Department of Civil Engineering: Mirpur University of Science and Technology (Must), Mirpur

MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
MS-483
Lecture No. 13: Phases of Disaster (Continued)
Engr. Bilal Nasar

Lecturer
Date:
Disaster Management
We studied disaster management
passes through many phases pre
disaster phases of disaster now in this
lecture we shall focus on post disaster
phase.
Disaster management play a primary
role in countering the ongoing disaster.
Preparedness , Recovery and response
show a positive role in planned
properly and carried out accurately.
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 3
Post disaster phases
• This is a phase that comes into play
after the impact has taken place and
efforts are being done to normalize the
conditions of effectees. This phase
primarily consists of following parts:
• Rehabilitation
• Development
• damage assessment
DISASTER MANAGEMENT 4
Phases of disasters
Rehabilitation, reconstruction and
sustainable recovery refer to
measures that help
• Restore the livelihoods, assets and
• Production levels of emergency
• Affected communities.
• These measures rebuild essential
infrastructure, institutions,
services and restore the means of
production destroyed or made non-
operational by a disaster.
Rehabilitation (Post disaster Phase)
It includes restoration of basic social
functions
Identifying the areas and activities that
must receive the highest priority if
health facilities, programs, and essential
services that are necessary to continue
to meet the health needs of the affected
population are to regain their
functionality in the short term.
Rehabilitation assistance is geared
towards limiting the need for relief and
allowing development activities to
proceed.
Rehabilitation include measures which
help increase the resilience of food
systems in case of future disasters and
emergencies.
Rehabilitation
Major emphasis is on strengthening
co-ordination of locally active
emergency and development
institutions and on encouraging the
participation of the affected
population in designing and
implementing interventions to
promote household food security and
nutrition.
Priority is given to the needs of food-
insecure households and towards
promoting sustainable livelihoods.
If the problem of good food is tackled
then the rate of illness may be slowed
down during epidemical disaster.
Reconstruction and Development
Identifying, proposing, and developing
medium to long-term health sector
projects, taking advantage of the
opportunity presented by the disaster
 To introduce corrective measures that
improve the sector’s infrastructure and
operation in the context of sustainable
development. The goal during this stage
is to diminish risk by altering exposure
and/or reducing vulnerability.
Continued…
Reconstruction leads to
sustainable recovery of effectees. It
involves following from processes:
• Reconstructing the damaged
structure and restoring them in
such a way so that they can
sustain such disaster.
• Stabilizing the economy of state if
the disaster was severe e.g. 2005
ajk and covid 19.
• Reducing the unemployment by
providing relief packages.
Continued…
• Re-establishment of reliable agricultural
input supply systems
• Re-activation of agricultural services.
Including marketing, processing and
distribution systems; recovery - or an
opportunity for reform or replacement -
of state and para statal institutions for
food and agriculture
• Permanently repairing the
infrastructure of a damaged city.
Reconstruction (Continued…)
The reconstruction may involve:
• Permanent repairing and rebuilding
the infrastructure.
• Owner driven reconstruction
• Speedy reconstruction
• Linking reconstruction with safe
environment.
Repatriation:
After the emergency is over displace
people are asked to relocate to their
place of origin.
Source
I. The sources from which this lecture is provided for sake of student’s
brain storming and comprehension.
II. Key Topics and Future Perspectives in Natural Hazards Research
III. Koskinas, A.; Tegos, A.; Tsira, P.; Dimitriadis, P.; Iliopoulou, T.;
Papanicolaou, P.; Koutsoyiannis, D.; Williamson, T. Insights into the
Oroville dam 2017 Spillway incident. Geosciences 2019, 9, 37
IV. Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts
V. Do Natural Disasters Affect Human Capital? An Assessment Based on
Existing Empirical Evidence
VI. Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts
VII. Natural disasters that have effected the economy of world
interestingengineering.com
End of lecture 13
 It’s the end of your thirteen lecture regarding your course Hazards and
disaster management.
 If there is any problem related to this lecture contact via email i.e.
bilal.ce@must.edu.pk. Much appreciated
 If someone lacks good internet connection then he can contact me via

Ph. # 03485907337 Least appreciated
 Feel free to contact so that your queries regarding this subject could be
dealt.
 Thank you.
THANKS

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
MS-483
Lecture No. 14: Disaster Assessment
Engr. Bilal Nasar

