Technological University of the Philippines

Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St., Ermita, Manila

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE 25 – 2B
Elementary and Higher Surveying

Assignment No. 2
Theory of Errors and Measurements

Rivera, Ericka Shane L.

14-205-007
Date of Submission: Dec. 16, 2015

Engr. Jesus Ray M. Mansayon

Instructor
 PROBLEM SET 1

1. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS. The measured length of airport runways in five

major cities in the Philippines are: 1250.00, 1375.50, 1410.75, 1550.25, and
1750.00 meters. Determine the equivalent length of each runways in
kilometers, decimeters, and centimeters. Tabulate values accordingly.

Given:
Runway m
1 1250.00
2 1375.50
3 1410.75
4 1550.25
5 1750.00

Required: Length in kilometres, decimetres and centimeters

Illustration:
-- - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2 - - - - - - -
- -- - - - - - - - - -3 - - - - - -

-- - - - - 4- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - -5- -------

Solution:
To km

To dm
 To cm

Runway m km dm cm
1 1250.00 1.25 12,500 125,000
2 1375.50 1.3755 13,755 137,500
3 1410.75 1.41075 14,107.5 141,075
4 1550.25 1.55025 15,502.5 155,025
5 1750.00 1.750 17,500 175,000

2. AREA MEASUREMENTS. Given the dimensions of the following tracts of

land: a. 108.75 m by 76.82 m
b. 940.08 m by 1296.73 m
c. 13.36 m by 50.08 m
d. 1258.30 m by 624.03 m
e. 8476.55 m by 121.79 m
Determine the area of each tract in square meters, square kilometres, ares and
hectares.
Given:
Tracts of Land Dimension
1 108.75m by 76.82 m
2 940.08m by 1296.73m
3 13.36m by 50.08m
4 1258.30m by 624.03m
5 8476.55m by 121.79m

Required: Area in m2, km2, ares and hectares

Illustration:

1 2 3 4 5
Solution:
 Area in m2

Area in km2

Area in ares

`
Area in hectares
3. AREA MEASUREMENTS. Given the area and width of the following rectangular-
shaped pieces of property:
a. 2.575 ha and 195.42 m
b. 125.42 sq m and 545.0 cm
c. 0.85 sq km and 925.09 m
d. 50.0 ares and 100.0 m
e. 42545.19 sq m and 346.72 m
Determine the length of each property in meters.

Given:
Property Area Width
1 2.575 ha 195.42 m
2 125.42 sq m 545.0cm
3 0.85 sq km 925.09 m
4 50.0 ares 100.0 m
5 42545.19 sq m 346.72 m

Required: Length of each property in meters

Illustration:

2 3 4 5
Solution: 1
Property 1

Property 2
 Property 3

Property 4

Property 5

4. VOLUME MEASUREMENTS. Following are the dimensions for length, width and
depth of five excavated borrow pits for a highway project:
a. 113.26 m, 35.48 m, and 18.60 m
b. 50.08 m, 39.25m, and 7.14 m
c. 243.55 m, 76.19 m, and 24.66 m
d. 42.055 m, 8.605 m, and 12.332 m
e. 9.5 m, 6.3 m, and 4.9 m
Determine the volume of each pit in cubic meters.
Given:
Pit L W D
A 113.26 m 35.48 m 18.60m
B 50.08 m 39.25 m 7.14 m
C 243.55 m 76.48 m 24.66 m
D 42.055 m 8.605 m 12.332 m
E 9.5 m 6.3 m 4.9 m

Required: Volume of each pit in cubic meters

Illustration:

A B C D E
Solution:
Pit A

( )( )
Pit B

( )( )
Pit C
( )( )
Pit D
( )( )
Pit E
( )( )

5. VOLUME MEASUREMENTS. Given the approximate flat area and depth

of excavation of the following borrow pits:
a. 3750.0 sq m and 758.0 cm
b. 0.035 sq km and 180.0 m
c. 15.6 ares and 495.0 m
d. 9.250 ha and 250.0 m
e. 46750 sq m and 195.0 m
Determine the volume of earth removed from each pit in cubic meters.
Given:
Pits Area Depth
A 3750sq m 758.0 cm
B 0.035 sq km 180.0 m
C 15.6 ares 495.0 m
D .250 ha 250.0 m
E 46750 sq m 195.0 m

Required: Volume of earth removed from each pit in cubic meters.

