been attested by several authors . Continuous price rising coupled with
unsteadiness in the world crude oil market and instability in supply due to friction
in major oil-producing countries have created interest in the search for an
alternative fuel. Increased public awareness on impending health hazards due to
impacts of diesel emissions on the environment and need of any country to
become self-sufficient has interested in biodiesel fuels. The use of vegetable oil as
alternate fuel for compression-ignition (CI) engine was not admired since it tends
to choke fuel filters due to high viscosity. Low viscosity and improved volatility of
vegetable oils were obtained by Heating and blending it with diesel but
polyunsaturated structure remains intact for the oils . Biodiesel production from
low grade feed stocks, having high Free fatty acid (FFA) using transesterification
process is not appropriate.

Threfore, a two step process is proposed. The first step is esterification process to
reduce FFA content with methanol and acid catalyst followed by
transesterification. The Argemone seeds produce approximately 35% oil. It is non
edible andits toxicity is due to the presence of two alkaloids viz. sangiuinarine and
dihydrosangiuinarine. After removal of toxic alkaloids biodiesel can be
prepared .Argemone Mexicana belongs to papveracae family and the entire species
also belongs to the Mexicana prickle poppy. It is commonly known as shialakanta
and satyanashi in India and was found on road side, wasteland and field. The plant
have yellow flower, branching herb with yellow juice and height varies between
12-30 centimeters . Combustion parameters in Direct injection compression
ignition (DICI) engine were investigated using karanja biodiesel and its blend
varying engine load while engine speed were maintained around 1500 rpm .
Combustion characteristics showed for karanja oil blends were having shorter
delay period and slower combustion leads to longer period for combustion. Lower
concentration of blend also alters the combustion process due to improper fuel
atomization/mixing process. Higher blends are not suitable for unmodified engine.
However, up to 20% blended fuel was recommended without any engine alteration.
The effect of varying compression ratio (CR) (16-18) on the combustion
parameters of a CI engine fueled with Callophiliuminnophilium methyl ester
(CIME) and its diesel blends were investigated at constant speed and peak load
condition. The study revealed that delay period of blends was shorter while
combustion duration was more as compared to diesel. The burning efficiency of a
VCR engine with CR variation (15-18) with (0-50%) volume was investigated
using castor biodiesel . Highest value of gas temperature (mean) is recorded for
diesel and it increases with CR for all the blends. Maximum in cylinder pressure is
obtained at CR 18 for B50 and it increases with CR. Maximum value of NHRR is
obtained for diesel at CR 15 and it decreases with increasing CR. For CR 15 and
18, methyl ester blends is better for B20 and poor for B50. This study is performed
to find the effect of CR on emission characteristics fuelled with neat Karanja oil
blends (10 and 20%) and Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) blends (20, 40 and
60%) and compare the results with diesel at compression ratios of 16:1, 17:1, 18:1 .
Minimum value of CO is 0.04 for 20% blend of KOME (B20), while maximum
CO2 is 4.45% at higher compression ratio is recorded. B40 blend showed lowest
hydrocarbon and NOx emissions that are 22 and 552 ppm, respectively. K10 and
K20 show marginally higher emissions than diesel. Overall at higher compression
ratios B40 has the lowest emissions. Optimum performance obtained with lower
emission at CR 19 with B30 (30% CIME + 70% diesel) using design expert
software with designed set of experiments, which was then tested and validated.
ANN model based on the standard back propagation algorithm was developed to
optimize engine output performance parameter like brake power (B.P.), brake
thermalfficiency (B.T.E.), specific fuel consumption (SFC) and smoke intensity
using jatropha biodiesel . The optimized result for best blending was found to be
jatropha blended diesel fuel 50 at 100% load. The respective output as BP is 4.90
kW, BTE is 29.74%, BSFC is 0.29 kg/kW-h and smoke intensity is 3. The
Box_Behnken based RSM method was adopted according to literature to express
response, BTE as a function of variation of input. The optimum combination of
input parameters of CR 18, IP 220 bar and IT 200 BTDC was suggested after
validation of ‘Regression Model’ is carried out with error less than 1% for
maximum BTE. The analytical approach and modelling of combustion parameters
like cylinder pressure, NHRR and CHRR for bio-diesel and its blends were
inadequate. Therefore the objective is to formulate mathematical statistical
modelling of output responses using response surface methodology and its
validation against experimental results.
 CHAPTER-2

