UNITED NATIONS

By: Ibrahim Mirza

 Lecture Content
■ UN in the making: League of Nations to United Nations
■ Significant events leading to formation of UN Bodies
■ Basic Aims & Objectives of UN
■ United Nations General Assembly: Structure and Functions
■ United Nations Security Council : Structure and Functions
■ Proposed Reforms in UNSC
■ International Court of Justice : Structure and Functions
■ Success & Failures of United Nations
■ Question of UN intervention
■ Questions of Veto and what can be done about it
■ Future Agenda of United Nations
 LEAGUE OF NATIONS:
SUCCESSES &FAILURES
■ After WWI the idea of LON was formed under Treaty of Versailles.

■ The idea was itself the sign of political awakening of the world
following tumultuous 19th century states centric politics

■ LON had three arms: the executive council, the parliamentary

assembly and the secretariat

■ However it is remembered more for its failures

 Successes
■ It resolved border disputes between
central European nations
■ It resolved the territory of Saar dispute
between Germany and France
■ Biggest success was that it proved to
be blueprint for UN to follow
■ It gave mandates to the bigger
countries to govern areas after the
breakup of Ottoman Empire
■ It was a first step towards self
determination
Failures
■ Father of the idea didn’t join the
league
■ Italy’s Action in Abyssinia in 1935
went unchecked
■ Japan’s march on China was too
unimportant to consider for states
like Britain and France
■ LON became insignificant and
insufficient in 1930’s to uphold its
mandate
 Reasons for Failure of LON
■ Father of the idea didn’t join the league
■ Italy’s Action in Abyssinia in 1935 went unchecked
■ Japan’s march on China was too unimportant to consider for states like Britain and
France
■ Reasons of failure:
■ Made due to Treaty of Versailles which was itself source of hatred for German
people
■ Didn’t give membership to Germany and USSR
■ The idea of implementation of collective security was vague: economic and military
sanctions not endorsed
■ States like Britain and France were still pursuing their foreign policy based on
national interest
■ Leading to Italy taking on Abyssinia, Japan attack on Manchuria and German
irredentist claims turned into annexation.
 IMPORTANT MEETINGS
LEADING TO FORMATION
OF UN
❑ Atlantic Charter August 14,1941
• Signed by FDR and Churchill pledging to end the use of force and
to institutionalise the global security
• They expressed their faith in the idea of sovereign equality
❑ United Nations Declaration January 1st 1942
• Anti-Axis powers started calling themselves United nations
• Cooperation with each other
• No treaty with axis powers
❑ Moscow Declaration Oct 30th,1943
• Pledging to undertake the joint actions against the enemy
• Emphasise on the need to establish a new organisation
❑ Tehran Conference November 1943
• Stalin was presented with the idea of Four Policemen by USA
• It revolved around whole world let their security be the
responsibility of Four Policemen
❑ Dumbarton Oaks Conference October, 1944

• Structure of the UN was decided : 6 organs

• Idea of collective security : Article 33 ,Article 37 Recommendations,

Chapter VII 39-43

• Disagreements over the membership and veto

❑ Yalta Conference Feb 11th ,1945

• Solved disagreements present during the time of Dumbarton Oaks

• Conference of United Nation was called at 25th April 1945 to agree on

charter
 Purposes of UN (Article 1)
■ To prevent future war
■ To improve socio-economic conditions of the people
■ To promote human rights
■ Develop international cooperation
 UN Objectives Fulfilled through Agencies
■ Peace keeping: Peacekeeping missions, IAEA CTBT, UNSC
■ Protection of Human Rights :
UNCHR, ECSOC, UNICEF, WHO, UNHCR
■ Economic Development
■ Others: UN Committee on Decolonisation, IPCC, COP
 UNITED NATIONS
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
 Structure of UNGA
■ Universal Admission (193 Members), September each year
■ Each member will have a single vote
■ Simple matters passed by simple majority
■ Important matters passed by absolute majority +P5
■ South Sudan is the latest member
 Functions of UNGA
■ Deliberative Functions:
• It can consider general principle relating to international
peace and security and give recommendations but cannot
discuss anything going on in UNSC Article 11.
• UNGA can call the attention of UNSC on any matter which might
endanger international peace and security

■ Supervisory Functions:
• According to the charter it supervises ECOSOC and Trusteeship
Council (now abolished).
• Security council submits its annual performance report to UNGA
• UNGA has control over the Secretary General
Limitiations of UNGA??
■ Financial Functions:
• It approves the budget of UN (Article 17 of UN)
• It approves financial arrangements for specialised agencies and
their administrative budgets
■ Elective Functions:
• Inclusion of a new member Article 4
• Suspension of member Article 5
• Expulsion of a member Article 6
• Election of Non-permanent members of the UNSC
• Election of judges of ICJ
• 54 members of ECOSOC
• It takes part in the election of the Secretary General
■ Uniting for Peace resolution:
• Passed on November 3rd 1950 when USSR vetoed on the matter
of Korea thrice
• Gives power for UNGA to call special “Emergency Session”
through procedural vote in UNSC
• Enacted when UNSC fails to fulfil its primary responsibly(Article
24) due to deadlock among P5
• 10 Emergency Sessions yet
• Latest being called on the case of US embassy move
in Jerusalem
 UNITED NATIONS
SECURITY COUNCIL
 Structure of UNSC
■ 5 Permanent Members
– USA
– Russia
– China
– Britain
– France
■ 10 Non-Permanent members
– For two years elected by UNGA
 Functions of UNSC
■ Maintenance of International Peace and Security:
– Article 24 of the UN charter makes this the primary responsibility of UNSC to
maintain international peace and security
❑ Chapter VI
– Article 33 recommends the countries to seek peaceful settlements of disputes
mainly through negotiations, conciliation good offices etc.
– Article 34 gives power to UNSC to investigate any matter that might endanger
international peace and security.
– Article 37 gives power to UNSC to recommend to parties what to in case of them
failing to reach any settlement
❑ Chapter VII (Article 39-43)
– Article 42 gives UNSC power to recommend countries collectively for severance
of economic, communicative and diplomatic ties.
– Article 43 gives UNSC power to use military strength against the aggressor

Voting Criteria
■ Procedural Matters: Need 9 affirmative votes irrespective of whether all P5 voted or
not
■ Substantive matter: Requires 9 votes including P5 affirmative votes
Two Proposed Plans to Reform UNSC
■ Plan A: Endorsed by G4
• 6 Additional Permanent members: G4 Countries+ 1 African
Union+ 1 Arab League (No Veto)
• 3 Additional Non-Permanent Members
▪ Plan B: Endorsed by Coffee Club
• No new Permanent Member
• 8 Additional Non-Permanent Member for 4 years
• 1 Additional for 2 years
INTERNATIONAL COURT
OF JUSTICE
Structure of ICJ
■ 15 judges appointed for 9 years
■ 5 members from P5
■ Elected by UNGA

Voting Criteria:
■ Cases are resolved with majority ruling
■ 14 votes are casted in phase 1
■ 15th vote only in case of deadlock in phase 1
Jurisdiction of ICJ
■ Compulsory Jurisdiction
■ Advisory Jurisdiction

Compulsory Jurisdiction:
• Voluntary Jurisdiction: If states agree to become party the case then decision
of ICJ becomes binding
• Optional Jurisdiction: If there is any provision in the treaty

Advisory Jurisdiction: Organs of UN are allowed to take Advice of ICJ

 Successes
■ It has decreased the number
of conflicts post 1945
■ UN bodies are working to end
famine and poverty and they
have been successful.
■ Consensus about a global
issue like Global Warming
■ It has largely contained the
proliferation of WMD
■ UN peacekeeping missions
■ Gulf war in 1990’s
Failures
■ Rwanda Genocide 1994
conducted by Hulus against
Tutsis
■ Cholera in Haiti
■ Bosnia Genocide
■ Kashmir Issue and Palestine
issue still languishing
■ No policy to contain terrorist
non –state actors
■ UNSC is being misused
Question of Intervention
■ Case of NATO intervention in Kosovo 1999
■ Was US intervention in Iraq allowed in 2003?
■ Was US intervention in Afghanistan allowed?
VETO Question?
■ Veto allows global powers to shun any discussion if it is against their interest
■ Veto usage is a hindrance to UN becoming a human-interest protector.
■ Russia stopped referral of Syrian Civil crisis to ICC
■ China vetoes every issue related to Taiwan
■ US vetoes every resolution regarding Israel Palestine issue.

What can be done?

■ Concept of voluntary restraints in cases of mass atrocities
■ Expand the permanent membership
Big Responsibilities for UN to Fulfil
■ Contain Global Warming collectively
■ Implement Sustainable Development Goals
■ Continue working on eradication of poverty
■ Collective strategy to tackle terrorist organisations
 POINTS TO PONDER
UN charter’s first words are
We The People but where are the
people?
Is it just an organisation misused by
great powers?
Would the world be better off without
UN?
END OF LECTURE

QUESTIONS?
EUROPEAN UNION
By:Ibrahim Mirza
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION
■ A peaceful Europe – the beginnings of cooperation 1945 - 1959
– After the end of the WWII European nations grew tired of their disagreements
– They started finding ways to cooperate with each other
– ECSC was formed which started integrating major players of Europe mainly
Belgium, France ,Germany ,Italy ,Luxemburg and Netherlands
– 1957 Treaty of Rome further deepens the integration by creating EEC and
establishing Common market
■ A period of economic growth 1960 - 1969
– Common n market was growing and it brought prosperity to the European
continents. Fee enables enough prosperity for smaller countries too.
■ A growing Community – the first enlargement 1970 - 1979
– England, Ireland and Denmark joined the EEC .Right wing government of
Portugal fell and military dictatorship of General Franco in Spain fell too.
– European Parliament started taking more interest in the investment in the
poorer countries
– In 1979 people could elect their members directly.
■ The changing face of Europe - the fall of the Berlin Wall 1980 - 1989
– In 1981 Greece become the 10th member followed by Spain and Portugal in
the period o five years
– In 1986 single European act was passed to sort out the problems in making
Single market in Europe I next six years.
– Fall of berlin reunified East and West Germany which paved the way for their
inclusion
■ A Europe without frontiers 1990 - 1999
– With the end of communism from Europe, counties got even more
concentrated.
– Maastricht Treaty of 1993 created single market across Europe which enables
free movement of
– Goods, services, people ad money and from EEC to EU
– In 1999 Eurozone was created which established common currency
– Schengen Agreement allowed European people to have European nationality.
– A common Security policy
– Cooperation in home affairs
■ Further expansion 2000 – 2009
– War on terror and absence of the threat of communism intensified the
admission into EU.
– 12 new Countries joined the organization
– Lisbon Treaty of 2009 gives more institutionalized powers to the president of
EU and to the Foreign minister of EU
STRUCTURE OF EU
■ The main institutions that administer the EU are listed in Article 13 as:
– The EU building in Brussels
– The European Parliament
– The European Council
– The Council
– The European Commission
– The Court of Justice of the European Union
– And the Court of Auditors.
■ There is a variety of committees stemming from these institutions and
also the European Investment Bank, which is a separate entity from
the European Central Bank
FUNCTIONS OF EU
■ European Parliament
– Directly elected representatives from across Europe. Total members 751
– Main legislative, Supervisory and budgetary body.
– Makes laws with Council of EU on the proposals of European Commission
– Passes the budget and supervises the treaties and all committees working under
EU
■ The European Council
– Consists of Heads of State or Government of member states, plus its President
(currently Poland’s Donald Tusk) and the President of the Commission.
– It cannot pass or amend laws rather it gives general direction of the policy making
■ The Council of European Union
– It is the law-making body, along with the European Parliament
– It discusses, amends, passes laws and coordinates for policies
– Not to be confused with Council of Europe
– Government ministers are its members and they have the authority to commit their
govt. on agreed issues.
■ European Commission
– An independent executive arm of EU
– It proposes new laws and amendment to the parliament and the council
– Sets up spending priorities and draws up budget
– It is the enforcer of the law of land along with Court of Justice

■ The Court of Justice of the European Union

– Consists of a number of different courts, some specialized, with judges
appointed by member states. There is a detailed statute covering the court at
Protocol 3.
■ The European Central Bank
– Together with national central banks, constitutes the European System of
Central Banks, which gets a bit complicated. There is a detailed statute covering
the banking system at Protocol 4.
 Act of EU Institutions

■ Regulations: these are effectively a law in their own right and

are directly applicable to all member states.
■ Directives: these require member states to implement them
by incorporating their provisions into national law.
■ Decisions: these are binding only on those to whom they are
addressed.
■ There are also Recommendations and Opinions, but these
are not binding.
 Europe Right now
■ One of the most successful political and economic alliance is in
trouble
■ BREXIT is a reality now
■ Poland is in political crisis
■ Hungary is moving towards illiberal democracy
■ Italy has a populist government
BREXIT
 Why did Britain leave EU?

■ Chequered past of England with EU

■ They think EU puts too many restrictions on their sovereignty.
■ Adoption of Euro as currency by 2020
■ Benefits to immigrants
■ EU law subservient to British law
■ General polarity in the society
■ Mentality of Oldies
 Three major negotiation points of Brexit

■Divorce bill
■Citizens’ rights
■Good Friday agreement
■Current situation
■What can happen in the future?
POLAND
 Poland (Another Bone of Contention)

■ PiS bringing back authoritarianism

■ Poland invaded by Germany first then by soviet
■ Stayed under control of Soviet
■ 1980s solidarity movement took momentum which finally led to
topple of communism
■ Article 7 initiated first time but there is a hurdle

Why Populism is on the rise in Europe?

NATO
 Structure and Function

■ 29 country alliance founded on 4th April 1949

■ NATO ensures security of the member countries through political and military
cooperation
■ It promotes democratic values by allowing members to consult and cooperate on
security related issues
■ It goes for diplomatic solution but if that fails Article 5 lies at the heart of its
cooperation

Article 5: Attack on one means attack on all

 NATO’s Historical Contribution

■ It played significant role to end crisis of Bosnia and Kosovo and it

spearheaded ISAF after 9/11
■ In Cold War: The purpose of the NATO was to counter the aggression
of WARSAW pact countries
■ Post-Cold War:
– Foster dialogues with former adversaries
– Conflict management in Balkan states
 Trump and NATO

■ According to an agreement in 2006, every country has to pay 2% of

their GDP in the defense spending but most of the countries dot fulfil
that responsibilities
■ So Trump wants their allies to fulfill their responsibility if they want US
help
Idea of Credible Commitment

■ Russia has to believe that US will intervene if Russia attacks any of its
members
■ NATO is more relevant now because of Annexation of Crimea and INF
treaty Suspension
Introductory Information
 Inter-governmental organization.
 Formed in 1996 as Shanghai 5 with counties
including China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan
 In 2001, after inclusion of Uzbekistan, it became
SCO
 Now Pakistan and India are also members of SCO
in June 2017 which can have significant impact
on the domestic and foreign policies of the two
countries.
 IT covers about 3/5th of the Asia and it is the
home of about 3 billion people in the world.
 Its basic purpose was to build CBM’s to
demilitarize the borders between China and
Russia specifically
 But since then the aims and objectives have
broadened
 Member Countries:
 Russia,
 China
 Kazakhstan,
 Kyrgyzstan,
 Tajikistan,
 Uzbekistan,
 Pakistan,
 India.
 The Heads of State Council:
 Supreme Decision making body of SCO which gives the policy and
the direction to the SCO regarding its relationship among the
member countries and the countries outside SCO.