Illustration:

A B C D E
Solution:
Pit A
 ( ) ( )( )

Pit B

()

( )( )

Pit C

()

( )( )

Pit D

()

( )( )

Pit E
( )

6. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES. Given the following numbers: 45.63, 5.700, 4010,

0.00037, 0.000940, 6.0090, 7.00, 9.5x10 8, 4.00x107, 2.604x1018, and 3.00x10-6.
For each number, identify the significant figures and state the number of
significant figures. Tabulate values accordingly.

Given:
Number
45.63
5.700
4010
0.00037
0.000940
6.0090
7.00
9.5X108
4.00x107
2.604x1018
 3.00x10-6
Required: Number of significant figures of each number
Solution:
Number Significant Figures
45.63 4
5.700 4
4010 3
0.00037 2
0.000940 3
6.0090 5
7.00 3
9.5X108 2
4.00x10 7
3
2.604x1018 4
-6
3.00x10 3
7. ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS. Given the following numbers: 0.333333,
0.412342, 50.2155, 48.5455, and 16.3545. Round off each number to three, four
and five figures. Tabulate values accordingly.
Given:
Numbers
0.333333
0.412342
50.2155
48.5455
16.3545

Required: Round off each number to three, four and five figures
Solution:
Numbers 3 Figures 4 Figures 5 Figures
0.333333 0.333 0.3333 0.33333
0.412342 0.412 0.4123 0.41234
50.2155 50.2 50.22 50.216
48.5455 48.5 48.54 48.546
16.3545 16.4 16.35 16.354

8. MOST PROBABLE VALUE. The three angles of a triangle were measured

with the following results: A=42°05’, B=115°38’, and C=22°08’. Determine the
most probable value of each angle.
Given: A = 42°05’ B = 115°38’ C = 22°08’
 Required: Most probable value of each angle
Illustration: A

C
B

Solution:
A+B+C = 179°51’ Error = 180-179°51’ Error = 0°9’

Correction: ±0°3’

A’ = A ± 0°3’ B’ = B ± 0°3’ C’ = C ± 0°3’

A’ = 42°5’ +0°3’ B’ = 115°38’ + 0°3’ C’ = 22°08’ + 0°3’
A’ = 42°8’0” B’ = 115°41’0” C’ = 22°11’0”

9. MOST PROBABLE VALUE. The angles about a point have the following
observed values: 87°07’50”, 125°17’20”, and 147°35’20”. Determine the
most probable value of the three angles.
Given: A = 87°07’50” B = 125°17’20” C = 147°35’20”
Required: Most probable value of each angle
Illustration:

A
B

Solution:
A + B + C = 360°0’30” Error = 360° - 360°0’30” Error = 0°0’30”

Correction = ±0°0’10”
 A’ = A ± 0°0’10” A’ = 87°07’50” - 0°0’10” A’ = 87°7’40”
B’ = B ± 0°0’10” B’ = 125°17’20” - 0°0’10” B’ = 125°17’10”
C’ = C ± 0°0’10” C’ = 147°35’20” - 0°0’10” C’ = 147°35’10”

10. MOST PROBABLE VALUE. The interior angles of a quadrilateral were observed
to be: A=100°35’40”, B=118°44’15”, C=80°54’35”, and D= 59°45’50”. Determine
the most probable value of each of these angles.
Given: A=100°35’40” B=118°44’15” C=80°54’35” D= 59°45’50”
Required: Most probable value of each of these angles
Illustration:

A B

D
C

Solution:

A + B + C = 360°0’20”

Error = (n-2)180 - 360°0’20” Correction = 5”

Error = 360 - 360°0’20”
Error = 20”
A’ = A ± 5” A’ = 100°35’40” – 5” A’ = 100°35’35”
B’ = B ± 5” B’ = 118°44’15” – 5” B’ = 118°3510”
C’ = C± 5” C’ = 80°54’35” – 5” C’ = 80°54’30”
D’ = D± 5” D’ = 59°45’50” – 5” D’ = 59°45’45”

11. PROBABLE ERROR. A quantity was measured ten times with the following
results: 34.630, 34.626, 34.634, 34.628, 34.629, 34.626, 34.627, 34.633, 34.625,
and 34.624 meters. Determine the probable error of the mean and the relative
precision of the mean.
Given:
Trial X
 1 34.630
2 34.626
3 34.634
4 34.628
5 34.629
6 34.626
7 34.627
8 34.633
9 34.625
10 34.624