Lecturer
Date:
Disaster Assessment
Understanding the interaction of
hazards, exposure and vulnerability is
crucial to effective disaster prevention.
Disaster assessments are therefore
fundamentally needed.
 It is a process to determine the nature
and extent of such risk, by analyzing
hazards and evaluating existing
conditions of vulnerability that together
could potentially harm exposed people,
property, services, livelihoods and the
environment on which they depend.
Disaster Assessment
A comprehensive risk assessment not
only evaluates the magnitude and
likelihood of potential losses but also
provides full understanding of the
causes and impact of those losses.
Risk assessment, therefore, is an
integral part of decision and policy-
making processes and requires close
collaboration among various parts of
society.
Steps to Assess of disasters
Understanding of current
situation:
It is needed to assess what already
exists, avoid duplication of efforts,
and build on existing information
and capacities. This is done through
a systematic inventory and
evaluation of existing risk
assessment studies, available data
and information, and current
institutional framework and
capabilities.
Rehabilitation (Post disaster Phase)
Hazard assessment:
To identify the nature, location,
intensity and likelihood of major
hazards prevailing in a community or
society.
Vulnerability analysis:
To determine the capacity (or lack of it)
of elements at risk to withstand the
given hazard scenarios
Continued…
Loss/impact analysis:
To estimate potential losses of exposed
population, property, services,
livelihoods and environment, and
assess their potential impacts on
society.
Risk profiling and evaluation:
To identify cost-effective risk reduction
options in terms of the socio-economic
concerns of a society and its capacity for
risk reduction.
Formulation or revision of DRR
strategies and action plans:
It includes setting priorities , allocating
resources (financial or human) and
initiating DRR programs.
Continued…
Once the current and acceptable
levels of risk are determined,
disaster risk reduction plans and
strategies could be revised or
developed so that they have the
measurable goal of reducing the
current risk to acceptable levels.
For countering existing disaster
risk systematically, for example by
formulating a comprehensive DRR
policy, developing land-use plans
or putting in place insurance
mechanisms to transfer non-
reducible risks, the knowledge and
understanding provided by a
comprehensive risk assessment are
fundamental.
Continued…
Furthermore, when the plans are being
implemented, periodic evaluations of
risk provide an explicit indication of
progress in risk reduction. They help to
evaluate the effectiveness of disaster
risk reduction efforts and make the
necessary corrections to the plans and
strategies.
Why Risk assessment is necessary can
be easily understood by the figure
displayed next.
Source
End of lecture 14
 It’s the end of your fourteenth lecture regarding your course Hazards
and disaster management.

dealt.
 Thank you.
THANKS

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
MS-483
Lecture No. 15: Disaster Management Policy
Engr. Bilal Nasar