 The Heads of Government Council

 The SCO Heads of Government Council shall approve the budget
of the Organization, consider and decide upon major issues related
to particular, especially economic, spheres of interaction within the
Organization.

 The Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs

 The Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs shall consider issues
related to day-today activities of the Organization, preparation
of meetings of the Heads of State Council and holding
of consultations on international problems within the Organization.
The Council may, as appropriate, make statements on behalf of SCO.
 Meetings of Heads of Ministries and/or
Agencies
 According to decisions of the Heads of State Council and the Heads
of Government Council heads of branch ministries and/or agencies
of the member states shall hold, on a regular basis, meetings
for consideration of particular issues of interaction in respective
fields within SCO.

 Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure

 Maintaining working relations with competent institutions of the
member states and international organizations tackling issues
of fighting terrorism, separatism and extremism
 Promote good neighborly relations among
member countries
 promote cooperation in politics, trade,
economy, and culture to education, energy,
and transportation
 promoting cooperation on security-related
issues, namely to combat the three evils of
terrorism, separatism, and extremism

 Mutual respect of sovereignty, independence,
territorial integrity of States. Non-
interference in internal affairs, non-use of
force.
 Seeking no unilateral military superiority in
adjacent areas;
 Equality of all member States, search of
common positions on the basis of
 Mutual understanding and respect for
opinions of each of them;
 Peaceful settlement of disputes between the
member States;
 Afghanistan sits on the border of China and Central Asian
Republics.

 The instability in Afghanistan is concern for both China

and Russia.

 Afghanistan is being more involved in SCO by giving it full

observer status
 China is the largest financiers in Afghanistan ($3 billion in
Anyak copper mine)

 China and Russia are on same page that spillover effects

of instability in Afghanistan will reach their doorstep

 Russia also provides Afghanistan in military support and

training to its army personnel so it can give a strong front
to Taliban
 Pakistan being member of SCO is also actively playing a
role in solving the issue of US exit from Afghanistan.

 According to the Goals of SCO it promotes
good neighborliness and friendly relations so
SCO can play as a platform where all the
bilateral issues of India Pakistan can be
solved

 Water Dispute, LOC Violations, Kashmir

Dispute, Insufficient Trade.(But have they?)

 SCO can play a role in crisis stability because

it emerged as an organization to counter
western clout. It will never want to look weak
by letting India violating the charter of SCO.
 One of the goals of SCO is to eradicate
extremist, terrorism and separatism and all of
these problems have bedeviled Pakistan for a
long time. (RATS)
 SCO fosters economic cooperation, Promotes
trade development which can help Pakistan
over come its trade deficit.
 Making an energy club will enable Pakistan to
access the resources of CAR’s cheaply
 Russia has been facing backlash from the
west owing to its annexation of Crimea and
its alleged involvement in the US elections. It
led to Russia exit from G8 and now INF treaty.

 China has recently strained Trade relations
with US and its South China Sea claim is also
a stain for US

 China, owing to its sustained growth has
emerged as new investor in the region.The
new realities has caused China and Russia to
come together
 Militarily SCO nations are conducting joint
and bilateral military exercise.
 There are also agreements to harmonize
China’s BRI and Russia’s Eurasian Economic
Union.

 Bilateral trade is more than $80 billion

 It’s an important union of two the most

emerging super powers in the world
 Beijing is pushing for Free Trade zone and
Development fund for the member states which
is highly welcomed by CAR’s

 CAR’s are home of some of the largest untapped

reserves of oil and gas and they need investment
to untap the resources for their domestic
development.

 Russia is apprehensive about these deals

 Russia and China are dealing with CAR’s

bilaterally .Central Asia –China Gas pipeline is
one of those initiatives which starts from
Turkmenistan ad ends in Xinxiang.
 China also wants to integrate CAR’s in its Belt
and Road Initiative.

 Pakistan will be able to fulfill energy

demands through CAR’s but for that stable
Afghanistan is needed.

 Development Fund is on the way too to

counter IMF and WB.
 4 Nuclear power States
 Projects like CPEC and EEU are integrating the
whole region
 Major focus on economic partnerships which is
bringing the nations closer
 A counter to US Europe Alliance
 A framework to eradicate terrorism.
 Home to some of the major producer of oil and
gas.
 Geographically provides a corridor between
eastern Asia and Europe


 Do the countries like Russia and China want
to integrate or is it just the need of the hour.
 Potential is huge but where are the
achievements
 Agencies to Conduct the works are highly
underfunded
 US has direct impact on Sino-Russian
relations.
 Why Pakistan India disputes are still
unresolved
OIC
Origin and founding of the OIC
■ Knowntobe secondlargestorganizationoftheworld.
■ The formation of the OIC happened shortly after the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. Leaders of
Muslim nations met in Rabatto establish the OICon September 25, 1969.
■ It was formed on September 25, 1969 in response to fire-raising attack on mosque al Aqsa
in Jerusalem by Zionist extremist.
■ Its priorities are promoting the interests of Muslim communities across the world and
fighting islamophobia, especially in the westernworld.
■ OIC members represent 22 per cent of the world population, have 2 per cent of the
world's GDP,1.3 per cent of the world trade and only 1.5 per cent of the investments.
STRUCTURE OF OIC
Islamic summit

• It is the supreme authority of the OIC and members of the Summit are head of the government
and Head of state.

• The conference is held to consider issues of critical importance to the Muslim world
and formulate policies on them which areimplemented by the organization.

• Islamic summit is held once in every three year.

Council of Foreign Ministers
➢ It is held once a year.
➢ Reviews progress of the decisions of the previous meetings and summits

➢ It approves budgets

➢ It talks about the present geopolitical situation of Muslim countries specifically

Palestine and Kashmir.
Rest of the institutions

■ Standing Committee
■ General Secretariat
■ Secretary General
■ Specialized institutions
AIMS OF OIC
➢ To safeguard people of the member states and Muslims.
➢ Strengthen Islamic solidarity.
➢ Consolidate Cooperation among members states in social, cultural and scientific
fields
➢ Safeguard the Holy places.
➢ Support the struggle of the Palestinian people.
➢ Eliminate racial discrimination and all forms of colonialism
Challenges to OIC
➢ Difficulties in coordination.

➢ Geographically dispersed (Africa, Asia, Middle East, Southeast Asia)

➢ Politically diverse. (Islamic Republics, Monarchies, Democracy, Military Dictatorships)

➢ National Income differences (Richest like Saudi Arabia and poorest Afghanistan)

➢ No implementation body

➢ Only unifying force is Islam

➢ Every country of OIC has their own agenda

How can OIC be improved
■ By empowering the organization with decision making power.
■ By putting their own differences aside
■ More focus on economic development and poverty alleviation
■ Taking a practical stand against every atrocity against Muslim communities around
the world
FATF
■ An inter-governmental body to develop and promotion of policies to combat money
laundering and terrorist financing i.e. to strengthen its AML/CTF regime.

■ The Task Force is therefore a "policy-making body" which works to generate the
necessary political will to bring about national legislative and regulatory reforms in
these areas.

■ FATF was established in July 1989 by a Group of Seven (G-7) Summit in Paris,
initially to examine and develop measures to combat money laundering.

■ In October 2001, the FATF expanded its mandate to incorporate efforts to combat
terrorist financing, in addition to money laundering

■ The FATF has developed a series of recommendations(40+9) that are recognised as

the international standard for combating of money laundering and the financing of
terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
How Does FATF work?
■ Monitors the progress of its members in implementing necessary measures

■ Reviews money laundering and terrorist financing techniques and counter-measures

■ Promotes the adoption and implementation of appropriate measures globally

■ Collaborates with other international stakeholders, the FATF works to identify

national-level vulnerabilities with the aim of protecting the international financial
system from misuse.
Lists of FATF
■ Grey List
■ Black List
■ Risks involved in being the part of the black list:
– Banking Sector will be effected
– Financial investors will be cautious about the volatility and the scrutiny
– Financial institutions might move out
– Slow flow of transactions will further hurt the slow economy.
– Global fiacial isititos might get reluctant while lending money.
Important Recommendations Countries
have to Follow:
■ Identify the risks, and develop policies and domestic coordination;
■ Pursue money laundering, terrorist financing and the financing of proliferation;
■ Apply preventive measures for the financial sector and other designated sectors;
■ Establish powers and responsibilities for the competent authorities (e.g., investigative,
law enforcement and supervisory authorities) and other institutional measures;
■ Enhance the transparency and availability of beneficial ownership information of legal
persons and arrangements; and facilitate international cooperation.
What Does FATF Wants Pakistan to Do?

■ Demonstrate that authorities are cooperating ad they have enough human and
financial resources to strengthen AML/CFT regime.
■ Demonstrate that judiciary is taking stern actions involving money laundering and
terror financing and those decisions must strengthen AML/CFT regime.
■ Demonstrate that LEA are pursuing cases against people and organizations involved
in such crimes ad that they are taking actions to stop them from resurfacing again
■ Demonstrate compliance of Resolution 1267 and 1373 of UNSC
Points to Ponder?

■ Is FATF a political tool?

■ Is it beneficial for Pakistan to implement all those recommendations?
IMF
What is IMF and What are its objectives
■ In Bretton Woods Conference 1945,IMF was made as an financial arm alongside
World Bank to regulate the global economy.
■ Objectives:
– Stable exchange rates
– Stabilizes international monetary systems
– Fosters global financial cooperation so funds are available for countries facing
Balance of Payments.
What it Does? And How?
■ It provides short term loans to the countries facing Balance of Payment
What is Balance of Payments?
Functions of IMF:
– Economic and Financial surveillance
– Technical assistance and training- fiscal ,monetary and exchange rate policy
– IMF lending-short term under ten programs
– Research and data
Pakistan and IMF
■ Pakistan has gone to the IMF 21 times since 1947
■ 14 times it has gone after 1988
■ 12 out of 21 times have been the bailout packages
■ Pakistan has had a chequered history with IMF because of lack of political will and
half hearted implementation of the recommendations of the IMF
What happens when Pakistan goes to
IMF
■ Pakistan formally ask IMF to lend the money when then starts its evaluation
program.
■ After evaluation ,IMF comes up with its Structural Adjustment Program tailored
according to the Pakistani economy.
■ It includes:
– Privatization of SOE’s
– Reduce corporate taxes
– Reduce subsidies
– Ease of doing business
– Increase in the revenue through taxes
– Liberalize trade
– Free floating currency
Why Do we keep going to IMF?
■ Exports industry down
■ Insufficient taxes class collection
■ Lack of political will
SAARC
Origin

❖ SAARC is an eco-political organization of 8 South Asian nations, which was

established on 8 December 1985 for friendship and cooperation among
themselves and with other developing countries.

❖ Covering a population of more than 2 billion, SAARC is the largest regional

organization in the world.
History of its Formation
➢ Idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was discussed in at least three
conferences:
1 the Asians Relations Conference in New Delhi in April 1947
2 the Baguio Conference in the Philippines in May 1950, 3-the Colombo
Powers Conference in April 1954

➢ The first concrete proposal for establishing a framework for regional cooperation in
South Asia was made by the late president of Bangladesh, Zia-ur-Rehman, on May
2, 1980.

➢ Established on 8 December 1985.

➢ Its seven founding members are Sri Lanka,

Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
 Principles
■ Respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, political equality an independence of all the
member states

■ Non-interference in the internal matters.

■ Cooperation for mutual benefit.

■ All decisions to be taken unanimously.

■ All bilateral issues to be kept aside and only multilateral issues tobe discussed.
Aims and Objectives
❖ Welfare of the people of south Asia.

■ Economic growth, social progress and cultural development .

■ Strengthen selective self-reliance among the countries of south Asia.

■ Understanding and appreciation of one another's problems.

■ Strengthen cooperation among themselves as well as with other developing countries

and international and regional organizations

■ Maintain peace in the region.

STRUCTURE OF SAARC
The Council
■ At the top, there is the Council
represented by the heads of the
government of the member countries.
The council is the apex policy making
body. It meets once in 2 years time.
Council of Foreign Ministers
■ It is to assist the council. It is represented by the foreign ministers of the
member countries. Its functions include:

■ Formulation of policies

■ Review of functioning

■ Deciding new areas of cooperation

■ Chalk out additional mechanism

Rest of the organization
■ Standing Committees
■ Technical Committees
■ Programming Committees
■ Secretariat
Areas of Cooperation
■ Agriculture & Biotechnology

■ Trade & Finance

■ Education

■ Information , Communication & Media

■ Science & Technology

■ Energy & Environment

■ Tourism & Social Development

■ Culture

■ People-to-People Contacts
SAARC Summits
Location Date of Summit
1 Dhaka 7-8 December, 1985
2 Bangalore 16-17 November, 1986
3 Kanthmandu 2-4 November, 1987
4 Islamabad 2-31 December, 1988
5 Male' 21-23 November, 1990
6 Colombo 21 December, 1991
7 Dhaka 10-11 April, 1993
8 New Delhi 2-4 May, 1995
9 Male' 12-14 May, 1997
10 Colombo 29-31 July, 1998
11 Kathmandu 4-6 January, 2002
12 Islamabad 2-6 January, 2004
13 Dhaka 12-13 November, 2005
14 New Delhi 3-4 April, 2007
15 Colombo 1-3 August, 2008
16 Thimphu 28-29 April, 2010
17 Addu 10-11 November, 2011
18 Kathmandu 26-27 November 2014
ACHIEVEMENTS OF
SAARC
 ■ SAPTA(SAARC preferential trading arrangement)was signed on 7 December,
1995

■ SAFTA(South Asian Free Trade Area) was signed in Islamabad in

January 2004

■ SAARC chamber of commerce and industry (SCCI)

■ SAARC constitutes South Asian Development Fund(SADF)

❑ Regional food security essence

Promoted global objective of shelter for all.