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Syed Aalam et al. evidently exhibited the enhancement in ZJME25 fuel properties
with the addition of alumina nanoparticles. AONP50 gave better results with
ZJME25 than AONP25 blend with increased flash point and Cetane number.
Shaafi and Velraj used alumina, ethanol and isopropanol as fuel additive for B20-
Soybean biodiesel. They mixed 100 mg/l of AONP in D80SBD15E4S1 blend, and
noticed a drastic decrease in viscosity and calorific value along with an increase in
Cetane number.

Anbarasu et al. and Bharathiraja et al. studied the effect of blending AONP with
Canola methyl ester emulsion and straight diesel, and noticed a significant increase
in flash point, density along with a significant decrease in viscosity. SadhikBasha
and

Anandcompared the fuel properties of JME with and without the presence of
AONP and CNT. The result indicated that the addition of CNT with JBD yielded
better results with enhanced fuel properties. The flash point of CNT blended
Jatropha biodiesel was lowest when compared with neat JBD and AONP blended
JBD. Balaji and

Cheralathan, and Narinder Singh and Bharjmentioned that the addition of CNT
with biodiesel resulted in increased flash point, viscosity, calorific value and
Cetane number. The values were found to be increasing with increase in amount of
CNT concentration. PrajwalTewari et al. discussed about the change in properties
of HOME with the addition of CNT. The author concluded that HOME+50 ppm
CNT showed better results than HOME+25 ppm CNT.

SadhikBasha and Anandstudied the CNT blended JME water emulsion and found
that flash point for 100 CNT blend was 1220C, which was lowest among all the
blends. With the increase in CNT concentration, viscosity, density, calorific value
and Cetane number also showed an increased trend.

Karthikeyan et al. mentioned that the addition of ZnO with B20-Grape seed oil
methyl ester increased the flash point, fire point, density and viscosity. Rao and
Srinivas Rao and Karthikeyan et al. showed that the addition of ZnO and CeO2
nanoparticles with straight diesel and B20-Pomoline stearin wax biodiesel resulted
in increase of calorific value and decrease in flash/fire point.

YananGan et al. investigated the burning characteristics of various nanoparticles at

dilute and dense concentrations. Iron nanoparticle spherical in shape of size 15 to
80 nm (coated with thin layer of carbon between 2 to 6 nm) and boron nanoparticle
non-spherical in shape of size 80 nm were studied.

Kannan et al. highlighted about the addition of FBC (FeCl3) in waste cooking
palm oil biodiesel which decreased the flash point, fire point and density values
whereas the kinematic viscosity, calorific value and Cetane number showed a
significant increase.

NagarajBanapurmath et al., found that the addition of AgNP with HOME

decreased the flash point value whereas, it increased the viscosity, density and
calorific values. HOME+50 ppm of Ag showed good results compared to
properties of HOME.
Bhagwat et al. found that the addition of graphene NP improved the properties of
HOME. Among all the blends, HOME+50 ppm graphene showed an enhanced
properties.

Mohd. Suhail Ansari et al. elaborated the recent trends in nano fluids, its
preparation and its applications. Nano fluid synthesis were classified into two types
as one stop process and two-step process.

Abbas AlliTaghipoorBafghi et al.studied the performance and emission

characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke air cooled diesel engine fuelled with
nano ceria added diesel-biodiesel extracted from waste fried oil. CeO2 of size 10 to
30nm were mixed with diesel-biodiesel blends in the range of 5 ppm to 25 ppm.