Required: Probable error of the mean and the relative precision of the mean
Illustration:

10x

Solution:
∑

= ± 3.327X10-3 = ±1.052 X10-3

PEm = ± 0.6745(±1.052 X10-3) PEm = 7.096 X10-4

RP =2.049

12. PROBABLE ERROR. A surveying instructor sent all the 40 students in his class
out to measure a distance between two points marked on a runway. The
students working in groups of four came up with 10 different measurements as
follows: 920.45, 921.05, 921.65, 920.25, 920.15, 921.85, 921.95, 920.45,
921.15, and 921.35 meters. Assuming these values are equally reliable and that
variations result only from accidental errors, determine the relative precision of a
single measurement and the relative precision of the mean.
Given:
Groups Measurement
1 920.45
2 921.05
3 921.65
4 920.25
5 920.14
6 921.85
 7 921.95
8 920.45
9 921.15
10 921.35

Required: RP of single measurement and RP of mean measurement

Illustration:

10x

Solution:
∑

= ± 0.673 = ± 0.213
PEs =± 0.6745( ) PEm = ± 0.6745 ( )
PEs =± 0.454 PEm =± 0.144

13. PROBABLE ERROR. The following values were determine in a series of rod
readings made under identical conditions: 3.312, 3.307, 3.304, 3.306, 3.309,
3.301, 3.311, 3.308, 3.312, 3.306, and 3.313 meters. Determine the
following: most probable value of the observed rod readings, probable error
of a single measurement and of the mean, and the relative precision of a
single measurement and of the mean.
Given:
Rod reading Value
1 3.312
2 3.307
3 3.304
4 3.306
5 3.309
6 3.301
7 3.311
8 3.308
9 3.312
 10 3.306
11 3.313

Required: most probable value of the observed rod readings, probable error of
a single measurement and of the mean, and the relative precision
of a single measurement and of the mean
Illustration:

10x

Solution:
∑

= ± 3.754 X10-3 = ± 1.132 X 10-3

PEs = ± 0.6745( ) PEm = ±0.6745( )
PEs = ± 2.532 X10-3 PEm = ± 7.634 X10-4

14. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. A line is measured on a windy day as 338.65 m.

The same line measured 338.37 m on a calm day. If the latter measurement is
given four times the reliability of the first, determine the most probable value of
the measured line.
Given:
x weather Weigth
338.65 windy 1
338.37 Calm 4

Required: most probable value of the measured line

Illustration:

Windy calm
 Solution:
∑( ) ()( )

15. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. A distance AB is measured five times as

610.03, 610.01, 610.05, 610.04, and 610.02 meters. The three measurements
were given weights of 3, .2, 1, 2, and 3 respectively, by the head tapeman.
Determine the weighted mean for distance AB. Also, determine what
difference results if later judgement revises the weights to 2, 3, 1, 3 and 2.
Given:
Trial x W
1 610.03 3
2 610.01 .2
3 610.05 1
4 610.04 2
5 610.02 3

Required: Weighted mean and difference if weights are 2,3,1,3,2

Illustration:

5x

Solution:
∑( )

Weighted mean = 610.0306522

Weighted Mean if Reverse = 610.0290909
Difference = 610.0306522 - 610.0290909
Difference = 1.561 X10-3
16. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. An angle ABC is measured at different times
using various instruments and procedures. The results, which are assigned
certain weights, are as follows: 75°09’26”, weight of 4; 75°09’25”, weight of 3;
and 75°09’27”, weight of 1. Determine the most probable value of the angle
measured.
Given:
x W W*X
75°09’26” 4 300°37’44”
 75°09’25” 3 225°28’15”
75°25’27” 1 75°09;27”

Required: Most probable value of angle measured

Illustration: A

B C
Solution:

∑( )
∑

17. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. In this problem, the weight of an angle is

assumed to be proportional to the number of times it has been measured by
repetition. Five angles in a pentagon were measured with the following results:
134°44’35”, 167°02’05”, 86°15’20”, 75°48’50” and 76°08’50”. If the number of
repetitions for each measurement were 2, 6, 6, 8, and 4 respectively,
determine the adjusted values of the angles.
Given:
Angle x w
1 134°44’35” 2
2 167°02’05” 6
3 86°15’20” 6
4 75°48’50” 8
5 76°08’50” 4