Lecturer
Date:
Disaster Reduction Policy
DRR policy has the following
objectives:
• Creating an integrated national
capacity to identify and monitor
vulnerability and hazard trends
including potential climate change
impact.
• Creating Multi-Hazard Early Warning
capacity while building upon existing
systems and emphasizing the
information and warning needs of
vulnerable end-users.
• Strengthening an integrated disaster
preparedness and response capacity
from the local to the national level
Disaster Assessment
• Promoting development planning that
considers and addresses disaster risks
alongside environmental and climate
change concerns .
• Strengthening the structural and non-
structural resilience of key
infrastructure and lifelines in
Pakistan.
• Strengthening capacity at national
and provincial levels to facilitate and
provide support to the implementation
of DRR policies, plans and programs
across sectors and in high-risk areas
Disaster Risk Reduction
Strengthening Local Level Risk
Reduction capacity focusing upon
communities, and supportive
linkages with Union Councils,
tehsils and districts
Ensuring DRR is systematically
integrated into recovery and
reconstruction programming,
“building better, safer and
stronger” and informing DRR
mainstreaming in general
Tools for conducting disaster risk
assessments at both national and
local levels
Continued…
UNDP differentiates between two levels
of risk assessments: national and local
risk assessments. A national risk
assessment is a strategic risk
assessment that supports the design of
national DRR strategies, policy and
regulations, DRM programming, and
budget allocation.
On assessing the capacities of existing
departments, identifying gaps, proposing
and helping install mechanisms to
address such gaps; and assistance in
the establishment of community-based
disaster management committees to
conduct risk assessment in pilot regions.
Impacts of disaster
The total economic cost of natural
disasters is a complex web of tangible
and intangible costs.
The Productivity Commission Inquiry
Report on Natural Disaster Funding
Arrangements notes that economic
costs are typically grouped into
tangible costs (including direct and
indirect) and intangible costs.
These costs are defined as follows:
• Direct tangible costs: those incurred
as a result of the hazard event and
have a market value such as damage to
private properties and infrastructure
• Indirect tangible costs: the flow-on
effects that are not directly caused by
the natural disaster itself, but arise
from the consequences of the damage
and destruction such as business and
network disruptions.
• Intangible costs: capture direct and
indirect damages that cannot be easily
priced such as death and injury,
impacts on health and wellbeing, and
community connectedness.
Policy Implementation Framework
The success of the National DRR
Policy lies in the effective
implementation of operational plans to
be prepared and implemented by
national and provincial governments
in line with broad policy parameters
An overall framework for
implementation is recommended to
facilitate the subsequent process of
formulating detailed action plans.
The framework constitutes of
1. National DRR Policy: A Living
Adaptable Document
• Scientific information / data related to
hazards, risks and vulnerabilities;
Continued…
• Any changes in legal, constitutional or
governance setups at the national or
provincial level; and
• Lessons learnt to improve, enhance and
strengthen mitigation, preparedness
and response management systems at
the national, provincial and local levels.
2. Operationalizing through Plans
• Development plans
• Disaster risk reduction/management
plans
• Sectoral and hazard-specific plans
Continued…
• Strategic plan of NIDM
• Academic affiliations
3. Disaster resource center
4. Training and capacity building
5. Community Based Disaster Risk
Management
6. DRR Mainstreaming in Education
System
7. Monitoring & Evaluation
8. Harmonizing DRR initiatives
Source
End of lecture 15
 It’s the end of your fifteenth lecture regarding your course Hazards

dealt.
 Thank you.
THANKS

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
MS-483
Engr. Bilal Nasar

Lecturer
Date:
Disaster Management Policy
Disaster management policies aim to
reduce, or avoid, the potential losses
from hazards, assure prompt and
appropriate assistance to victims
of disaster, and achieve rapid and
effective recovery.
The Disaster management cycle
illustrates the ongoing process by
which governments, businesses, and
civil society plan for and reduce the
impact of disasters, react during and
immediately following a disaster, and
take steps to recover after a disaster
has occurred.
Disaster Management Cycle
The figure illustrates a good disaster
management cycle that includes the
parts which are also included in Pre
disaster phase.
Appropriate actions at all points in
the cycle lead to greater preparedness,
better warnings, reduced vulnerability
or the prevention of disasters during
the next cycle.
The complete cycle includes the
shaping of public policies and plans
that either modify the causes of
disasters or mitigate their effects on
people and infrastructure.
Disaster Management Policy
Disaster management policy may
consist of following parameter:
• A necessary shift in managing
disasters from a traditional manner
– emergency assistance or crisis
management – to disaster, conflict
and climate change risk reduction
strategies.
• Developing a general framework
and activities of disaster risk
management.
Continued…
• Integration and mainstreaming of
disaster, conflict, climate change and
adaptability across all sectors
through economic, social and
environmental national recovery and
development.
• A focus on strengthening community
capacities and reducing
vulnerabilities
• It can be done by educating the
community in pre disaster programes
Continued…
• The need for attention to be given to
children and youth in disaster risk
management.
• Women died in larger numbers than
men in most of the countries affected
by the December 2004 tsunamis. The
reason given was that mothers tried
to protect their children and often did
not know how to swim and stay
afloat. Children also died in large
numbers. Many had not had risk
management education, and this
may have contributed to the high
mortality rate.
Policy Challenges:
1. Low levels of risk awareness and
knowledge.
2. Development not “risk conscious”
and DRR not yet effectively
integrated.
3. Insufficient DRR capacity at all levels
of society.
The vision statement emphasizes the
urgency of strengthening adaptive and
coping capacity against the dynamic
nature of hazards, vulnerabilities and
risks within the wider context of a
changing society and a changing
climate.
Principle of DMP
1. Multi-hazard approach
2. Vulnerability and risk analysis as
the basis of DRR
3. Strengthening community
participation and resilience
4. Strengthening the resilience of
vulnerable groups
5. Compatibility with local customs
and norms
6. Clearly defined division of roles
and responsibilities between
different layers of government
Continued…
7. Promoting inter-organizational
partnerships (Govt. /SM;
Govt./Govt./; Govt./Private)
8. Transparency and accountability in all
DRR interventions
Source
End of lecture 16
 It’s the end of your sixteenth lecture regarding your course Hazards