■ Convention on terrorism was signed in November,1987

■ SAARC convention on narcotic drugs signed on November, 1990

FAILURES OF SAARC
■ Poor performance of every SAARC member of
HDI and HCI index
■ Over 400 million people below poverty line.
■ Negligible share in world trade
■ No connectivity in the regions
■ SAARC could not lessen the tensions between
the member states
Reasons of Failure of SAARC
■ Hegemonic India
■ Kashmir issue
■ Lack of Infrastructure
■ Difference in culture and religion
■ No executive body to implement the decisions
■ Political differences
ASEAN
History of its formation
■ ASEAN, was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the
signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the Founding
Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and
Thailand.
■ Brunei Darussalam then joined on 7 January 1984, Viet Nam on 28 July 1995,
Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30 April 1999,
making up what is today the ten Member States of ASEAN.
■ In 1976, the members signed the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation,
emphasizing ASEAN's promotion of peace, friendship, and cooperation to
build solidarity.
Aims & Purposes
■ To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in
the region
■ To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common
interest in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and administrative
fields
■ To promote regional peace and stability
Fundamental Principles
■ The right of every State to lead its national existence free from external interference,
subversion or coercion

■ Mutual existence and respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity

■ Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another;

■ Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner;

■ Renunciation of the threat or use of force; and

■ Effective cooperation among themselves

Achievements of ASEAN
■ Cooperation in the areas of food production food security, livestock, fisheries and
crops
■ Cooperation in the usage of the biotechnology for food productions
■ From 1970 to 1995, ASEAN’s GDP grew at an average annual rate of 7.0 percent.
Today, Southeast Asia has a total market of about 500 million people and a
combined GDP of more than US$ 700 billion.
■ Over the years, ASEAN’s overall trade grew from US$ 10 billion in 1967, US$ 14
billion in 1970, US$ 134 billion in 1980, US$ 302 billion in 1990 to US$ 650 billion
in 1995. With its combined trade value, ASEAN is the fourth largest trading entity in
the world after the European Union, the United States and Japan.
■ ASEAN belongs to the wider East Asian region which is approaching economic parity
with the North American region and the European Union. While the combined GDP
of East Asian countries was only 4 percent of world GNP in 1960, it was 25 percent
in 1992 and is projected to be 33 percent by 2010. East Asian central banks now
hold close to 45 percent of the world’s foreign reserves.
Failures of ASEAN
■ In ASEAN countries ,problems of controlled media and curbed free speech is
prevalent.
■ There was no action against Rohingya crisis
■ Human rights abuses are high in the countries which are part of ASEAN
■ Foreign policy blackout from Trump
■ Wide ranging diversity
WORLD BANK
Historical Perspective

■ Founded in 1944, at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire

■ Initial capital was $10b
■ First loan to France in 1947 of $250 million
■ 1947 - Incorporation into UNSystem
■ 1979 - Lending for the fiscal year crosses the $10 billion mark for the first time
What is World Bank?
– The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to
developing countries around the world. We are not a bank in the ordinary sense
but a unique partnership to reduce poverty and support development.
– World Bank Group Consists of 5 institutions:
■ The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
■ The International Development Association
■ The International Finance Corporation
■ The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
■ The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
World Bank Group
■ The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
■ The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) lends to governments of middle-
income and creditworthy low-income countries.
■ The International Development Association
■ The International Development Association (IDA) provides interest-free loans — called credits — and grants
to governments of the poorest countries.
■ Together, IBRD and IDA make up the World Bank.
■ The International Finance Corporation
■ The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is the largest global development institution focused
exclusively on the private sector. We help developing countries achieve sustainable growth by financing
investment, mobilizing capital in international financial markets, and providing advisory services to
businesses and governments.
■ The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
■ The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) was created in 1988 to promote foreign direct
investment into developing countries to support economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve people’s
lives. MIGA fulfills this mandate by offering political risk insurance (guarantees) to investors and lenders.
■ The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
■ The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) provides international facilities for
conciliation and arbitration of investment disputes.
What Do They Do and How?
■ World Bank works towards fulfilling its two goals:
– End extreme poverty by decreasing the percentage of people living on less
than $1.90 a day to no more than 3%
– Promote shared prosperity by fostering the income growth of the bottom 40%
for every country
■ provide low-interest loans, zero to low-interest credits, and grants to developing
countries
■ provide or facilitate financing through trust fund partnerships with bilateral and
multilateral donors
■ support to developing countries through policy advice, research and analysis, and
technical assistance
Decision Making in World Bank
■ Board of Directors consisting of 25 ED and a President
■ President has no voting power except in the case of a tie
■ Seven of the 25 ED constituencies are made up of one member (US, Japan,
Germany, China, France, UK and Saudi Arabia), whereas Sub-Saharan Africa is
divided into three constituencies.
■ Voice reforms cause increase in the voting share from 44% to 47 in 2009 and to
49% in 2015
■ It is expected to go up to 52 % next year
World Bank and Pakistan
■ World Bank is investing in Pakistan in the areas of :
■ Power sector
■ Education specifically in Balochistan
■ Uplifiting FATA
■ Women empowerment
Crticism on World Bank

■ Neo-Clonialist organization?
■ Often times funds falls into wrong hands
■ Lack surveillance have caused misusage of funds
• Pakistan Affairs Notes

• Prepared by : Maaz Ur Rahman PSP

• State
1. Community of people
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty -----supreme authority of the state
5. International Recognition
6. Constitution

• Government is the agency ,machinery or the magistracy through which

the will of the state is formulated ,expressed and realized.
• Commanding and punishing body
 Structure of Government
1) Legislature –law-making body, amend and repeal , unicameral
,bicameral ,will of the people expressed through the laws ,their life
is bound to be effected ,financial functions ,control budget
,ministry formation , judicial function ,
2) Executive –body execute or enforce laws, will of the state ,real
and nominal ,single and plural , Federal Council of Switzerland,
French Directory ,Hereditary ,direct or indirect election
3) Judiciary– interprets and safeguards the law , justice ,rule of law
,advisory jurisdiction ,appellate and original
 Forms of State
1. Unitary
2. Federation
3. Confederation

Unitary state----In which the supreme governmental authority is

vested by the constitution in a single central government which rules
the whole country
• Unitary form of government is that in which all the
powers are concentrated in the hands of the central
government.

• Units are agents of the center for the purpose of local

rule and autonomy.
 Federation and its Features
“ That state in which the supreme authority of the state is distributed
by the constitution between the central government and the
governments of the federating units”

A federal state is a political contrivance intended to reconcile national

unity and power with the maintenance of state rights .
Professor Dicey
An association of states to form a new state . Hamilton
• Features
1. Division of powers
• Federal list
• Provincial /state list
• Concurrent list
• Residuary powers
2) Written Constitution –supreme law of the state
3) Supremacy of the constitution
4) Special judiciary
5) Rigidity of the constitution
6) Dual polity
 Confederation
“ A group or association of two or more sovereign states which
have permanently given up part of their liberty for some specific
aims and objects ,such as defense .”
“An association of sovereign states and they are brought together
by means of a treaty in which are laid down the terms on which
the states agree to join”

• Example ----
• 13 states of the U.S. Swiss Confederacy
• European Union---somehow German Confederation
 Comparison of Federation and Confederation
1) Confederation league of sovereign states while federation a single
sovereign state
Sovereignty held by member states in confederation

2) Confederation based on contract while federation on constitution

3) Confederation has no central government while federation has

Or weak central government in confederation

4) Single citizenship maintained in confederation while double citizenship in

federation
• Confederation a loose union while federation a strong union

• Confederation could be dissolved while federation remains for ever

• New states could be created in federation while confederation is of
existing states .
• In federation the government directly deals with people while in
confederation the central government deal with the state rather
people.
 Forms of Government
parliamentary and presidential
➢ Parliamentary Form of Government

“A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of

a state in which the executive branch derives its democratic
legitimacy from, and is held accountable to , the legislature ; the
executive and legislative branches are interconnected.”
• “Is the system of government in which there exist an intimate
relationship between the executive and legislative department , and
the stability and efficacy of the executive department depend on the
legislature.”

• In such a system the supremacy of the legislature has now been

replaced by the supremacy of the Cabinet . Hence , such form of
government is called Cabinet Government.
 Features of Parliamentary Government
• Existence of a Titular or Constitutional Ruler---Legally vs Really
• Dual executive

• Absence of Separation of Powers

• Main role of the Lower House in Ministry--formation i.e. cabinet
• Harmony and cooperation between the legislative and executive

• Responsibility to the Legislature ---of ministry

• Collective Responsibility
• Intimate Relationship between the Legislature and the Executive

• Leadership of the Prime Minister

• Existence of a Strong Opposition

• Cabinet Dictatorship
Presidential Form Of Government
➢ “Is a system of government where an executive branch is led by a
president who serves as both head of state and head of government”

➢ “In which the Executive branch exists separately from the legislature
and the executive branch is not responsible to legislature nor the
legislature could dismiss it”
 Features of Presidential Form
1) Separation of powers
2) President head of government and state while in parliamentary not
3) Ministers are accountable to the president
4) Executive not responsible to legislature
5) Stable government
6) Suitable for emergencies
7) Experts be appointed by president without considering party
affiliation
8) Suitable for diverse society
 Suitable System for Pakistan
• Harmony and cooperation between legislature and executive
• Ministerial Responsibility
• Outcome of Consensus of all political parties
• Constructive Role of Opposition
• Checks on arbitrary actions of Executive branch
• Strengthen democratic political system
• Bulwark against individual discretion
• Main authority with people's representatives
• Strong accountability and transparency
• Reflects unity in diversity
• Strengthens federation of Pakistan
• Promotes democratic norms
• Existing political system
• Bad Experience of Presidential Systems in the Past
• Pakistan Affairs Notes

• Prepared By : Maaz Ur Rahman PSP

 Issues of Federation
• Uneven distribution of resources
•Disharmony between the federal government and
the federating units
•Weak local government institutions
•Dwindling economic conditions
•Centralization of supreme authority
•Unsatisfied accountability and transparency
mechanism
• Problems with dispensation of justice and
judiciary
• Absence of constructive role of opposition
• Deep-rooted ethnicity and sectarianism
• Existence of dynastic politics
• Preference of personal interest over national
interest
• Institutional imbalance
• Absence of unified educational system
 Suggestions
• Address grievances of provinces– normalize
relations between federal government and the
federating units
• Strengthen rule of law and administration of
justice
• Create institutional harmony
• Opposition play its constructive role
• Devolve powers to local government authority
• Strengthen accountability and transparency
mechanism
• Overcome economic crisis
• Promote religious harmony
• Prioritize national interests over personal
interest
• Discourage dynastic politics
• Enhance decentralization of authority
• Implement unified educational system
• Political Science Notes
• Prepared by :Maaz Ur Rahman PSP
 Reasons of Constitution
delaying
• Demise of The Founding Fathers
• The Controversy Between Provincial
Autonomy and a Strong Centre
1. Federal list -66 subjects
2. Provincial list -48 subjects
3. Concurrent list
4. Residuary powers neither with Centre nor
provinces but governor decide
• Adaptation of Objective Resolution
• Anti –Ahmadiya Movement and imposition of
Martial Law
• Dissolution of First Constituent Assembly
• The issue of National Language
• Doctrine of law of Necessity
• The Issue of Electorate –joint or separate
 The Constitution of 1956
• Written Constitution --Articles – 234
• Existence of Islamic provisions
• Protection Fundamental Rights
• Federal state
• Directive principles of state policy
1. Islamic way of life
2. Peace within and peace without
3. Eliminate riba
4. Abolition of illiteracy –minority rights ,women ,children
• Parliamentary form of Government- both at
Centre and Provinces
• Unicameral legislature –consist of the
President and the National Assembly -300
members half from East and half from West
Pakistan –joint electorate ,voting age 21,
member age 25
• Division of Powers – provincial autonomy
granted
• Independence of Judiciary– had powers to
issue writs
• Ministerial responsibility
 Failures
• Issue of electorate
• Lack of leadership and organized parties
• Feudalism was not abolished
• Unicameral legislature
 The Constitution of 1962
• Written Constitution -250
• Presidential Form of Government – indirect
election through local government institutions by
electoral college of 80,000 electors ,strong
executive ,powerful as clock-tower of Faisalabad
where all bazaars are converged ,Muslim ,35
years age ,candidates selected by NA ,5 years
,two term
• Impeachment by NA three-fourths
• Executive authority ,appointments of governors
,judges ,auditor-general , CEC,
• Select Council of Ministers –Cabinet
• Integral part of legislature – dissolve NA but
he also quit ,dispute over dissolution then
referendum ,veto power ,promulgate
ordinances , control over budget ,emergency
powers ,
• Centralized Federal System --one list of
subjects of national importance 49,all other
subjects to provinces but centre overriding
powers
• Unicameral Central Legislature -156 including
6 reserve seats for women
• Governors and Provincial legislature – under
president control
• Independence of Judiciary – president appoint
Supreme Judicial Council

• Islamic Provisions – the word Islamic was

dropped ,Republic of Pakistan
• Establishment of Electoral College – basic
democracy , indirect elections
• Council of Common Interest
 Failures
• Constitution given by one man – framed to
legalize non-representative government
• Absence of checks and balances
• Indirect elections – of president , members of NA
and provincial assemblies
• Absence of Provincial Autonomy
• Presidential dictatorship
• Negation of Islamic Ideology
• 1965 war
• Exclusion of Political Parties
 The Constitution of 1973
• Written Constitution – 280 articles
• Protection of Fundamental Rights
• Principles of Policy
• Parliamentary Form of Government
• Federal System
• Bicameral legislature
• Islamic provisions
• Independence of Judiciary
• Division of powers
• Emergency Provisions
• Constitutional Law Notes

• Prepared by : Maaz Ur Rahman PSP

• Q---Article 62, 63 create constitutional
uncertainty and obscurity , agree? Discuss in
the light of Superior Judiciary in contemporary
era?
• Q---There are certain provisions just to adorn
legislation but far from being practiced,
discuss?
 Article 62,63
•Introduction
•Constitutional Provisions
•Who introduced these Articles? ---- Revival of
the Constitution Order 1985 brought about a
large number of qualification and
disqualification– previously qualification
requirement included citizenship and minimum
age and disqualification included insanity,
insolvency ,termination of citizenship and
holding of office of profit in service of Pakistan
• Purpose behind their insertions in
Constitution --- prosecute political opponents