Sunil Kumar Sharma et al. discussed about the addition of CeO2 and CNT in
JME+TPO blend and found that CeO2 addition decreased the viscosity and density
whereas, the same was increased with CNT addition.

SinemCaynak et al. found that the addition of Mn (12µmol/L) in B25 of pomace

oil reduced the viscosity by upto 20.37% and flash point by upto 7%. The pour
point got reduced from 00C to -150C. Table.1 shows the comparison of
physiochemical properties of diesel, bio-diesel and fuel blended with nano metallic
additives.

Studies by Demirba et al. andJayed et al. also showed the importance of adding
nano metal additives in biodiesel and its effect in improving the physio-chemical
properties of the nano metal blended biodiesel.
 CHAPTER-4

4.1 WORKING AND CONSTRUCTION

Biodiesel production is the process of producing the biofuel, biodiesel, through

the chemical reactions of transesterification and esterification. This
involves vegetable or animal fats and oils being reacted with short-chain alcohols
(typically methanol or ethanol). The alcohols used should be of low molecular
weight. Ethanol is the most used because of its low cost, however, greater
conversions into biodiesel can be reached using methanol. Although the
transesterification reaction can be catalyzed by either acids or bases, the base-
catalyzed reaction is more common. This path has lower reaction times and
catalyst cost than those acid catalysis. However, alkaline catalysis has the
disadvantage of high sensitivity to both water and free fatty acids present in the
oils

REACTIONS
Base-catalyzed transesterification reacts lipids (fats and oils) with alcohol
(typically methanol or ethanol) to produce biodiesel and an impure
coproduct, glycerol. If the feedstock oil is used or has a high acid content, acid-
catalyzed esterification can be used to react fatty acids with alcohol to produce
biodiesel. Other methods, such as fixed-bed reactors, supercritical reactors, and
ultrasonic reactors, forgo or decrease the use of chemical reaction that reduces the
quality of substance in chemistry.

PRODUCT PURIFICATION

Products of the reaction include not only biodiesel, but also the byproducts soap,
glycerol, excess alcohol, and trace amounts of water. All of these byproducts must
be removed to meet the standards, but the order of removal is process-dependent.

The density of glycerol is greater than that of biodiesel, and this property
difference is exploited to separate the bulk of the glycerol coproduct. Residual
methanol is typically recovered by distillation and reused. Soaps can be removed
or converted into acids. Residual water is also removed from the fuel.

TRANSESTERIFICATION

Animal and plant fats and oils are composed of triglycerides, which
are esters formed by the reactions of three free fatty acids and the trihydric
alcohol, glycerol. In the transesterification process, the added alcohol
(commonly, methanol or ethanol) is deprotonated with a base to make it a
stronger nucleophile. As can be seen, the reaction has no other inputs than the
triglyceride and the alcohol. Under normal conditions, this reaction will proceed
either exceedingly slowly or not at all, so heat, as well as catalysts
(acid and/or base) are used to speed the reaction. It is important to note that the
acid or base are not consumed by the transesterification reaction, thus they are not
reactants, but catalysts. Common catalysts for transesterification include sodium
hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and sodium methoxide.

Almost all biodiesel is produced from virgin vegetable oils using the base-
catalyzed technique as it is the most economical process for treating virgin
vegetable oils, requiring only low temperatures and pressures and producing over
98% conversion yield (provided the starting oil is low in moisture and free fatty
acids). However, biodiesel produced from other sources or by other methods may
require acid catalysis, which is much slower. Since it is the predominant method
for commercial-scale production, only the base-catalyzed transesterification
process will be described

PRODUCTION METHODS

SUPERCRITICAL PROCESS

An alternative, catalyst-free method for transesterification

uses supercritical methanol at high temperatures and pressures in a continuous
process. In the supercritical state, the oil and methanol are in a single phase, and
reaction occurs spontaneously and rapidly. The process can tolerate water in the
feedstock, free fatty acids are converted to methyl esters instead of soap, so a wide
variety of feedstocks can be used. Also the catalyst removal step is
eliminated. High temperatures and pressures are required, but energy costs of
production are similar or less than catalytic production routes.