Required: Adjusted Values or most probable value of angles

Illustration:
3 4

5
2
 Solution:
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 539°59’40”
Error = (n-2)180 - 539°59’40”
Error = 540 -539°59’40”
Error = 0°0’20”

Correction Adjested Values ( ̅ )

0°0’20” X = 0°0’8.28” 134°44’43.28”

0°0’20” X = 0°0’2.76” 167°2’7.76”

0°0’20” X = 0°0’2.76” 86°15’22.76”

0°0’20” X = 0°0’2.07” 75°48’52.07”

0°0’20” X = 0°0’4.14” 76°8’54.14”

18. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. Two sides and the included angle of a triangle
were measured and the probable error of each value were computed as
follows: a=267.55 ± 0.05 m, b=564.75 ± 0.06 m, and angle C=57°15’45”.
Determine the area of the triangle and the probable error of the area.
Given: a = 267.55m ±0.05 m b=564.75m±0.06m C=57°15’45”
Required: Area and PE of Area
Illustration:
C

b
a

Solution:
())

A= 63,548.9341m
 √( ) ( ) PEA = ±13.66m2
19. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. Three sides of a triangle were measured with
the following results: a=1431.20 m ± 0.02 m, b=570.77 ± 0.03 m, and c= 1767.15
± 0.04 m. Determine the angles in the triangle together with the probable errors
of the angles.
Given:
Sides x PE
a 1431.20m ±0.02m
b 570.77m ±0.03m
c 1767.15m ±0.04m

Required: Angles A,B and C with the probable errors of the angles.
Illustration: C

b
a
A
c
B

Solution:

c2 = a2 +b2 -2ab cos C

( ) Sin A = 0.72
C = 117°16’31.71” A = 46°2’29.35”

A + B + C = 180
B = 180 – (A + C)
B = 16°40’58.94”

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
 ( ) ( )

20. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. A line AE is divided into segments for

measurement with a tape. The results were AB=134.10m ± 0.040m,
BC=320.63m ± 0.055m, CD=173.73m ± 0.056m, and DE=160.85m ± 0.050m.
Determine the length of the line and the probable error of the measured
length.
Given:
Line x PE
AB 134.10m ±0.040m
BC 320.6m ±0.055m
CD 173.73m ±0.056m
DE 160.85m ±0.050m

Required: Length of line AE and its PE

Illustration:

A B C D E

Solution:
L = AB + BC + CD +DE
L = 143.10 + 320.6 + 173.73 + 160.85
L = 789.31 m

√( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

√( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

21. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS. The difference in elevation between two ground

points was measured by each of three field parties using different kinds of
levelling instruments. The results are as follows: 1st party, DE=18.45m ± 0.05m;
2nd party, DE=18.40m ± 0.04m; 3rd party, DE= 18.48m ± 0.05m. Determine the
most probable difference in elevation between two ground points.
Given:
Party x PE
 1st 18.45m ±0.05m
2nd 18.40m ±0.04m
3rd 18.48m ±0.05m

Required: Most probable difference in elevation between two ground points

Illustration:
E

Solution:
W = 1/PE2 RW=W/Smallest Weight RW*X
400 1 18.45
625 1.5625 28.75
400 1 18.48

̅∑ ∑
̅ ̅

22. SUMMATION OF ERRORS. The four approximately equal sides of attract of land
were measured and the measurements included the following errors: ± 0.05 m, ±
0.14 m, ± 0.175 m, and ± 0.205 m, respectively. Determine the probable error for
the total length of the tract.
Given:
Sides PE
1 ± 0.085
2 ± 0.014
3 ± 0.0175
4 ± 0.205

Required: PE for perimeter

Illustration:

2
1 4
3

Solution:
 √( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

√( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

23. SUMMATION OF ERRORS. The dimensions of a five-sided tract of land are

given by the following measurements and corresponding probable errors:
221.63 m. ± 0.04m, 235.70 m ± 0.002 , 196.05 m ± 0.05m, 296.13 m ± 0.012m,
and
303.18 m ±0.015 m. determine the probable error of the sum of the five
measurements and the most probable value of the perimeter.
Given:
Sides x PE
1 221.63m ± 0.004m
2 235.70m ± 0.002m
3 196.05m ± 0.005m
4 296.13m ± 0.012m
5 303.18m ± 0.015m