• Negative Implications

• Subjectivity of The Content

 Negative Implications
Constitutional Uncertainty and
Obscurity
• Disqualification would be permanent,62(f) ---
against Freedom of association ,Article 17----
Nawaz Sharif , Jahangir Tareen
• May be disproportionate and little harsh–
parliament to decide
• Disqualification of temporary nature 63–
Abdul Ghafoor lehri case ,ex-PM Yousuf Raza
Gilani ,Jamshid Dasthi
• Critical of ambiguity while the purpose of
constitution is certainty and clarity in respect of
matters
• Distinction between disqualification and
qualification is illusory –not need two separate
list
• Subjective assessment – what proof before
returning officer and Election Tribunal for
nomination ,
• commonly known that following Islamic
injunctions
• have Islamic knowledge –dua-e-qunoot vs Jame-
a-Azhar scholar
• Do Obligatory duties ---- nimaz , hajj
• Major sins --- Gunah-e-Kabeera or Hadd is
enforcable
• Abstain --- throughout his life or after
nomination
• Sagacious , righteous , non-profligate
• Honest and Ameen traits of Holy Prophet
(saww)
• Constitution not be idealistic but more
practicle
• No Yardstick for judgment

• Need for Amendments -- transform

subjectivity to objectivity

• Follow American model

• Critical Analysis

• Conclusion
• Political Science Notes

• Prepared by : Maaz Ur Rahman PSP

 Eighteenth Amendment
• Parliament's refusal to validate non-
representative government
• Granted Provincial Autonomy
• Restricted use of Emergency Powers
• Specified Legislative Powers of
Parliament
• Strengthen Key Institutions – CCI ,ECP ,
NFC, LG
• Enhanced supremacy of Parliament
• Increased Senate Role
• Restored Parliamentary form of Government
• Removed Discretionary Powers of President
• Protected Fundamental Rights and Principles
of Policy
• Paved way for Independence of Judiciary
• Empowered Election Commission of Pakistan
• Accelerated Accountability and Transparency
1. Parliament refused to validate Martial Law
OR Strengthened Democracy

1. Legal Framework Order

➢ Amendment power
➢ 58(2)(b) revived
➢ 112(2)(b) revived
➢ President appoint Caretaker
Government
2. 17th Amendment Repealed
➢ Refer dissolution to SC in 15 days
➢ 270 AA inserted and validate all amendments
made by LFO
➢ 41(8)(9) added CEC –endorsement of
Musharraf election
 2. Granted Provincial Autonomy
• Federal List –part 1-59 subjects and part 2
• Provincial list
• Concurrent list – 47 subjects , dissolved
➢ 36 subjects given to provinces 18 ministries
➢ Federal legislative list part 2 came under shared
responsibility

Food and Agriculture , Sports ,Women Development ,

Minorities, Affairs , Labour and Manpower , Environment and
Health , Education ,Social welfare ,Tourism ,Population
Planning ,Livestock , Youth affairs ,Culture
 3. Restricted Use of Emergency
Powers
• Article 232 – president impose emergency
after approval from both houses then

• Article 233 –Fundamental Rights be protected

• Article 234 – Emergency in Provinces

 Specified Legislative Powers of
Parliament
• Restricted to Federal Legislative List part 1
• Consist of 59 subjects
• Residuary powers already given to provinces
Improved Centre Provinces Relations
• Role of CCI increased –
• President appoint CCI members within 90
days after general election
• PM head
• 4CMs
• Three members from Federal Government
• federal list part 2 responsibility
• Issuance of NFC award --- Divisible Pool
–previously 57 % for federal government
– 43 % for provinces which was
previously distributed on the basis of
Population
–Now …1 % for WOT
– 2 % for federal consolidated fund
– 97 % to be distributed among
federal government and units
–Now …..57.5 % for provinces
– 42.5 % for federal
 -- Population -- 82 %
–Poverty and Backwardness –10.3 %
–Revenue collection and generation –5%
–Inverse population density --2.7 %
• Balochistan –9.09%
• KP—14.62%
• Punjab --51.74%
• Sindh ---24.55%
 Empowered Election Commission of
Pakistan
• ECP
• empowered
• Appointment of CEC through parliamentary
committee,12 members headed by Speaker ,half from
treasury and half from opposition ,PM and opposition
give three names
• Women participation
• Women quota
• 10% turn out for women
 Enhanced Supremacy of Parliament
• 58 (2) (b) abolished
• Parliamentary checks increased
• Senate role enhanced
 Increased Role of Senate
• Money Bill review in 14 days ,previously 7 days
,make recommendation –article 73
• Ordinances ,Senate and NA both not in session –
Article 89
• Cabinet members responsible to both NA and
Senate –Article 91 (4)
• Contribution in Judicial Commission ,ECP , say in
Emergency powers –Article 175 A , 213
respectively
• Reports –POP ,CCI ,NEC ,
 Restored Parliamentary Form of
Government
• PM Chief Executive –act directly or by
ministers
• CM in provinces
• Removal of individual discretion
• President act on the advice of PM and Cabinet
• President assent time reduced to 10 days
 Removal of Discretionary Powers
• Appointment of judges
• Use of Emergency powers
• Appointments of FPSC chairman ,Army Chiefs
 Protected Fundamental Rights and
Principles of Policy
• Article 10 A—Right to Fair Trail
• Article 19 A – Right to Information
• Article 25 A– Free and Compulsory Education
• Article 38 -- Share of provinces in federal
services be secured
 Paved way for Independence of
Judiciary
• Judicial Commission – CJP, Four senior judges
of SC , former judge ,Federal Law minister ,
Attorney General ,senior advocate

• Parliamentary Commission –8 members , 4

from treasury and 4 from opposition
 Devolved Powers to Local
Government Institutions
• Article 140(A)
• Each province by law devolve political
,administrative and financial responsibilities to
local authorities
 Accelerated Accountability and
Transparency
• Parliamentary Checks
• Informed masses could make officials
accountable
• Controlled misuse of authority
 Critical Analysis
• Reduction in federal revenue generation
• National education policy
• Population planning
• Centralized provincial authority
• Weak local government institutions
• Pakistan Affairs Notes

• Prepared By : Maaz Ur Rahman PSP

 Local Government Institutions
• Article32
Promotion of Local Government Institutions the
state shall encourage local government
institutions composed of elected
representatives of the areas concerned and in
such institutions special representations will
be given to peasants ,workers and women
• Article 140(A)---Local Government Each
province shall , by law , establish a local
government system and devolve political
,administrative and financial responsibility and
authority to the elected representatives of
local governments
• Primary School of Democracy
• Local bodies are nurseries for future
politicians
• Third pillar of democracy
• Local assemblies of citizens constitute the
strength of free nations ….De Tocqueville
• All politics is local …..ex-speaker Tip O'Neill
 Importance of Local Government
• Increases Accountability
• Ensures Delivery of public Goods --- water supply ,lighting ,
construction and maintenance of roads ,resolving housing
problems ,population planning controlling over-crowding
• Maintain law and order
• Provides Greater efficiency in administration ---
management of public affairs
• Improves policy design
• Enhances greater political participation
• Maximize revenue generation – imposition of taxes
• Educative value
• Transfer Fiscal devolution – service delivery – education
and health ,disinfection and vaccination ,
 Issues of Local government
• Introduced to Legitimize non-representative
government
• Centralized provincial authority– lust for power
• Lack of recourses
• Absence of political will
• Less public participation -- especially women
• Weak accountability and transparency
mechanism
• Provision of service delivery for political gains
• Presence of nepotism
 Suggestions
• Create awareness : role of media and academics
• Ensure Decentralization of authority
• Maximize Provision of resources
• Enhance greater political participation
• Accelerate accountability and transparency
• Eliminate cultural Restraints
• Discourage nepotism
• Bulwark against non-representative government
• Depoliticization of provision of service delivery
• Pakistan's Culture

• Prepared by : Maaz Ur Rahman PSP

 Pakistan's culture unity in diversity
•The way of life , especially the general customs
and beliefs , of a particular group of people at a
particular time
•The way of life of a particular people especially as
shown in their ordinary behavior and habits , their
attitude towards each other and their moral and
religious beliefs
•Is the social behavior and norms found in human
societies
 Types of culture
• Material culture

• Non-material culture
 Pakistan's National Culture
• Common Language shred by all ethnicities –
communication-effective social interaction
• Religion a cohesive force – uniformity
• Versatile music variations
• Sports – device of integration
• Literature and poetry- source of unity
• Similarity in Dress and diet
• Symmetry in Art and architecture
• Inclusive Political system
• Matching Rituals – marriage , death ,
engagement ,graduation ceremonies
• Shared Values – hospitality , cooperation
,charity
• Economy --- a source of bond
• Same norms – formal –laws-PPC , CPC, CrPC ,
Constitution informal –table manners
• Symbols are symbol of unity – shaking hands
, flag ,crescent moon
• Pakistan Affairs Notes

• Prepared by : Maaz Ur Rahman PSP

 Government of India Act 1935
th
24 July
•On the suggestions of Round Table Conference
,the committee of constitutional making issued
white paper under the chairmanship of Lord
Linlithgow , the viceroy of India , to consider
recommendations for the constitution of India.
The report along with a bill passed by British
Parliament ,and after Royal Assent enforced in
India as Government of India Act 1935.
 Characteristics of The Act
• Introduced all India Federation ---- 11 provinces
• Proclaimed Bicameral Legislature --- Federal
Assembly--- 250 and the Council of State---156 ,laws
could be vetoed by Governor General, could be
dissolved by GG, issue proclaimation
• Federal budget had two parts :Non-votable 80% by the
assembly and votable 20% be discussed and amended
by the Assembly
• Provincial autonomy ensured – System of Diarchy
abolished- two categories– transferred subjects
entrusted to Indian ministers responsible to the
council while reserved subjects under governors
• Provincial Governments
• Governors provinces
• Chief Commissioner's Provinces
• Unicameral and bicameral
• Separate electorate

• Division of powers
• Federal list
• Provincial list
• Concurrent list
• Unlimited powers of Governor General and
Governors- Defense, Ecclesiastical, external
affaires, tribal areas , special responsibility
• Executive powers, Council of Ministers -10
members , Advocate General, Financial Adviser

• Federal courts was established – chief

justice and six judges , interpreter and guardian
of the constitution
• Secretary of State enjoyed powers and
Indian Council which was created to help him was
abolished
• Pakistan Affairs Notes