dealt.
 Thank you.
THANKS

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
MS-483
Engr. Bilal Nasar

Lecturer
Date:
Welcome Back
• Hope you have performed well in your
mid term exams and doing well with
your healthy routine.
• Recap of previous studies related to
your course Hazards and Disaster
management.
Introduction to Hazards and Disasters
(earthquakes, floods, droughts,
landslides, cyclones, etc.)
Social & Economic Aspects of Natural
and human induced hazards
Hazard and Disaster Investigation
Recap
• Pre-Disaster Phase (Prevention,
Mitigation & Preparedness)
• Disaster Phase (Response, relief and
recovery)
• Post-Disaster Phase (Rehabilitation,
Development) and damage assessment
Disaster management policies and
institutional infrastructure from
national to local level
Heading towards new Topics
Now we shall focus on
understanding the following:
Monitoring of Infra-
structure facilities
• Strategies for protection against
possible damages
• Maintenance for different
infrastructure facilities
• Rehabilitation and repair
strategies
• Predictions and preparedness
strategies for natural disasters
such as Earthquakes etc.
• Emergency management
How to prepare people from possible damages?
Awareness Programs
• Follow-on Disasters
• Recovery plans
• Strategies for protection
• Risk and Vulnerability Analysis
• Disaster Mitigation
To under stand the infrastructure of
let us take an example of Asia and
the Pacific is the world’s most
disaster-prone region, accounting for
91 per cent of deaths from natural
disasters in the past century and 49
per cent of the resulting economic
damage.
Continued…
Losses resulting from natural
disasters are particularly damaging
in the Asian and Pacific region,
depriving countries of resources
which could otherwise be used for
economic and social development.
The toll is most severe and tragic in
the least developed and developing
countries of the region
Each year for the past 15 years, an
average of 41,000 people have died in
the region from natural disasters,
which annually inflicted $29 billion
worth of damage.
Effects of disasters
The world’s 10 most severe natural
disasters in 2004, five occurred in the
Asian and Pacific region, causing
damage amounting to $55 billion,
about 70 per cent of the total damage,
estimated at $80 billion.
The effect of natural hazards on the
loss of human lives is directly related to
the poverty levels in a given country.
National and regional efforts for natural
disaster reduction should therefore be
closely linked with poverty alleviation
and economic and social development
activities.
Principle of DMP
The impact of natural disasters in
any region and its relationship to
infrastructure development with a
view to identifying how regional
cooperation could help address
issues relating to disaster
management.
1. Causes, damage and trends
2. Patterns of natural disasters
3. Damage trends in selected
countries
4. Importance of investing in
infrastructure
Continued…
CAUSES, DAMAGE AND TRENDS
• Recent surveys conducted by ESCAP
have shown that Asia and the Pacific
is one of the regions of the world most
vulnerable to disasters, experiencing a
wide variety of natural hazards that
include floods, cyclones, earthquakes,
drought, tornadoes, debris flows,
hailstorms, storm surges, tsunamis
and haze.
• Table presents the relative intensity of
most serious natural hazards faced by
some vulnerable countries in Asia and
the Pacific.
Patterns of Natural Disaster
Cyclone-related disasters accounted for
most of the loss of life and economic
damage
• According to various ESCAP surveys,
natural disasters had the most impact at
the local level, followed by the regional
and national levels. Impacts of floods are
particularly significant at the regional and
national levels.
• The period from 1950 to 2005, based on
the OFDA/CRED International Disaster
Database that cyclone-related disasters
(wind-storms and floods) accounted for
most of the loss of life and economic
damage (54 per cent of deaths and 57 per
cent of economic damage).
Damaged Trends
According to statistics issued recently
by Munich Re, the world’s largest
reinsurer, economic losses caused by
natural disasters have increased
sharply in the past three decades .Five
of the world’s 10 severe disasters in
2004 occurred in the Asian and Pacific
region and they accounted for $55
billion or 70 per cent of the total
damage, estimated in 2004 at $80
billion.
Importance of Infrastructure
The experiences of the previous severe
disasters demonstrate the importance
of investing in infrastructure in order
to mitigate the effects of disasters.
Source
End of lecture 17
 It’s the end of your seventeenth lecture regarding your course Hazards

dealt.
 Thank you.
THANKS

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
MS-483
Lecture No. 18: Disaster Management Infrastructure
Engr. Bilal Nasar