ULTRA- AND HIGH-SHEAR IN-LINE AND BATCH REACTORS

Ultra- and High Shear in-line or batch reactors allow production of biodiesel
continuously, semi- continuously, and in batch-mode. This drastically reduces
production time and increases production volume.
The reaction takes place in the high-energetic shear zone of the Ultra- and High
Shear mixer by reducing the droplet size of the immiscible liquids such as oil or
fats and methanol. Therefore, the smaller the droplet size the larger the surface area
the faster the catalyst can react.

ULTRASONIC REACTOR METHOD

In the ultrasonic reactor method, the ultrasonic waves cause the reaction mixture to
produce and collapse bubbles constantly; this cavitation simultaneously provides
the mixing and heating required to carry out the transesterification process. Use of
an ultrasonic reactor for biodiesel production can drastically reduce reaction time
and temperatures, and energy input. Using such reactors, the process of
transesterification can run inline rather than using the time-consuming batch
processing. Industrial scale ultrasonic devices allow for processing of several
thousand barrels per day.

LIPASE-CATALYZED METHOD

Large amounts of research have focused recently on the use of enzymes as a

catalyst for the transesterification. Researchers have found that very good yields
could be obtained from crude and used oils using lipases. The use of lipases makes
the reaction less sensitive to high free fatty-acid content, which is a problem with
the standard biodiesel process. One problem with the lipase reaction is that
methanol cannot be used because it inactivates the lipase catalyst after one batch.
However, if methyl acetate is used instead of methanol, the lipase is not in-
activated and can be used for several batches, making the lipase system much more
cost-effective.

VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS FROM ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF WASTE

STREAMS
Lipids have been drawing considerable attention as a substrate for biodiesel
production owing to its sustainability, non-toxicity and energy efficient properties.
However, due to cost reasons, attention must be focused on the non-edible sources
of lipids, in particular oleaginous microorganisms. Such microbes have the ability
to assimilate the carbon sources from a medium and convert the carbon into lipid
storage materials. The lipids accumulated by these oleaginous cells can then be
transesterified to form biodiesel

A. DISCUSSION ON CHANGE IN PHYSIO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

UPON ADDITION OF NANO METAL ADDITIVES

Addition of CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles with neat diesel increased the flash
point and Cetane number whereas, ZnO and CeO2 reduced the values of flash
point . Addition of nanoparticles to the emulsified fuel increased the values of
viscosity, density, calorific value and Cetanenumber . Addition of CeO2, Al2O3,
CNT, Al, Ag and graphene nanoparticles with neat biodiesel reduced the flash
point values whereas the same increased the viscosity and density values . Calorific
value of neat biodiesel increased with addition of FBC, CNT, graphene and Al
nanoparticles . Addition of ZnO nanoparticles increased the flash point, viscosity,
density and calorific value of the fuel. Mn, Mg, aluminum nanoparticles in diesel-
biodiesel blends reduced the flash point values .

The reason for adding metal based nano additives to the diesel / biodiesel is to
enhance the performance of the engine by improving the properties of fuel. The
addition of nanoparticles with diesel / biodiesel blends increased the calorific value
and Cetane number of the fuel. In some cases, it also reduced the sulfur content
present in the fuel . Addition of CuO and Al2O3 with neat diesel reduced the sulfur
content . Aluminum nanoparticle with mahua methyl ester reduced the flash point
and increased the calorific value and Cetanenumber . Addition of ZnO with biofuel
blends increased the flash and fire point, calorific value and Cetanenumber .
Addition of fuel borne catalysts also reduced the flash and fire point of the
fuel .ZnO with neat diesel reduced the flash and fire point values . The calorific
value increased with addition of ZnO in all the cases. Addition of CNT with
emulsified fuels improved the properties of fuels whereas, Al2O3 with emulsified
fuels increased the flash and fire point and decreased the calorific
value .Graphenenanoparticles gave better fuel improvements in HOME compared
to silver nanoparticles .