• Prepared by : Maaz Ur Rahman PSP

 Indian Independence Act 1947
•The Act passed by British Parliament when Lord
Mountbatten became viceroy of India
•Two states established
•British Government surrendered all
responsibilities
 Characteristics
• Partition of India --- established two
dominions of India and Pakistan
• Sovereignty of Parliament --- of two
dominions
• Cessation of British Rules --- complete
abolition of control over Indian affairs
• Establishment of Two Constituent Assemblies
• Right to remain member of British
Commonwealth
• Imposition of Interim Constitution
• Veto powers shifted to Governor General
from King
• Title of Emperor of India dropped from the
King
• Civil servants and Armed Forces given option
to join either dominion
• Abolition of the authority of the Crown over
states
• End of the office of the Secretary of State
• Establishment of the office of Governor
General
• Right of dominion state– rulers given option
• Amendment procedure
• Agreement with the tribes
Mohammad Ali Babakhel PSP
 Geography + Population
 Leadership
 Political parties
 Manifestos
 Constitutions (Supremacy)
 Independence of Judiciary
 Rule of Law
 Transparency
 Accountability
 Role of media
 Born in Karnal
 Studied at Aligarh & oxford
 Jinnah nominated him as secretary general of
league in 1936
 Initially a nationalist
 After failure of RTCs,Liaqat also instrumental
to bring Jinnah back
 Jinnah tabled a resolution for re election of
Liaqat as SG and termed him as his right hand
 Passage of “Objectives resolution “ to his
credit
 One of the most important documents in the
constitutional history of Pakistan.
 Passed by the first Constituent Assembly on 12th
March 1949 under the leadership of Liaquat Ali
Khan.
 The most significant thing was that it contained
the basic principles of both Islamic political
system and Western Democracy.
 Served as preamble for the constitutions of 1956,
1962 and 1973 and ultimately became the part
of the Constitution when the Eighth Amendment
in the Constitution of 1973 was passed in 1985.
 Sovereignty of the entire Universe belongs to
Allah alone
 Authority should be delegated to the State
through its people under the rules set by Allah
 Constitution of Pakistan should be framed by the
Constituent Assembly
 State should exercise its powers through the
chosen representatives
 Principles of democracy, freedom, equality,
tolerance and social justice
 Muslims shall live their lives according the
teaching of Quran and Sunnah
 Minorities can freely profess and practice their
religion.
 There should be Federal form of government with
the maximum autonomy for the Units
 Fundamental rights including equality of status,
of opportunity and before law, social, economic
and political justice, and freedom of thought,
expression, belief, faith, worship and association,
subject to law and public morality should be
given to all the citizens of the state.
 It would be the duty of the state to safeguard the
interests of minorities, backward and depressed
classes.
 Independence of judiciary should be guaranteed
 Integrity of the territory and sovereignty of the
country was to be safeguarded
 The people of Pakistan may prosper and attain
their rightful and honored place amongst the
nations of the world and make their full
contribution towards international peace and
progress and happiness of humanity.
 Mohammad Ali Jinnah 1947-48
 Kh Nazim ud Din 1948-51
 Ghulam Mohammad 1951-55
 Iskandar Mirza 1955-56
 1922 -1929-Chairman of Dhaka Municipality
 Worked as Education Minister of Bengal
 1943 -Chief Minister of the province
 He set up a committee Basic Principles
Committee in 1949 on the advice of Liaquat
Ali Khan to determine the future constitutions
of Pakistan.
 In 1953 GG GM dissolved his govt
 1895-1956
 Civil servant
 Finance Minister
 Drafted 5 years plan
 In 1954, the Assembly tried to change the constitution to
establish checks and balances on the Governor-General's
powers but GM dismissed the Assembly,
 that was challenged in the Sindh High Court by Maulvi
Tamiz uddin, the Speaker of the Assembly. The court's
Justice Sir Georges Constantine ruled the Governor-
General's decision illegal, but the ruling was overturned
by SC, led by Chief Justice Munir, in a split decision
 Illness, took leave in 1955 the acting GG Mirza,
dismissed him, died in 1956.
 Bengali origin
 3rd PM (1953-55)
 Served as health & finance minister
 Served as Ambassador in Burma , Canada & USA
 GG Ghulam Mohammad Selected him to replace Kh
Nazimuddin
 BOGRA FORMULA- Bi-cameral legislature
 A provision was also put in place that stated that if
the President of Pakistan were from West Pakistan,
then the Prime Minister would have to be from East
Pakistan, and vice-versa
 Bogra was forced to resign by Iskandar Mirza ,
again assumed Ambasadorship at USA . In 1962
assumed office of the Foreign Minister.
 4th PM- 1955-56
 Civil servant- secretary General
 To reinforce his position he set up Planning
committee (all secretaries were members)
 Planning committee was infact a parallel
cabinet of secretaries , SG functioning as PM.
 1951- finance Minister
 Constitution of 1956
 From Bengal
 5th PM 1956-57
 due to differences with Iskander Mirza
resigned in 1957
 In the Interim Government, Chundrigar took
the portfolio of Commerce.
 After independence assumed portfolio of
Commerce, Minister Law
 Ambassador to Afghanistan
 Governor NWFP & Governor Punjab
 6th PM
 resigned as PM in December 1957
 Educated at Oxford
 Noon was the High Commissioner of India to
the United Kingdom from 1936 - 1941.
 Special envoy of Jinnah
 Chief Minister Punjab 1953 -1956
 1956-57 Foreign Minister of Pakistan
 16 December 1957 -7 October 1958
7th Prime Minister
 Last governor General First President
 6 years served Army & Joined Indian Political Service
 Served as AC,DC, PA and Defence Secretary
 1954 Governor east Pakistan
 An advocate of One Unit
 First Constitution drafted
 Office of Governor General replaced with President
 During 2 years 4 PMs changed
 He believed with 15% literacy rate democracy is not suitable
system
 7th October 1958 imposed Martial law appointed Ayub as
Martial law administrator
 27th October Ayub declared himself President Mirza fled to
London
 Riffat Begum & Naheed Begum wives
 Lived in exile in London
 Died in London , Yahya did t allow him to be
buried, Shah Iran facilitated and buried with
state protocol
 First military ruler and second president
 First native commander of Army (superseded
2 senior Generals) Iskandar was instrumental
in Ayub’s promotion
 Youngest full general and self appointed Field
Marshal
 1960 held an indirect referendum
 1962 constitution, reflected his personal
preferences regarding the federation
 Ayub Khan introduced the Muslim Family
Laws through an Ordinance on March 2, 1961
under which unmitigated polygamy was
abolished, consent of the current wife was
made mandatory for a second marriage . The
Arbitration Councils established under this
law.
 Presidential Elections 1965,Gen Azam
dropped and Fatima contested Ayub won 64
% votes
 80000 Basic democrats as electoral
collage(later increased to 120000 BDs
 Indus Waters Treaty 1960: Treaty was signed
to resolve the water disputes of rivers
 Despite this accord the relations remained
cold
 Tashkent Accord (10th Jan 1966): After war
with India Ayub signed a pact with India at
Tashkent . This diplomatic initiative provided
opportunity for opponents to criticise him .
 Pro US policies
 His close associate Dr Abdus alam
established Pakistan national Space Agency &
upper atmospheric research Commission
(SUPARCO) in 1961
 Celebrated the Decade of Development
 Initiative to control Population- Family
Planning program(6th largest Population)
 3rd president of Pakistan 1969-71
 Born in Chakwal, an ethnic Pushtoon
 At time of Partition he was only Muslim
Instructor posted at Staff collage Quetta
 At the age of 34 he was promoted as
Brigadier
 25th March 1969 Ayub handed over power to
yahya
 Transform the one man rule into a
democratic state
 Had to perform multiple roles: draft the
provisional constitution.
 Resolve one unit question
 Caretaker head of the country
 Satisfy the frustration of eastern wing
 Dissolved the one unit restoring the pre-
1955 provinces of West Pakistan
 One man one vote
 Doubled quota for Bengalis in defence
services
 Established links between China- USA
 General Yahya issued L.F.O
 First General elections 7th Dec 1970
 Elections first time on adult franchise basis
 Delay of First session of Parliament
 Awami League  PPP
 AL won almost all  AL had 162 and PPP
seats in East 88 seats
pakistan but none  Yahya failed to
in West pakistan effect a
compromise
instead launced
operation
searchlight Mujib
was arrested
 4thPresident of  Proponent of operation
Pakistan Gibraltar
 9th Prime  Failure of operation ,
Minister 1973 – 1977 He lost the portfolio
 Founder of PPP  Tug of war started
 Educated  Tashkent Accord (10th
at Berkeley and Oxford Jan 1966)
 a barrister  Founded PPP
 Joined cabinet of  Popular politics
Mirza as youngest  Elections 1970
member minister
commerce and also
served Ayub
as Foreign Minister
 Interim Constitution  Father of Pakistani
adopted 17/04/1972 nuclear program
 Constitution  Treated opposition
Commission April with iron hand
1972  Educational reforms,
 Report presented in established
Dec 1972,unanimously AIOU,QAU,AIMC,
passed April 1973 & Gomal university,
promulgated in Aug Engineering
1973 Council, Institute of
Theoretical
Physics, Pakistan
Academy of Letters &
Cadet college Razmak
 Education Policy  Turbulence in
provided remission Baluchistan
of fees & grant of  Insurgency
scholarships for  2 CMs sacked
higher education to  Banned NAP
the children of low-
paid employees  Trial by Hyderabad
Tribunal
 Labour policy
 Labour Courts
 Passport reforms
 Export of manpower
 Nationalization of Banks 1974
 Qadianis Declared Minority 1974
 Bangladesh recognized 1974
 Improved relations with China & Muslim block
 Early elections in 1977 & victory of PPP
 PNA boycotted PA elections
 Martial Law in Karachi ,Lahore & Hyderabad
 PPP-PNA Talks
 Martial Law
 1904-1982
 5th President
 Parliamentary Secretary, Minister for health &
Education
 9 parties alliance to dislodge Bhutto from
power
 Implementation of Islamic order was its
election slogan
 PNA contested election by using one symbol
 Alleged rigging in polls
 1981
 Formed to restore the democratic order
 Withdrawal of martial law and impartial
elections
 Sind was hub of MRD activities
 Mounted pressure on Zia to hold elections,
non-party elections were held. MRD
Boycotted only PML & JI contested
 1988 against PPP
 9 parties alliance
 IJI won seats in Punjab
 Nawaz Sharif emerged as powerful figure
 Comprises of PPP & PML
 Agenda: return of civilian rule
 Makhdoom amin Fahim Led the alliance
 First constitution, Parliamentary form
 President head of state
 Unicameral Parliament
 300+10 members (150+150+10)
 Constitution commission 1960
 Headed by Justice Shahabuddin
 Commission submitted report
1961,adopted on 1-03-62
 Presidential system, all executive authority
with President
 Unicameral legislature
 Federal System
 Indirect electoral system-80000 basic
democrats as an electoral college
 Term of assembly 3 years
 Norm established if President from West
Pakistan Speaker was to be from East Pakistan
and vice versa
 Passage of Political parties Act 1962
 Parliamentary Form
 Federal
 Bicameral legislature(1947-73 Unicameral)
 10 seats reserved for minorities (separate
electorates)
 5 years term
36 points CoD
Constitutional Issues
Code of Conduct
Free & Fair Elections
Civil & Military Relations
UNIQUE DOCUMENT OF OUR HISTORY -
Magna carta of our political history
 An attempt to achieve the ideals of
Parliamentary system.
 Essentials for democracy identified
 An agenda, manifesto, an ideal or political
slogan
 An attempt to redefine relations of different
actors
1. Individually not possible to bring change.
2. Both in Exile.
3. Time constraint, both in 50s.
4. Both did not complete tenure in office-
confrontation not solution.
5. Bar on 3rd time Premiership (NS derived
benifit)
6. COD a proof – Politics art of possible.
7. To block Military takeovers,
8. CoD is actually realization of the
importance of Opposition;
9. To mobilise the masses;
10. To pressurize Govt, enhance their
bargaining value
11. In their absence parties badly suffered
 President enjoyed  April 2004
enormous Powers
 13 Members Body
 Transfer of powers from
President to PM  Composition: President,
 Appointments of PM , Speaker, LoO,
Governors, 3 Services Chairman Senate, CMs,
Chiefs, CJCSC CJCSC, Chiefs Army,
 17th amendment says Navy, Air
President will make top  Demanded replacement
military appointments “in
consultation with PM” rather with DCC
than advice----  All security states have
Consultation not binding on NSCs
President

Powers of PM Abolishment of NSC

 C.List by PPP Govt.  Inspiration from
 Promised abolishment Germany
after 10 years
 Dissatisfaction of Smaller  Reduce burden on SC ?
Provinces
 To reduce the powers
 NWFP PA passed
resolution to abolish CL of SC?
 Federal list have 114  Exclusive jurisdiction
items
to interpret
 18th amendment
abolished C.List Constitution

Abolishment of Federal Constitutional

Concurrent List Court
 Inspiration From  Inspiration from South
Sweden and Seria Leon Africa
 To Promote democratic
values and
Participation of masses

Democracy Commission Truth and Reconciliation Commission

 Realization of the Importance
of Opposition as an Integral
Part of Democratic process
 Effective say and due role
in nomination of
Chairmen of PACs ,
 Appointment of CEC
 For nomination of Higher
Judiciary 50 %
representation in Joint
Parliamentary Committee
Due role of opposition
 In Politics No Role of
Intelligence Agencies
 Not To Assume Power
With The Help of Army
 Rotation Of The Office
Of CJCSC
 Debate on Defence
Budget in Parliament
Re-defined civil- military
relations
 Factors affected the Implementation of CoD

Assassination of BB
Declaratory in Nature legally not binding
No Dead Line
No implementation mechanism
Non- cooperation between 2 major political parties
 Twice elected
 1st woman PM of Muslim Block
 Restoration of democracy
 Did not complete tenure
 Decade long self-exile
 Young charming, well educated
 Opposed in Punjab by CM Sharif
 As per essence of Zia’s amendement She was
supposed to be nominated 1st by President
GIK and afterwards be elected by the
parliment
 For 2 weeks GIK did not nominate her
 He bought time to bargain with BB(Finance
,Defence& Foreign Affairs)
 Political alliances with ANP & MQM
 NS did not accept SC nominated by federal Govt,
announced to establish Radio and Bank
 Break of alliance with MQM resulted into violence
 Mehrangate Scandle
 Mutraza Killed
 Leghari used Article 58(2-B)
 Violence in Karachi
 Separation of judiciary from executives by
23March 1994
 CMLA 5-7-1977 to 16-09-1978
 President 16-09-1978 to 17-08-1988
 Era of despotic islamization
 PCO 1981
 Referendum 1984
 Junejo worked as PM 1985-88
 A promise to have elections within 90 days
 Elections postponed
 All political leaders except Naseem Wali were arrested
 Bhutto was sentenced to death
 MRD 1983
 8th amendment
 Emergence of MQM –to get recognized
Mohajirs as 5th ethnic group
 Party less polls 1985
 NA & cabinet dissolved
 Collection of Zakat & Ushar
 The accidental President
 11th President
 Spouse of assassinated former lady PM & son –in-law of
ZAB
 3 PMs
 General Kayani COAS -2007-13
 2 CJs
 PM Gillani disqualified & sent home
 SC Judges reinstated 2009
 18th amendment
 Aghaz-i-Haqooq-i-Balochistan Package
 Identity crisis resolved –NWFP renamed as KP
 NFC Award
 GB Reforms
 Thrice PM
 During two tenures worked with 5 CJs & in 3rd
term worked with 6 CJs
 During two tenures worked with 5 COAS & in 3rd
term worked with 3 COAS
 Out of 16 COAS worked with 8 COAS
 Privatization
 Through 12th amendment Special Courts were
established Article 212B was added
 Special Courts became bone of contention
between judiciary and NS
 Special Courts were considered parallel judiciary
and rejected by judiciary
 His govt was dismissed but in May 1993 he
got relief from SC
 GIK-NS both had to go-3rd force played the
role
 During 2nd tenure he had 2/3 rd. majority
 13th Amendment
 Nuclear tests
 Vajpayee s Lahore Visit & Lahore declaration
1999
 Kargil 1999
 New wave of sectarian militancy 1999
 Mujeeb hired the services of top economists
& academicians
 He wanted to get that approved from NA after
success in elections
 West Pakistani politicians & establishment
assumed it as succession plan
 Vocal response to the remarks of Judges
 To bring judiciary under pressure
 To make credibility of court controversial
 THE Elections Act, 2017-major milestone in
electoral reforms
 greater administrative & financial autonomy
to the (ECP)
 more effective participation of women in the
electoral process besides bringing eight
election-related laws into the act.
 1947 to 1955, 22 provincial cabinets were
dismissed or forced to resign — five in East
Bengal, four in Punjab, four in NWFP, and
eight in Sindh. No government was changed
through a no-confidence vote in the
provincial legislatures.
 Recent Constitutional Legal
Debates, the Latest Constitutional
Amendments & Important
Legislations, Legal Cases and the
Role of Higher Courts.
Mohammad Ali Babakhel PSP
 Amendments

• 1st: Redefined the boundaries of Pakistan & removed references to

East Pakistan. (May 4, 1974)

• 2nd: Defined a Muslim and declared the status of Ahmadis as

minority and ‘non-Muslim'. (September 7, 1974)

• 3rd: Extended the period of preventive detention. (February 18,

1975)

• 4th: Decreed additional seats for minorities, it also deprived courts

of the power to grant bail to any person detained under any
preventive detention. (November 21, 1975)

• 5th: Widened the scope of restriction on the High Courts.

(September 5, 1976)
 Amendments
• 6th: Provided that Chief Justice of Supreme Court will be retired at the
age of 65 and High Court judges at age 62. (December 22, 1976)

• 7th: Enables the Prime Minister to obtain a vote of confidence of the

people of Pakistan. (May 16, 1977)

• 8th: Changed Pakistan's government from a Parliamentary system to a

Semi-presidential system by giving the President a number of
additional powers. (November 11, 1985)

• 9th: Bill to impose Shariah law as the supreme law of land. The bill was
passed by Senate but could never be passed by National Assembly
owing to the latter's dissolution. (1985)

• 10th: Fixed the interval period between sessions of the National

Assembly to not exceed 130 days. (March 29, 1987)
 Amendment

• 11th: Revision of the reserved seats for women in the National and the
provincial assemblies. The bill was withdrawn (1989)

• 12th: Created Speedy Trial Court for 3 years. (1991) (ineffective in 1994)

• 13th: Stripped the President of Pakistan of his reserve power to

dissolve the National Assembly of Pakistan, and thereby triggering new
elections and dismissing the Prime Minister. (1997)

• 14th: Allowed members of parliament to be dismissed if they defect.