Lecturer
Date:
Regional Cooperation on Irfarastructure
• Four regional initiatives can be undertaken
to enhance regional cooperation on
infrastructure development.
Establishment of a regional mechanism
for effective post disaster recovery
investment:
• In view of the large requirement of the
private sector for post-disaster
reconstruction and rehabilitation and
disaster preparedness in the region.
• Estimated at $55 billion per year, the
establishment of an effective mechanism to
mobilize resources and to implement a
regional strategy of risk transfer is
necessary to ensure achievement of the
Continued…
Promotion of regional multi-hazard early warning and evaluation
systems
• The regional trust funds on early warning could be further promoted to
cover other regional hazards for specific sub regions, such as
sandstorms for North-East Asia, drought for South Asia, meteorological
hazards for the Pacific, forest fires for South-East Asia and earthquakes
for Central Asia. Proposals for this extension need to be submitted to
the Commission for consideration.
Development of institutional infrastructure for sub regional
cooperation on disaster management
• Institutional infrastructure for sub regional cooperation can be initiated
on the basis of early warning and monitoring as mentioned above
Continued…
• ESCAP may require a clear
mandate to study the feasibility for
each subregion as well as for the
region.
• Proposals have been made by a
number of countries in the region
to establish various centres, such
as the proposal for a regional
centre for disaster management or
a subregional centre for disaster
risk management in the Pacific.
Regional cooperation on
integrating the eco-efficiency of
physical infrastructure into
decision making
Continued…
• Incorporating the green growth
concept is desirable for the
development of physical
infrastructure not only for disaster
management but also for
socioeconomic development.
• Regional cooperation is therefore
proposed to develop guidelines,
including procedures and criteria for
physical infrastructure development.
Steps to reduce possible damages
To reduce the threat of disasters and
to lessen the effect of disaster and its
impact a number of measures can be
taken. The first step in disaster
mitigation strategy is to identify areas
that are at risk to drought or any
other severe conditions. Once the
priority zones have been identified,
comprehensive and integrated rural
development programs should be
initiated.
Continued…
• Agricultural improvements including
modifying cropping patterns and
introduction of drought-resistant
varieties of crops.
• Rangeland management including
improvement of grazing lands, and
grazing patterns, introduction of
feedlots, and protection of shrubs and
trees.
• Water resource development including
improved irrigation, and water storage
facilities, protection of surface water
from evaporation, introduction of drip
irrigation systems, and water
containment methods such as
retention dams and subsurface dams.
Continued…
• Animal husbandry activities
including maintaining smaller
herds, eliminating unproductive
animals, and upgrading the quality
and productivity of stock through
improved breeding practices.
• Land-Use Planning should
approach to reduce the impact of
droughts on human settlements
(including nomadic communities) is
to employ land-use planning
techniques.
Continued…
• Authority to declare a state of
emergency during which time animal
herds are required to be depleted or
transported to non-emergency areas,
more stringent water usage
allowances are imposed, etc.
• Impediments to Mitigations there are
several factors, including denial of the
risk, political will, cost and lack of
funding.
Source
End of lecture 18
 It’s the end of your eighteenth lecture regarding your course Hazards

dealt.
 Thank you.
THANKS

Department of Civil Engineering: Mirpur University of Science and Technology (Must), Mirpur

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MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lecture No. 13: Phases of Disaster (Continued)

Engr. Bilal Nasar

 If someone lacks good internet connection then he can contact me via

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lecture No. 14: Disaster Assessment

Engr. Bilal Nasar

 If someone lacks good internet connection then he can contact me via

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lecture No. 15: Disaster Management Policy

Engr. Bilal Nasar

 If someone lacks good internet connection then he can contact me via

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lecture No. 16: Disaster Management Policy

Engr. Bilal Nasar

 If someone lacks good internet connection then he can contact me via

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lecture No. 17: Disaster Management Policy

Engr. Bilal Nasar

 If someone lacks good internet connection then he can contact me via

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lecture No. 18: Disaster Management Infrastructure

Engr. Bilal Nasar

 If someone lacks good internet connection then he can contact me via

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