METHODOLOGY

In Methodology we are dealing with the actual working of our project there are
two main working process in our project these are as follow 1. Biodiesel
production 2. Trail on Engine

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Experimentation First Process under the methodology section is of biodiesel

production consist of following three process 1. Pre Process ( Heating of oil and
esterification) 2. Main Process (Transesterification ) 3. Post Pocess( water wash) 4.
Biodiesel Blending
EXTRACTION OF OIL

The Mafuraoil was extracted by using a sorbet About 500ml of hexane was poured
in a round bottom flask and 100g of ground Mafura beans was packed in a filter
paper placed in the thimble and fixed with a round bottom flask which was
connected with a condenser the fitted apparatus then heated in a heating mantle to
biol the solvent .Whenthe solvent boiled the vapour rose through the vertical tube
into condenser to the top and the vapor condensed dripped into the thimble in the
center the extractor seeped through the pore of the thimble and filled siphon tube
where it flowed back down into the round bottom flask . The extraction prolonged
to eight hours after which the resulting mixture in the round bottom flask was
concentrated in rotator evaporator to recover the solvent from the extracted oil .
The weight of the extracted oil was recorded . The crude oil was refined by
degumming , neutralization and bleaching process . In degumming process the
crude oil was treated with hot water to remove gums , hydrates, FFA and soap .
Finally it was bleached with activated clay to remove colourodour impurities and
residual soap.

Bio-diesel (AMME) preparation In degumming process, first the oil is preheated.

In 100 ml of oil 27 ml of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is added and then heated on a
magnetic stirrer up to 1 hour at a temperature of 55º C. Then the oil is settled on a
beaker for 1 day. After that oil is separated and gum particles were removed. After
separating the oil, we proceed for the next process i.e. esterification. In
esterification process preheat oil is taken, in 100 ml of oil 2ml of sulphuric acid
and 22 ml of methanol is added and then heated on a magnetic stirrer up to 2 hours
at a temperature of 65ºC. Then the oil is settled on a separating funnel for 1day.

After separating the oil from the separating funnel acidic value of the oil is
measured as we know that free fatty acid (FFA) value is around half of the acidic
value and here FFA value is less than 2 hence we proceed for the
transesterification process. If not then repeat the esterification process again until
the FFA value is below 2.

Here we remove alcohol from the oil. In transesterification process first oil is
preheated, then 100 ml of oil is mixed with 22 ml of methanol and 0.7g of
potassium hydroxide (KOH) heated on a magnetic stirrer up to 3 hours at a
temperature of 60ºC. Then the mixture is settled on a separating funnel for 1 day.
Here the residue glycerol is separated from the oil. After that if some amount of
alcohol is present in the oil then we can go for further two processes, such as water
washing and Heating. We know that alcohol is highly soluble in water and oil
floats on water. So we add some amount water in oil and then the mixture is settled
on a separating funnel for 1 day. After that oil is separated. Then we heat the oil on
magnetic stirrer at 80 ºC to remove the residualalcohols present in the oil.

TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS (MAIN PROCESS)

Is a reaction of an alcohol with an Easter to form different types of alcohols and

ester in the presence or absence of acatalyst . in the production of biodiesel
vegetable oil is in the form of triglyceride which reacts with a small chain alcohol (
methanol ethanol propanol and so on) in the presence of homogeneous catalyst
such as base (KOH Naoh CH3OH (CH3O)2Ca CaO ) or acid (HCL H2sO4
H3PO4) or heterogeneous catalyst as zeolites or biocatalyst as enzymes hence the
process is also known as alcoholysis for methonalmethanolysis and for ethanol
ethanolysis .