Required: PEsum and Most Probable Value

Illustration: 2

1 3

5 4

Solution:

√( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

√( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
24. PRODUCT OF ERRORS. Two sides of a rectangle were measured as being
226.25 ± 0.03 m and 307.28 ± 0.04 m. Determine the area of the figure and the
probable error of the area.
Given:
Side x PE
1 226.25m ± 0.03m
2 307.28m ± 0.04m

Required: Area of the figure and the probable error of the area
Illustration: 1

Solution:
Area = L*W
Area = 226.25*307.28
Area = 69522.1m2

√( ) ( )

√( ) ( )

25. PRODUCT OF ERRORS. The base and altitude of triangular-shaped figure were
measured with certain estimated probable errors as follows: b=425.67 ± 0.07 m
and h=138.63 ± 0.06 m. determine the area of the figure and the probable error
in the resulting calculations.
Given: b=425.67m ± 0.07m h=138.63m±0.06m
Required: area of the figure and the probable error in the
resulting calculations
Illustration:

b
Solution:

( )( )

Area = 29,505.316m2

√(
)()

√( ) ( )

PEA = ±13.66m
UNIT EXAM No. 1

B 1. Surveying is defined as the art and science of determining angular and

linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of points,
lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or other extraterrestrial
bodies through
a. Pure mathematics and the social science
b. Applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques
c. Field observations and measurements
d. Cartographic, geodetic, and photogrammetric methods
e. Principles of algebra and geometry

C 2. Plane surveying is that type of surveying in which the earth is

considered to be a flat surface. Distances and areas involved are of limited extent
and the
a. Approximate shape of the earth is considered
b. Theoretical shape of the geoid is evaluated
c. Exact shape of the earth is disregarded
d. Spheroidal shape of the earth is considered
e. Shape of the earth is considered geoid

A 3. A type of survey which is of wide extent and takes into account the
spheroidal shape of the earth is known as
a. Geodetic surveying
b. Plane surveying
c. Geoid surveying
d. Earth surveying
e. Terrestrial surveying

E 4. A photogrammetric survey makes use of photographs taken with specially

designed cameras either from
a. A ship or an elevated ground station
b. The ground surface or underwater
c. A field or a laboratory environment
d. A map or a scaled drawing
e. Airplane or ground stations

D 5. An early surveying instrument having an A-frame with a plumb line

suspended from its apex and was used to determine the horizontal is the
a. Merchet
 b. Chorobates
c. Astrolabe
d. Libella
e. Dioptre

E 6. The meter is now defined as a length equal to

a. 1/10,000,000 of the earth’s meridional quadrant
b. 650, 736.37 wavelengths of the bright-red light produced by burning
silver electrodes
c. 39.37 inches
d. 0.001 kilometers
e. 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red light produced by burning
krypton at a specified energy level in the spectrum

A 7. The international system of units or SI was promulgated by the

International Bureau of weights and measures in
a. 1960
b. 1978
c. 1983
d. 1875
e. 1799

B 8. The sexagesimal units of angular measurements are the

a. Grad, centesimal minute, and centesimal second
b. Degree, minute and second
c. Radian and steradian
d. Mill, grad, and radian
e. Hours, minutes, and seconds

D 9. The number of significant figures in the value 300.00 is

a. One
b. Three
c. Two
d. Five
e. Six

E 10. When rounded off to the nearest hundredth, 36.24445 becomes

a. 36.25
b. 36.26
c. 36.2
 d. 36.3
e. 36.24

C 11. An error is defined as the difference between the

a. True value and the approximate value of a quantity
b. Most probable value and true value
c. True value and the measured value of a quantity
d. Two measured values of the same quantity
e. Estimated value and the most probable value of a quantity

B 12. A line, known to be 150,000 m. long, is measured five times with a steel
tape in the following order: 150.004, 149.998, 149.997, 150.005, and 149.996
meters respectively. The more accurate of the five measurements is the:
a. 1st measurement
b. 2nd measurement
c. 3rd measurement
d. 4th measurement
e. 5th measurement