(July 3, 1997)

• 15th: Bill to impose Shariah law as supreme law of land. Was never
passed. (1998)
• 16th: Increased the term appointed for quota system as per 1973
Constitution from 20 to 40 years. (1999)

• 17th: Made changes dealing with the office of the President and the
reversal of the effects of the 13th Amendment. (2003)

• 18th: Removed the power of President of Pakistan to dissolve the

Parliament unilaterally. (April 8, 2010)

• 19th: Provided for the appointment of the Judges of the Supreme

Court of Pakistan and made amendments in the number of members
of the parliamentary committee for the appointment of Chief
Electoral Officers at Election Commission of Pakistan. (December 22,
2010)
• 20th: For Free and Fair Elections. (February 14, 2012)

• 21st: For Speedy Trial Military Courts to deal with

terrorism. (January 7, 2015)
• 22nd :civil servants” and “technocrats” have now become
eligible for appointment as the CEC and ECP members, in
addition to serving or retired judges of the superior courts.
• The bill has set an age limit of 68 years for the CEC and 65
years for the ECP members.
• 23rd amendment : passed to re-establish the military courts
for further two years till 6th January 2019.
• 24th amendment : delimitation of constituencies on the
basis of provisional census results.
 8th amendment
 Nov 1985
 58(2)b added ,President empowered to dissolve
assembly
 1988,1990,1993,1996 president dissolved assembly
 13th amendment in 1997 disarmed President to
dissolve assembly
 12th Oct 1999 Gen Musharaf declared himself Chief
Executive, held constitution in abeyance
 President Tarar was allowed to continue
 Musharaf ‘s era

• Illahi bux Somoro & Zafar Ali Shah challenged

suspension of Parliament in SC
• SC Validated takeover and gave 3 years to govt
 18th amendments
• Ordinance making may lead to abuse of power
by executive,
• 18th amendment in fact doubled the life from
4 months to 8 months
• The power to promulgate ordinances has
enabled the executive virtually to usurp the
legislative functions of Parliament.
• The executive should have this power only
when assembly stands dissolved
 18th Amendment

• The 18th amendment enacts more than

100 changes, both large and small to
Pakistan’s constitution
 18th amendment
• NWFP renamed as KP
• 17th Amendment & Legal Framework Order as introduced by Musharaf
repealed
• ban on third time prime minister ship and chief minister ship lifted
• Holding constitution in abeyance is tantamount to high treason
• The council of Common Interest (CCI) has been reconstituted with the
prime minister as its chairperson and the body should meet at least once
in 90 days
• A judicial commission will recommend the appointment procedure of
superior judges and the final names of judges will be decided by
parliamentary commission
• A CEC will be appointed through consensus between treasury &
opposition
• Establishment of Islamabad high court & benches of high courts in
Mengora & Turbat
 Limits on Presidential powers

• Removing presidential powers to circumvent the normal legislative

process & limiting the amount of time the president may consider
bills passed by parliament before approving them (Article 75)
• Removing the infamous Article 58-2(b) instituted by President
Musharaf, which granted the power to unilaterally dismiss
parliament under vague emergency provisions
• Consulting with the outgoing prime minister and opposition leader
on appointments of caretaker governments to manage the
transition to a new government when parliament is dismissed
(Article 224)
 Greater role for parliament & PM
• Establishes the prime minister & his ministers as the federal
government
• Transferred the position of chief executive of the nation from the
president to the prime minister (Articles 90 and 99).
• Reduces the requirement for the prime minister to consult with
the president to a duty to keep him “informed” of policy matters
(Article 46).
• Requires that the president consult with the prime minister—
whose recommendations are binding—on all choices for
provincial governors (Article 101) and military service chiefs
(Articles 243 and 260), though the president remains the office
charged with their appointments.
• Removes limits on prime ministers serving more than two terms
(Article 91).
 Judiciary
• Neither president nor PM will have a direct role in judicial
appointments under the 18th amendment.
• The appointments will instead be handled by a two-tier system—
a Judicial Commission will propose nominees and a special
parliamentary committee split evenly between the government
and the opposition will confirm them (Article 175A).
• The seven-member Judicial Commission will be chaired by the
chief justice, who will effectively control four of the seven seats
(with the remaining three comprising the federal law minister, the
attorney general, and a senior lawyer of the Pakistan Bar Council).
 Concurrent List
• The 18th amendment eliminates the “Concurrent List,”
where both federal and provincial governments may
legislate but federal law prevails. Laws governing
marriage, contracts, firearms possession, labour,
educational curriculum, environmental pollution,
bankruptcy, and 40 other diverse areas will now devolve
to the provinces
• with the list eliminated, and each provincial assembly will
be responsible for drafting its own laws on the issues
Renaming of NWFP Unresolved Questions
• Renaming of NWFP as KPK • FATA
an achievement for • FCR
Pushtoon Nationalists and
identity for the residents of
NWFP
• Gave birth to debate for
creation of new provinces
• Hazara Movt
 Theme of 20th amendment
• Appointment of CEC and the 4 provincial
members of the ECP will be done after
reaching a consensus on their names with the
opposition leader.
• Tenure increased to five years.
• Appointment of a caretaker PM and CMs in
consultation with the opposition leader in the
assembly.
Contd
17
 Theme
• The mechanism formulated after negotiations
empowers a parliamentary committee comprising 6
members from Treasury and Opposition benches on
parity basis to decide the names of the PM and CMs.
In case of no consensus
• If the PM/CM and opposition leader fail to nominate
one with consensus, the commission will forward the
list of nominees to the ECP, which will make the final
appointments to form a caretaker government setup
before the elections.

18
 A Step in Right Direction
• laid the foundation for a powerful election
commission which will also act as a barrier to
any undemocratic force.
• The decision on election petitions should be
made in a timeframe of no more than three
months.
• More financial and judicial autonomy for the
ECP

19
 21st amendment
• special measures for speedy trial of offences
relating to terrorism, waging of war or
insurrection against Pakistan and prevention
of acts threatening the security of Pakistan.
• Amended Article # 175
• Efficacy of the ATCs questioned
 22nd Amendment
civil servants” and “technocrats” have now
become eligible for appointment as the CEC
and ECP members, in addition to serving or
retired judges of the superior courts.
The bill has set an age limit of 68 years for the
CEC and 65 years for the ECP members.
 23rd Amendment
• Due to extraordinary situation and
circumstances the military courts are
established to expedite the disposal of certain
offences related with terrorism,
• Judiciary is answerable to nobody
• A judiciary subservient to executive can be
disastrous
• Spineless judges have legitimized military rule,
thus hampered democratic growth
• On the pretext of public interest our judges
encouraged public interest litigation
• Suo motu powers being exercised too
frequently
• Intervention of court in cases of “disappearance”
• The judiciary often interferes in cases where it lacks
expertise.
• The Pakistan Steel Mills, whose privatisation was blocked in
2006 by the Supreme Court under Iftikhar Chaudhry.
• In short order halted its privatisation cited ‘undue haste’ in
the process as one of the reasons for the decision.
• The steel mill’s accumulated liabilities in 2008 stood at Rs26
billion; they are now over Rs415bn, with the government
having pumped in Rs85bn.(Judicial Freedom by Irfan
Hussain 6th May 2017 ,Dawn)
•
 Judicial activism
• Interest of courts in cases related to conduct of
politicians ,water and sanitation facilities
• census after 19 years due to a Supreme Court
order
• In a constitutional petition related to clean
drinking water and a safe environment for the
people of Sindh, the court imposed tough
conditions upon the Sindh government, while
sessions court officials in the province went
around checking educational and healthcare
institutions.
• Orange Line in Lahore allowed
• The Islamabad High Court and the Supreme Court
also intervened in the matter of the Faizabad sit-
in.
• present IG of Sindh Police
• A Supreme Court order has imposed restrictions
on the construction of multi-storeyed buildings in
Karachi, due to the limited availability of water.
This has caused anxiety amongst the ranks of
builders and contractors, who are still pursuing
the matter in court.
• Almost every provincial government has made
the regulatory apparatus under its control
toothless.
Ethnic Issues and National
Integration
Mohammad Ali Babakhel
 National integration
• After independence from colonial masters
,national integration remained an elusive ideal
• Ethnic & sectarian diversity
• Ethnic issues were provoked by authoritarian
rules
• States adopted different approaches &
strategies
• In the creation of national integration Pakistan
is also facing problems
 Ethnicity
• While responding authoritarian policy, ethnic
groups provoked ethnic politics & started
movements for the preservation of their
identity.
• Ethnic movements become a challenge to the
national integration.
 National integration is a complex process

• Weiner (1965) refers the term integration as,”

a process that unites culturally & socially
discrete groups into a territorial unit. In this
way, the established national identity is
helpful to overcome the problems between
central authority and subordinate political
groups. In addition to that it links the
government with governed “
 Features
• wider national interests are safeguarded
• national integration is a process of nation building
• national identity becomes more important rather than
ethnic
• In USA ethnically diverse groups, with different back
grounds merged in American identity and are sharing
equally the democratic rights
• However in developing societies “ethnicity “ posed
serious threat to national integration
• In South Asia & Africa ethnic issues challenged national
integration
 Role of political parties

• In such fragmented societies parties failed to

motivate followers to associate them with the
state.
 Ethno –lingual groups in Pakistan
Ethnic Group % (in 1981) Number of speakers
(millions) 1993
Panjabi 48.17 60.9
Pashto 13.14 16.8
Sindhi 11.77 15.0
Siraiki 9.83 12.6
Urdu 7.60 9.7
Blochi 3.02 3.8
Hindko 2.43 13.1
Brahvi 1.21 1.5
Others 2.81 3.6

Language & politics in Pakistan

Karachi: Oxford university Press
 Federal interventions in provinces
Year Description
1947 Congress ministry in NWFP had ‘the support of 33 members out of 50.’But
it was replaced by a Muslim League ministry.
1947 Sindh assembly opposed the decision of central government to take
Karachi out of control of Sindh and passed a resolution unanimously .
The Chief Minister of Sindh had to pay for this resolution and he was
dismissed soon.
1948 Inclusion of Kallat state (91909 sq km)into Pakistan.
1955 One-unit scheme (amalgamation of provinces and states into the province
of West Pakistan.)
1962-69 Ayub’s Presidential period (Federal system operated like British vice regal
system of 1930s.)
1970-71 Military action in East Pakistan and its separation.
 Federal interventions in provinces
Year Description

1972-73 dissolution of Baluchistan government. NWFP government resigned as

protest.

1977-88 Constitutional amendments by military regime undermined the

parliamentary and Federal nature of the constitution.

1988-93 Dissolution of provincial assemblies(1988,90,93)

1994 Governor rule in NWFP and installation of favorable government.

1995 Governor rule in Punjab and installation of new government.

1999 Removal of Nawaz Sharif government along provincial government.

2002 17th Amendment has undermined the federal character of the state.
 Some considerable Ethno-lingual-Nationalist
movements :Nature of Conflicts
Period Nature of conflict

1973-1977 Insurgency against central government

2002-2005 which was forcefully crushed by PPP
Baloch Government major reasons of revived
Baluchistan movement are denial of adequate
representation in the government.
Political Migration, issue of royalty of
natural resources, Target killing. Afghan
refugees
1973 74-77 Counteraction to dismissal of elected
2009-2010 government and against intervention in
Pashtun provincial matters.
Hindko Hazara sooba movement on the basis of
Some considerable Ethno-lingual-Nationalist
movements: Nature of Conflicts
Period Nature of conflict

1980-1985 Against the central authorities lack of

2003Mohajir( representation in bureaucracy and Army
Urban Sindh) against quota system, loss of identity, killings
in Karachi.

1960-70 To gain language rights against Punjabi

1988-2009 dominance and creation of separate
To date province, Siraikistan.
Saraiki
(Southern
Punjab)
Approaches to National Integration &
State Strategies
Modernist school of thought

• Discusses primarily, societal trends

• They want to convert different social, cultural linguistic and
religious groups into a congruous whole
 Assimilation policy
• Based on social integration
• Different cultures are to be
incorporated with national
culture
• It is helpful to eradicate
estrangement & unifying the
society
• France successfully tried it
• After French revolution govts
assimilated the minorities
• Centralized cultural &
educational policies
• In Turkey (urban ) areas
Kurdish minorities accepted
assimilated policy however
in certain parts they did
demand recognition of
Kurdish language & culture.
• It seems alluring
• Some minorities accept it
voluntarily but when
imposed they may to react
• In 1948 when one national
language was imposed it led
to dismemberment in 1971
 Exclusionary Policy
• To minimize contacts with
minorities
• Process to eliminate ethnic
minorities
• Policy of segregation
• Physical genocide
• Rwanda -1990-1994
• 800000 killed
• In USA policy of segregation
against Negros
Pluralist policy
• Diverse interest groups are
accommodated by the state
• federal form of govt are
widely accepted to resolve
the ethnic problems
• 2 or more ethnic groups
develop consensus
,recognize rights of each
other & form a govt
• High degree of autonomy
for each segment
 Federalism-ethnicity in Pakistan
• Accommodates diversity • Ethnicity proved a divisive
• To regulate ethnic divide factor
• Religion & language
• Defines relationship important attributes to
between center & provinces nationhood
• Objectives resolution • After independence
• Constitutions declaration of “Urdu “ as
• Ethnicity overpowered the national language
threatened other regional
religious fever languages
• Instrumentalist approach • Transformation of loyalty to
I. Elite /state uses ethnicity state to regional or social
to get power identities.
• Muslim nationalism lost • East Pak considered itself as
significance a periphery ,colonized by
• Multi-lingual-ethnic West Pakistan
composition • One Unit plan
• Emergence of Bengali ethnic
politics
• Bengali nationalism
• Based on secular
connotation
• Focused on cultural identity
& language
 Language Movement
• A movement launched for the advocacy of Bengali
language to be recognized as an official language
• In 1948 the Government declared Urdu as sole
official language, sparked violent protests
• 21 Feb 1952 students of Dhaka University were killed
by Police firing
• Language movement was a base for 6 Point Formula
& Bengali nationalism
• Out of 69 million 44 million were Bengali
• 21 Feb. celebrated as Language movement day
• Economic imbalance
• Mukti Bahni
 1973 constitution
• Federal system
• Division of power
• Bicameral legislature
• Conflict resolution
apparatus
• Senate had no authority
over finance & budget
• 17th amendment- money
bills now presented to the
Senate
National Economic Council (NEC)
Article # 156
• Headed by PM, all 4 CMs and
representation from all
provinces
• Shall at least meet twice
• Body to promote economic
development
• Reassessment of economic
conditions & devise policies
for economic development
 Council of Common Interests(CCI):
Article # 153
• CMs, equal number of federal ministers
• empowered to look into the complaints
regarding oil,gas.water supply.
 Senate
• Equal Voting rights of the
provinces(irrespective of the population)
• Representation of all shades of political
opinion
• Protector of the rights of federating units
• Guards encroachment on the part of center
• Encourages participatory federalism
• Joint ownership of natural resources
• Senate struggled for the role in Public
Accounts Committee
• 18th amendment obligates Auditor General to
present annual report in both houses
• Inclusion of Senators in Public Accounts
Committee
 National finance Commission(NFC):
Article 160
• PM+ federal & Provincial Finance ministers and other
members to advice on distribution of revenues between
centre & units
• Distribution on basis of population Provinces which is
highly contentious
• The previous NFC Award, signed in2009,expired
onJune30,2015and has continued to remain effective
through presidential extension. At present, the Centre
transfers 57.5pc of the divisible pool to the provinces after
deducting collection charges and retains 42.5pc. Of the
provincial share, 82pc is distributed on the basis of
population, 10.3pc on the basis of poverty, 5pc for revenue
collection and 2.7pc inverse population density
(area).(Source DailyDawn 29th Novemebr 2016)
 Polices to create unity
National Language Policy To promote Urdu as Not accepted- birth to
national language –to Bengali nationalism
promote unity