Biodiesel Properties The specific gravity and viscosity of Argemone oil was
reduced after transesterification process and found to be within the acceptable
limit. Argemone Mexicana methyl ester (TEO) biodiesel was characterized by its
important physical and chemical properties were measured by the equipments
using standard test procedure as per ASTM. The properties of the blended fuel and
its comparison with standard diesel are summarized in Table 1. Due to oxygen
content, the lower heating value of the biodiesel and the blend fuels are less than
standard diesel. The flash point of biodiesel is still higher than diesel although it
was reduced by transesterification process. It is safe to store as small amount of
addition of biodiesel increases the flash point of the blend.

PRODUCTION OF BIO-DIESEL FROM MAFURA BLENDED WITH

TURPENTINE

In India nonedible oils are the source for production of bio-diesel as the edible oils
are costly and productions is also less as compare to the population. So, Mafura oil
can be assumed as a good option to manufacture biodiesel. It is from the
Sapotaceae family, it is a fast-growing tree to maximum of 20 meter high. The
favorable conditions to grow the plant is tropical although can be found in arid
places. In India it found mostly in North and Central parts and known by many
different names.

The whole Mafura seeds contain 50–61 % oil, 16.9 % protein, 3.2 % fiber, 22 %
carbohydrates, 3.4 % ash, 2.5 % saponins, and 0.5 % tannins [9]. Because of its
high oil content, the production cost is less which is favorable for the bio-diesel
manufacturing. However, the viscosity of Mafura oil is far more than mineral
diesel, its fatty acid content is enough for the bio-diesel production. Its properties
must be changed to become a successful diesel alternative. Mafura Oil: Mafura oil
is collected from the oil seed in which 2kg seed is enough to produce the 1 litre of
oil. The whole manufacturing process is carried over one litre of oil however
multiple quantities can be used . The chemical ingredients would vary as per the
quantity of the oil.

THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IS DESCRIBED BELOW

 One liter of mahua oil is to be taken.

 300-330 ml of CH3OH & 10 ml of concentrated Sulphuric acid is to be
added to mineral oil.
 Mixture is kept at 60-700C temperature for 6 hours with regular stirring.
 In the next step, the hot mixture is left alone for eight hours to settle down.
 The mixture contains two separate layers o Bio diesel layer, because of less
density it floats at top o Lower layer is remains of reactions which mostly
consist of glycerin, gums etc.
 Lower layer is separated and upper layer is taken into another funnel for the
further process.
 It is then mixed with hot water at 40 0C to separate out the traces of
glycerin. This solution kept for the 8 hours and this step is repeated for 3
times. Now the freshly prepared bio diesel is ready to treat with the
turpentine oil

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

It is the ratio of density of the substance to the density of reference material, in this
case water is considered as reference liquid. As a result, the value of specific
gravity continuously decreasing from the raw mahua oil, at 0.91343 to the MOME
treated with turpentine oil to 0.869. Hence, treatment with turpentine oil shows
better results for the preparation of bio diesel.
FLASH POINT

Temperature at which the fuel starts to produce flashes on increasing the

temperature is called flash point. Highly volatile oil has less ignition temperature
because it is inversely proportional to the ignition temperature. Raw mahua oil has
267 0C flash point however after preparing MOME it reduces to the 1980C. On
turpentine treatment it reaches to 1830C. It is much higher than the mineral diesel
so it less volatile than diesel thus safe to store. The graph 3 shows the variation of
flash point with increase in amount of turpentine oil with MOME.

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

It refers to the resistance to flow of liquid and it is determined by time taken by the
oil to pass through a small specified orifice. Viscosity directly related to the flow
of liquid, which affect the lubrication and atomization in the cylinder for the proper
mixing and combustion of fuel. The viscosity must remain in the specified range
which is 2.5-6.0 at 400C. Higher viscosity leads to poor combustion as it produces
larger droplets for in the cylinder. Lower value of viscosity creates the lubrication
problems. After the production process there is a huge decrement in the viscosity
value and mixing with turpentine oil further decrease the viscosity value as shown
in the table. The graph below shows the trend of viscosity with the increase in
amount of turpentine oil in the mixture, which is viscosity decreases with the
increased composition of turpentine.