E 13. The most probable value of several measurements of a line is 546.75m. if

±0.15 represents the probable error of the mean value, the chances are even that
the true value
a. Is equal to 546.60 m
b. Is equal to 546.90 m
c. Lies between 546.60 m and 546.75 m
d. Lies between 546.75 m and 546.90 m, as it is also probable that the
true value lies outside of these limiting values
e. Lies between 546. 60 m and 546.90 m as it is also probable that the
true value lies outside of these limiting values

Given: most probable value = 546.75m; PE = ±0.15m

Required: True Value
Illustration:
Solution: 546.75 – 0.15=546.6m; 546.75+0.15 = 546.9m
A 14. If for a particular measurement the probable error of the mean is 0.09 m
and the most probable value of the measurement is 362.70 m, the relative
precision would be expressed as
a. 1/4030
b. 0.000248
 c. 1:363.70
d. 1:0.09
e. 1/363

Given: PE = 0.09m; Most Probable Value = 362.70m

Required: relative precision
Illustration:
Solution:

E 15. Five separate measurements were made of a line and their degrees of
precision computed as follows: 1st Trial, 1/5000; 2nd Trial, 1/2500; 3rd Trial, 1/6500;
4th Trial, 1/7000; 5th Trial, 1/10000. The measurement which is of a higher degree of
precision was done in the
a. 1st Trial
b. 2nd Trial
c. 3rd Trial
d. 4th Trial
e. 5th Trial

X 16.The interior angles of a hexagon were observed and recorded as follows: A

= 122ᵒ31’02”, B = 123ᵒ26’17”, C = 130ᵒ 05’07”, D = 120ᵒ 15’ 47”, E = 160ᵒ50’35”,
and F = 62ᵒ53’07”. The discrepancy of the measurement is
a. 0’30”
b. 2’30”
c. 1’00”
d. 2’50”
e. 1’30”

Given: A = 122ᵒ31’02”, B = 123ᵒ26’17”, C = 130ᵒ 05’07”, D = 120ᵒ

15’ 47”, E = 160ᵒ50’35” and F = 62ᵒ53’07”
Required: Discrepancy
Illustration:

A F

B E

C D
 Solution:
A +B+C+D+E+F = 720°1’55’
Discrepancy = 720 - 720°1’55’
Discrepancy = 1’55’

X 17.In question 16, the sum of the most probable values of angles A, B, and C is
a. 376ᵒ 01’46”
b. 376ᵒ03’01”
c. 376ᵒ01’21”
d. 376ᵒ02’36”
e. 376ᵒ04’56”

Given: A’ = 122°29’7”; B’ = 123°24’22”; C’ = 130°3’12”

Required: most probable values of angles A, B, and C
Illustration:

Solution:
A+B+C = 375°56’41”
E 18. Five measurements were made to determine the length of a line and
recorded as follows: 350.33, 350.22, 350.30, 350.27, and 350. 30 meters. If these
measurements were given weights of 4, 5, 1, 4, and 6, respectively, the most
probable value of the length measured is
a. 350.26 m
b. 350.29 m
c. 350.30 m
d. 350. 27 m
e. 350.28 m

Given:
 trial x W
1 350.33m 4
2 350.22m 5
3 350.30m 1
4 350.27m 47
5 350.30m 6

Required: most probable value of the length

Illustration:

Solution:

X 19.The base and the altitude of a triangular lot were measured with certain
estimated probable errors as follows: b = 215.50 ± 0.18 m and h = 69.40 ± 0.16 m.
The probable error in the resulting calculation is
a. ± 36. 67 sq m
b. ± 0.34 sq m
c. ± 0.0288 sq m
d. ± 0.17 sq m
e. ± 7477.85 sq m

Given: b= 215.50±0.18m h=69.40±0.16m

Required: probable error
Illustration:

b
Solution:

√( )()

√( ) ( )
E 20. In Question 19, the true area of the lot probably
a. Is equal to 7514.52 sq m
b. Is equal to 7441.18 sq m
c. Falls between 7441.18 and 7477.85 sq m
d. Falls between 7477.85 and 7514.52 sq m
e. Falls between 7441.18 and 7514.52 sq m

Given: b= 215.50±0.18m h=69.40±0.16m

Required: area
Illustration:

b
Solution:

7477.85 – 36.67 = 7441.18m

( )( ) 7477.85 + 36.67 = 7514.52m

Area = 7477.85m