One Unit Plan Centralisation- integrate 2 Alienated Bengalis- little

wings share in power

Federal Capital Sense of deprivation in

East Pakistan

Powerful civil-military Little representation of Dissatisfaction

bureaucracy Bengalis

Elections PPP + AL did not accept Dismemberment

results
 Post 18th amendment
• To satisfy ethnic groups
• Renamed NWFP as KP
• Hazara province movement
• Creation of new provinces debate
• Identity crisis
• Quest for financial autonomy
• Demand for administrative autonomy
• Tainted concept of accountability &
transperency
 National Integration
• Standardization of outlines of curriculum
• Sports
• Tourism
• Free movement(Right to movement)
• Positive role of media
• Professional federal service/good governance
• Communication network
• Transparent census
• Role of federal political parties
• Respect for human rights
• Constitutional protections(18th amendment)
• Constitutional Conflict resolution apparatus
• National heroes
• Role of social media
• Respect for leadership
• Law enforcement
• Equal application of law
• Voice of minorities
• Army
• CPEC
Mohammad Ali Babakhel
 Chile,Brazil,Egypt,Ghana,Nigeria,Turkey,Syria,
Thailand, Indonesia, North Korea and
Pakistan repeatedly experienced disruption of
civilian rule and imposition of military
regimes
 Vacuum of democratic leadership:
i. Demise of Jinnah 11th September 1948
ii. Demise of Liaqat 16th October 1951
iii. With the demise of Liaqat the facade of
Parliamentary democracy started eroded
iv. Second line leadership could not translate
the political vision into democratic reality
v. Bureaucratic intervention
vi. Governor rule in provinces, despite majority
in house CMs were dismissed
 Geographic separation  Constitution making
 East & West wings delayed for 9 years
 Economic disparity  East Pak demanded
 Instead of political maximum provincial
autonomy
solutions bureaucratic-
military solutions were  West Pak advocated
explored strong center
 East Pak had 54 %
 Deprivation, alienation population demanded
converted into adult franchise
separatist movement  Military intervention

Punjabi-Bengali
Provincialism
controversy
West & East Pakistan (as on 1961)

Territory Population

West Pakistan 310,403 sq mile 43 million

East Pakistan 55,126 sq mile 50.9 million

Source
http://www.jstor.org
 33 years long military rule
 3 military coups(1958,1977,1999)
 Pakistan Army equipped with nuclear power
 After independence eruption of Cold war era
 After demise of Jinnah+ Liaqat office of
Governor General became instrumental for
creating hurdles for democratic process
 During 1951-58 two Governor Generals
(Ghulam Mohd & Iskandar Mirza) but 7
Premieres were replaced
 Army primarily consists of martial races
(Punjab+ KPK)
 Impression of military superiority over
politicians
 Democracy via GHQ?
 Strong centralized internal command &
control
 External threats
 Internal threats
 Situation strengthened military as a strong
institution
 Army entrenched itself into the state
 Suspended constitutions
 Imposed military rule
 Brought own constitutional recipes
 Into profit venture projects
 Established NSC -2004
 India regarded as an existential threat to
Pakistan
 Hindu-Muslim antagonism
 Kashmir dispute
 Wars 1947-65-71-99
 Cross border terrorism
 Demise of Jinnah
 Assassination of Liaqat
 With demise of Liaqat the parliamentary era
came to an end
 Bureaucratic interventions started
 Governors rule imposed, chief ministers
dismissed
 Distance between 2 wings gave birth to
number of administrative, political and
constitutional problems
 East Pakistan  Growing Extremism
 Greater Pakhtunkhwa  Increased influence of
 FATA VNSAs
 Baluchistan
 Sectarian & ethnic
divide
 Karachi
 Internal security duties
 Policies were primarily west –Pakistan centric
 Increased frustration & deprivation in East-
Pak
 Delayed constitution making
 Increased gulf between Punjabi elite & Bengali
egalitarian leadership
 East Pak demanded maximum provincial
autonomy & West Pak desired strong center
 Quantum of representation: East Pak had 54
pc population hence demanded universal
adult franchise but leadership of west Pak
was reluctant
 From 1951-58 , two Governor Generals , 1
Army chief and 7 Premiers were changed
 Emergence of Ghulam Mohammad followed
by Iskandar Mirza paved the path for military
interventions
 Stage was set for military who had been
working in background
 Initially Ayub Khan was reluctant to come into
limelight
 In 1954 political forces wanted to reduce the
powers of GG but GG dissolved the
constituent assembly
 PML lost its public standing – a political party
vacuum
 PML who provided a platform for the masses
to attain a separate homeland failed to
transform itself from a movement to a party
 1955 Maulvi Tamiz uddin case Justice Munir
upheld the arbitrary decision of GG GM of the
dissolution of first constituent assembly
 It was carried out in the light of “Doctrine of
necessity”
 It opened doors for civil & military
interventions
 Role of judiciary from 1950’s to 2007 (ouster
of Ch Iftikhar remained under critical review
 PML failed to lead the nation for
constitutionalism & economic development
 PML lost its democratic ideals ,had annual
conventions but after independence in 9
years no convention
 Factional politics- inner infighting within PML
 Widespread impression regarding corruption
& inefficiency of politicians
 In the wake of weakening political culture
country rapidly became dependent upon the
civil & military bureaucratic support
 Such need created space for civil & military
interventions
 Political parties failed to flourish as
democratic entities
 Successors of Jinnah failed to translate the
ideals of Jinnah
 11 years no elections
 No autonomous election commission
 One part of COD – had focus on electoral
reforms
 Ongoing strife between government & PTI
primarily revolves around ‘reforms in ECP’
 Cold war
 Era of non aligned movement (NAM-1979)
 Pakistan became member of military pacts
I. South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
II. CENTO (central treaty Organization) 1955-
79
III. In post USSR invasion in Afghanistan ,Pak
became strong US ally
IV. In post 9/11 scenario Pakistan front line
state in ongoing WOT
 Pro-US military establishment
 Conspiracy theories
 Through a constitutional amendments
military courts established
 Challenged in Apex Court
 11-6 ruling
 Court validated military courts
 Verdict will help counter –terror efforts
 Ongoing Rangers led operation in Karachi
 Extension to Rangers in Sindh gave birth to
new controversy between sindh & Center
between civil & military relations
 Are hopes after 18th amendment evaporating
?
 Is Pakistan again heading towards another
phase of hostilities between center-provinces
 Army was employed  Anti-terrorism
for relief and recovery operations
operation during 1948,  Deployment during
1950, 1955, 1956, elections
1973, 1975, 1976,  Policing functions
1978, 1998, 1992,  Establishment of
1995, 1998, 2001, Special Security
2003, 2010 and 2011 Division(10,000
& 2014 floods persons)

Disaster management Other areas

 Ayub Khan’s rule 1958-69
 Yahiya's rule 1969-71
 Zia’s rule 1977-88
 Mushraf’s rule 1999-08
 Wars
 Ousted Junejo,ZAB,NS,BB
 Political movements MRD,ARD
 Devolution 2001-02
 Police Order (2002)
 Akbar Bugti’s death
 Lal Masjid Operation
 8th &17th amendment
 Judicial activism
 National Security Council needs to be made
operational & effective
 More transparent constitutionally defined
roles
 Implementation of COD
IDEOLOGY OF
PAKISTAN

Mohammad Ali Babakhel PSP

 Ideology
• Set of ideas or norms on which the collective ideals of a
community or a nation are based.
• Set of principles, a framework of action and guidance system
that gives order and meaning to life and human action.
• Ideals, which a nation strives to accomplish in order to bring
stability to its nationhood.
 Ideology of Pakistan
• Muslims follow the “Islamic Ideology”, which simply means the way of
life based on the tenets of Islam.
• "ideology of Pakistan“ a product of evolutionary process.
• Historical events provided the base
• Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation
• Jinnah translated it into a political reality
• Passage of Objectives Resolution by Constituent Assembly in March
1949, gave it legal sanction.
• The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the instinct of the Muslim
community of South Asia to maintain their individuality
• Not an issue of two different religions, but two different social orders
,produced two distinct cultures
 Evolution of TNT

Al-Beruni recorded his ideas in 1001 A.D in his

famous book "Kitab-ul-Hind" as:

"The Hindus society maintained this peculiar

character over the centuries.The two socities,Hindus
and Muslims,like two streams have sometimes
touched but never merged,each following its separate
course."
Factors led toTNT

• Religious differences
• Hindu Nationalism
• Cultural differences
• Social differences
• Economic differences
• Educational differences
• Political differences
• Language
Components of Ideology of Pakistan

• Islam

• Democracy

• Social Justice, Equality & Sense of Responsibility

• Fundamental Human Rights

Pakistan’s Ideology in Islamic Perspective

1. The Two Nation Theory

2. Sovereignty of Allah
3. Justice (Adl)
4. Equality
5. Equal Rights for Non-Muslim Citizens
6. Democracy
 Hindi-Urdu Controversy
• During last days of Muslim rule, Urdu emerged as the most common language
of the northwestern provinces official language, and all official record was
compiled in URDU
• Hindus were biased against Urdu as it was the Muslims’ language. They
demanded Hindi as the official language .
• Demonstrations against Urdu by the Hindus in Banaras in 1867 was the start of
Hindi-Urdu controversy.
• Sir Syed foretold about the unstable future of Hindu-Muslim unity. Hindus
struggled vigorously to replace Urdu by Hindi in the offices. This
enhanced
the importance of the sense of Muslim separatism.
• Conclusion of the controversy was that the Muslims like Sir Syed who had been
strong believers in the Hindu-Muslim unity and had very modest views about
other communities, were ultimately induced that the Muslims were a separate
nation.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and two nation theory

The man who spoke first the Muslims as a “nation” in the modern
times was none other than Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. In 1867, he said:

“I am convinced that both these nations will not join whole heartedly
in anything. At present there is no open hostility between the two
nations. But on accounts of so called educated people it will
increase in the future.”
 Sir Syyed Ahmad Khan

• Birth 17 October 1817

• Family migrated from Herat (Afghanistan)
• Family remained affiliated with Mughal
administration
• Attained education of Arabic, Persian, Urdu
,Mathematics, Astronomy ,Islamic jurisprudence
and Religious issues
• Grandfather Sayyid Haadi won award of jawad
ud Daula from the emperor Alamgir II
• Started career with East India Co.
• Learned Quran at home & attained religious education
from a saint Shah Ghulam Ali
• Remained associated with Ghalib, imam Bux and
Sadrud din Azurda
• Mother Azeem un Nisa Begum played effective role in
his upbringing
• After his father s death in 1838 , started search for job
• Started career as Naib Munshi in courts (1839)
• 1841 assumed office of Sub-judge at Fatehpur Sikri
Member of Imperial Legislative Council
• Lord Lytton appointed him member(1878)
• First Indian who introduced a bill for the
welfare of Indians
• 1858 promoted as Sadr-us-sadur
• 1867 promoted as Judge of Lower court
• Son ,Syed Mahmud won scholarship &
proceeded to UK
• 1869 Syed travelled to UK, collected
material for his book(Khutbat-e-ahmadia)
and studied educational system
• After retirement 1876 settled in Aligarh
 A bridge between Muslims &
Englishmen
• During war of independence posted at Bijnor
as chief assessment officer
• Saved lives of masters
 Books by Sir Syed
• 1. "A'thar-as-sanadid (Great Monuments) antiquities
of Delhi
2. "Jila-ul-Qulub bi Zikr-il Mahbub" (1842)
3. "Tuhfa-i-Hasan“(1842)
4. "Tahsil fi jar-i-Saqil " (1842)
5. "Namiqa dar bayan masala tasawwur-i-Shaikh"
6. "Silsilat ul-Mulk"
7. "Asbab-e-Bhaghawath-e-Hind"
8. "Tabyin-ul-Kalam"
9. "Musalmano ki Qismat ka Faisla
10.Commentry on Bible
 Author of 42 books
• Jam-e-jum 1840 short stories about 43 kings
• Jila-al-Quloob Ba Zikar –al- Mahboob(1842)
short biography of Prophet Muhammad PBUH
• Tuhfa-e-Husn (1844) translation of 2 chapters
of shah abdul Aziz ‘s Tuhfa Asna Ashria
• Taseeh Aaeen –e- Akbari (1855) explained
some difficult points of Abul Fazal s Aeen-e
Akbari
 Books
• Tasheeh Tarekh –e- Feroze Shahi (1862)
corrections made in Tarekh e feroz shahi
• The Causes of Indian revolt .In 1871 it was
translated in English by Graham & Auckland
Colvin.
• Khutbat –e – Ahmadia (1870)He responded the
controversial points made by William Muir in his
book regarding Prophet Muhammad
PBUH.During stay in UK he collected references to
respond.
 Societies
• Scientific Society (1864) to translate books from foreign
languages.
• Duke of Argyll appointed as Patron.
• Membership not restricted to a particular nationality
• 82 Hindus and 107 Muslims were members
• By 1875 translated 27 works from English to Urdu
• During 1875-98 only 19 works translated (pressing
engagements of Syyed)
• British Indian association (1866)
• All India Mohammaden educational conference (1886)
• Indian patriotic Association (1888)
• Mohammedan Anglo Oriental Defense Association (1893)
 AS a Journalist