SEPERATION AND PURIFICATION OF BIODIESEL

After the completion of the reaction , the product was allowed to cool and
equilibrate which resulted in separating of two phases . the upper phase consisted
of methyl ester with small amount of impurities such as residual alcohol glycerol
and partial glyceride while the lower phase contained the glycerol with other
material ( excess methanol catalyst soap formed during reaction and some
entrained esters and partial glycerides)The upper layer was methyl ester ( Biodiesel
) while the lower layer was glycerol the obtained methyl ester was purified by
successive rinse with 2.5% (w/w) sulphuric acid and distilled water . To avoid
emulsion during washing process NaCl solution was used . Then the washed
methyl ester was treated with anhydrous sodium sulphate to remove excess water .
It was then filtered and dried by heating at low temperature ( 60) for 30min.

BIODIESEL BLENDING

In biodiesel blending the castor biodiesel ( B100) is blended with the Diesel (B00)
at 40 c and kept it for homogenization for 20min with agitation upto 300 rpm after
this kept the solution upto 2 hours and we get the biodiesel blend (B 5 , B10, B 15,
B20 etc) B5 means 5% of pure biodiesel with the 95% of Diesel . For solution of 1
litre of B5 we have to Blend 50ml of pure biodiesel with 950 ml of Diesel.

TRAIL ON ENGINE
The setup consists of single cylinder, four stroke, VCR (Variable Compression
Ratio) Diesel engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer for loading. The
compression ratio can be changed without stopping the engine and without altering
the combustion chamber geometry by specially designed tilting cylinder block
arrangement. Setup is provided with necessary instruments for combustion
pressure and crank-angle measurements. These signals are interfaced to computer
through engine interfacing airflow, fuel flow, temperatures and load measurement.
The set up has stand-alone panel box consisting of air box, two fuel tanks for duel
fuel test, manometer, fuel measuring unit, transmitters for air and fuel flow
measurements, process indicator and engine indicator. Rotameters are provided for
cooling water and calorimeter water flow measurement. The setup enables study of
VCR engine performance for brake power, indicated power, frictional power,
BMEP, IMEP, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, Mechanical
efficiency, volumetric efficiency, specific fuel consumption, A/F ratio and heat
balance. Lab view based Engine Performance Analysis software package “Engine
soft LV” is provided for on line performance evaluation. A computerized Diesel
injection pressure measurement is optionally provided.

CONCLUSIONS
Biodiesel obtained by Castor oil has good inherent properties and most of its
properties resembles to that of diesel. The performance of biodiesel can be further
improved by blending 1. When B20 castor biodiesel Blend used in engine at CR
16.5 has Lower BSFC than the B10 castor Biodiesel Blends but has higher Break
thermal eff. And lower CO, HC emission and comparatively higher NOX emission
but it can be controlled by several methods 2. When B10 castor biodiesel Blend
used in engine at CR 17.5 has Lower BSFC than the B20 castor Biodiesel Blends
but has higher Break thermal eff. And lower NOX, and comparatively higher CO ,
HC emission but it can be controlled by several methods

REFERENCES
Ozsezen AN, Canakci M, Turkcan A, Sayin C. Performance and combustion
characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with waste palm oil and canola oil
methyl esters. Fuel 2009;88:629–36.

Karabektas M. The effects of turbocharger on the performance and exhaust

emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel. Renew Energ 2009;34:989–93.

Utlu Z, Koc¸ ak MS. The effect of biodiesel fuel obtained from waste frying oil on
direct injection diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions. Renew Energ
2008;33:1936–41.

Murillo S, Mıguez JL, Porteiro J, Granada E, Moran JC. Performance and exhaust
emissions in the use of biodiesel in outboard diesel engines. Fuel 2007;86:1765–
71.

Hansen AC, Gratton MR, Yuan W. Diesel engine performance and NOx emissions
from oxygenated biofuels and blends with diesel fuel. Trans ASABE 2006;49:589–
95.