• ‘’TEHZIB-UL-AKHLAQ’’ – It succeeded in
making people realise the value of modern
knowledge. It also gave new directions to
Muslim social and political thoughts.
 Aligarh Institute Gazette
• It was an organ of the Scientific Society started
in 1866. It made the people think and use
their wisdom.
• Bilingual
• Earlier political contents were also part
• Historical events review was another feature
• Muslim Point of view defended
• Remained in circulation for 22 years
 Education & Sir Syed
• Established schools at Muradabad in 1859 and
Ghazipur in 1863.
• Founded a scientific society in 1864.
• After posting at Aligarh in 1867, started the
Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental School
• In January 1877 the Viceroy laid the foundation
stone of the college.
• In 1886 Syed organised the All-India Muhammadan
Educational Conference, which met annually at
different places to promote education and to provide
the Muslims with a common platform.
Partition of Bengal 1905
Allama Iqbal declared at the historic annual session
of the All India Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930:
“India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races,
speaking different languages, and professing different religions
Personally, I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier
Province, Sindh and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State.
Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British
Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim
State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of
North-West India.
Quaid e Azam in his historical address, he laid the foundation of a
separate state for the Muslims of India:
"The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions,
philosophies, social customs, and literature. They neither inter-marry,
nor inter-dine together, and indeed they belong to two different
civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and
conceptions.
Their aspects on life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and
Muslims derive their inspirations from different sources of history.
They have different epics, their heroes are different, and they have
different episodes. Very often the hero of one is foe of the other, and
likewise, their victories and defeats overlap.
To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a
numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing
discontent and the final destruction of any fabric that may be so built
for the government of such a state.”
(March,1940)
 Conclusion

• Islamic ideology is the philosophy underlying the Two Nations

theory. Pakistan is a state founded on ideological basis and not
on the territorial grounds. The Two Nations theory became a
reality with distinct ideology called Pakistan ideology. Pakistan
ideology is the cause of creation of the country, the driving
force of her existence and also the destiny of the people.
Thank you!
Non-Traditional Security Threats in
Pakistan: Role of Violent Non-State
Actors
Mohammad Ali Babakhel
 Chronology
• Pak-Afghan border
• FATA
• Cold war era
• Kashmir conflict
• Afghan war
• Post 9/11 development
• Nationalism vs. Religious fever
• Muj to Talib
• Classification of good & bad
Agency Area Population Population density

FATA 27220 3176331 117

Bajaur 1290 595227 461

Khyber 2576 546730 212

Kurram 3380 448310 133

Mohmand 2296 334453 146

North waziristan 4707 361246 77

Orakzai 1538 225441 147

South Waziristan 6620 429841 65

 National Action Plan & NSAs
Agenda # Theme
3 Ensure no armed militias are allowed to function in the country

7 Ensuring against re-emergence of proscribed organisations

11 Ban on glorification of terrorism and terrorist organisations
through print and electronic media

12 FATA Reforms
13 Dismantling communication networks of terrorist organisations
15 Zero tolerance for militancy in Punjab
16 Taking the ongoing operation in Karachi to its logical conclusion

18 Dealing firmly with sectarian terrorists

19 Policy to deal with the issue of Afghan refugees
 VNSAs
• NAP depicts the resolve of the state to weed
out violent Non-state Actors (VNSAs).
• In the backdrop of post cold war scenario
VNSAs posed more threat to the states than
the rival military might.
• The last three decades of 20th century
nurtured VNSAs consequently 21st century
witnessed their dominating role.
 VNSAs
• There is hardly a country where existence of
NSAs can be denied, if somewhere they are
not active they may be dormant.
• Though VNSAs is a reality but often states opt
for “denial”. Such denial provides further
space and strength to the VNSAs.
 VNSAs
• In post cold war scenario the pattern of
conflict changed significantly as armed
conflicts are not only being waged between
states but rather conflicts are taking place
within states.
• In post 9/11 scenario VNSAs persistently
challenged the legitimacy and power of the
states. By employing violent tactics they want
to attain public support and legitimacy.
 Characteristics
• Organized groups
• Command structure
• Operate outside the state control
• Induct activists by force or attract volunteers
• In exceptional situations VNSAs also enjoy territorial
control. (TTP controlled certain pockets of FATA, LTTE in
Sri Lanka and Moro Islamic Liberation Front in
Philippines)
• Clandestine networks
• to advance their narrative employ latest techniques of
propaganda.
 Characteristics
• Employ extreme violent tactics against civilian
population
• NSAs want to erode the public confidence in
state & multiply insecurity.
• VNSAs are active in the form of insurgents,
terrorists, militias & orginised criminal groups.
•
 From ethnic to religious

• Prior to 9/11 VNSAs were primarily motivated

by ethnic considerations however in post 9/11
era “millenarianism” with intense religious
fever seems the prime motivation.
 Nexus between NSAs & Criminal
Groups
• Though militias are not formally trained but
terrorist groups have special focus on intense
and goal oriented training.
• In certain situations terrorist organisations,
orginised criminal gangs & smugglers form
nexus hence some operational functions are
entrusted to criminal groups. In response
criminal groups get money and protection.
 VNSAs
• By excessive & repeated coverage media unconsciously
provides oxygen to the VNSAs.
• Before implementation of NAP claiming of
responsibility through media by VNSAs was an
established norm. However by barring mass media to
accommodate such claims NAP bailed out the media.
• VNSAs are also very possessive about technology,
when they are denied physical space they prefer to
remain alive in cyber space.
• For furtherance of their mission VNSAs not only attract
volunteers but also employ child soldiers.
 VNSAs desire change in state policies
• Acts of terrorism are primarily carried out to
compel the states to change the policies .Such
policy change is not always favorable to
VNSAs.
• In 2004 Madrid attacks forced Spain to
withdraw troops from Iraq however in the
backdrop of APS attack in Peshawar in 2014
Pakistani leadership developed consensus on
NAP thus opted for an offensive strategy.
 Role of states in promotion of VNSAs
• To undermine rival states often states
financed, trained and extended diplomatic
support to VNSAs.
• Situation slips out of control when states fail
to realize that power to retain gun and
exercise powers to run the state are exclusive
powers of the states.
• States cannot afford militias, parallel
administrative or judicial apparatus.
 VNSAs – usually enemy within
• In most of cases its enemy within who looks likes
locals hence difficult to identify.
• VNSAs always try to use ungoverned or weakly
governed space to their advantage.
• Also utilize cyber space to the optimum level.
• Technological advancement also provided
incentives to VNSAs hence threatened national
security.
• Also use the services of potential hackers.
 VNSAs
• For emotional exploitation youth is often
employed .
• For financing donations are collected &
financial proceeds are transmitted through
flawed banking system & illegal transactions.
• To prove their worth they intrude into the
inner core of significant institutions. Ideology,
religion, ethnicity or sectarian affiliation may
be the driving force.
 VNSAs
• Though in minority but for imposition of own agenda
VNSAs try to flex their muscles.
• Apparently NSAs pose threat to the governments but in
reality VNSAs are threat to the states.
• Through violent means VNSAs try to register their presence
and seek a permanent role in the statecraft.
• Since 1979 Pakistan is confronted with the increased
presence of VNSAs.
• During insurgency in Malakand & prior to operation Zarb-i-
Azb VNSAs challenged the writ of the state however after
military operations in Malakand and FATA it seems difficult
for VNSAs to register their open presence.
 VNSAs
• Sympathizers within nation state system provide
more space to such elements.
• For criminal activities like kidnapping for ransom,
gunrunning and extortion VNSAs also use urban
space.
• International law primarily focuses on states
therefore there is no legal space to negotiate with
Non state actors.
• To ensure humanitarian coverage there is
growing demand for the inclusion of NSAs in
international law.
 VNSAs
• VNSAs take full advantages of the flaws of the
criminal justice system and try to run their own
courts, jails and police.
• To satisfy the victims of crimes VNSAs often introduce
“revolutionary justice” thus often inflict harsh
punishments like capital punishments and beheading.
• For sometime VNSAs keep organizational unity intact
however owing to individuality and power centric
approach sometimes they face factionalism. In our
context TTP faced inner grouping that led to its
fragmentation.
 Globalisation & VNSAs
• To impose new values VNSAs try to introduce new
social and cultural values. With such tact they attract
those who are already annoyed with the prevailing
norms. Beheading, suicide bombing, use of female for
violence and attacking shrines and places of worship
had never been part of our tribal culture but ongoing
onslaughts changed the dynamics. Consequently
VNSAs also resorted to cultural terrorism.
• Globalisation also provided strength to VNSAs, as
planning, training, financing, facilitation and targeting
are made in different parts of the world hence states
are persistently confronted with hindrances.
 Natural disasters & VNSAs
• Apart from resorting to violence in the
backdrop of natural disasters for winning the
sympathies of common folk the activists of
such organisations enthusiastically participate
in relief activities.
 PEACE ACCORDS
Nek
Killed in June 2004
APR 2004 Mohammad-
Abrogated
Govt (verbal)
Baitullah SWA $20 m compensation
FEB 2005
Mehsud-Govt /loan Alqaida
Baitullah NWA
SEP 2006
Mehsud-Govt August 2007 broke the deal
Lal Masjid
AUG 2007 10 Times Increase in SBs
Operation

Swat Peace
MAY 2008 Ultimatum to NWFP Govt.
Accord
 Our faulty approach
• Flaw with our approach is that we want to
resolve every issue with force. Apart from
coercive approach there is dire need to opt for
inclusive approach too. De-radicalisation and re-
integration shall be the top priorities.
• Extremism is cancer infected followers of
different religions, cultures, ethnicity and sects
but yet it’s a curable cancer. A living state is to be
protective and humane therefore shall act as a
protective shield in between extremists and
innocent citizens.
FOREIGN POLICY OF
PAKISTAN

1
 N

W E

S
2
GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE
OF PAKISTAN

Location

West part of South Asia. It lies between

the latitudes of 23.30 degree and 35.45
degree north and between the
longtitudes of 61 degree and 75.31
degree east of Greenwich.
3
GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE
OF PAKISTAN

Total Area

796096 sq km broad East to West.

1600 kms north to south and about 885
kms broad east to west.

4
GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE
OF PAKISTAN
Boundaries
March with Iran, Afghanistan and India
bounded to west by Iran.
To the North by Afghanistan to the North
East by China. To the East and South
East by India and to the South by Arabian
Sea Pakistan is separated from Tajikistan
by a narrow strip of Afghan territory
called “WAKHAN”
5
GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE
OF PAKISTAN

PAKISTAN shares border 2252 km long

common border (Durand Line) with
Afghanistan, 585 kms long border with
China, 805 kms long border with Iran and
700 kms long coast with the Arabian Sea.

6
FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN
Definition
“The external policy of an independent,
sovereign state which it pursues in its relations
with other nations of the world in order to seek
its national interest.”
“The external policy of the state which it
pursues to preserve its ideological character,
safeguard its territorial integrity, maintain its
political sovereignty and guarantee its
economic well being”

7
 OBJECTIVES OF PAKISTAN’S
FOREIGN POLICY

 National Security.
 Territorial Integrity.
 Economic well being.
 National prestige.

8
 DETERMINENTS OF
PAKISTAN’S FOREIGN POLICY
 Geo-Political Settings.
 Historical Legacies and Past Traditions.
 Socio-Economic Condition.
 Political Systems and Structure.
 Ideological Considerations.
 Decision Makers Dream, Images and
Motives.
 External Environment.
 Power Considerations.
 National Interest.

9
 ELEMENTS AFFECTING
FOREIGN POLICY
 Technology leaves impact on foreign
policy.
 The national capacity of a state also
exercises profound influence on the
foreign policy of state.
 The social structure of a society also
exercise profound influence on its
foreign policy.
 Public opinion is another important
element of country’s foreign policy.

10
 ELEMENTS AFFECTING
FOREIGN POLICY
 The political organization found in a
country also greatly influences the
foreign policy. For example under
authoritarian systems quick foreign policy
decisions are taken.
 The press also plays a vital role in foreign
policy formulation process.
 The nature of political accountability
prevailing in a system also greatly
influence the foreign policy of the state.
 The leadership also plays a vital role in the
shaping of a country’s foreign policy.
 The great power structure prevailing in the
world politics also greatly influence the 11
policy of a country.
 ELEMENTS AFFECTING
FOREIGN POLICY
 While making foreign policy the state has
to take note of the international law,
treaties and contracts.
 While formulating its foreign policy a
country has to take note of the reaction
of other states to its various actions.
 Alliances concluded by various states
also greatly influence the foreign policy.
 The world public opinion also influences
the state’s foreign policy.

12
 PHASES OF PAKISTAN’S
FOREIGN POLICY
Phase-I 1947-53 (The Era of Neutrality)
Phase-II 1954-62 (The Era of Alignment)
(1) Pak-US Mutual Defense
Assistance Agreement.
(2) South-East Asian Treaty
Organization ( SEATO)
(3) Central Treaty Organization
(CENTO)
13
 PHASES OF PAKISTAN’S
FOREIGN POLICY
Phase-III 1963-77 (The Era of Bilateralism)
Phase-IV 1978-89 (The Era of Non
Alignment)
Phase-V 1999 Onwards (Quest for Multilateral
Foreign Policy)

Restructuring of Foreign Policy.

14
 Energy Issue

Mohammad Ali Babakhel

 Energy crises
• Country is confronted with acute shortage of
electric power
• Owing to such shortage agriculture, industries
& services sectors are affected
 Pak an energy deficient country

• 1960s & 70s are remembered • Thar is enriched by natural

for construction of Tarbela &
Mangla Dams coal, which is the fifth
• BB’s era some independent largest treasure of the
power plants were installed world.
• Pakistan has faced 1000 to
2000 MW shortage of power.
• Pakistan is facing 80 millions
tons of oil shortage
• import of oil products would
cost $11.1 billion to the
national kitty. (in Year 2017-
18)
 Pakistan’s energy potential
• Dams
• Solar
• Coal (first unit of 1,320 MW power plant has
started tentative production prior to its
stipulated completion – May 2017)
• Wind
 Functional Dams
Tarbela 3478 MW
Ghazi Barotha 1450
Mangla 1000
Warsak 243
Chashma barrage 184
Khan Khawar 72
Jagran-i-Dam 304
Rasul Barrage 22
Malakand 22
Dargai 20
Nadipur 13
Shadiwal 14
Chiholi 14
Renala 01
 Under construction dams
Capacity
Bunji 7100
Dia Mer Basha 4500
Dasau 4320
Kalabagh 3600
Kohala 1100
Thakot 2800
Patan 2800
Neelam Jehlum 969 (97 % completed will commence from
Feb 2018)
Akhon 600
Lower Palas 665
Lower Spat Gah 496
 Wind & Solar energy
WIND SOLAR
• Pak has potential of 10000- • Pak has potential of 100000 MW
50000 MW • Alternate Energy Development
Board Is working for 20,000 solar
• India is producing 10,000 water heaters in GB
MW & China 25000 MW • Govt asked mobile companies to
shift transmission towers from
• WE plants in petroleum to solar energy
Jhampir,Gharo,Keti Bandar • there are a total of 28,178 public
& Bin Qasim Karachi schools in 25 districts of KP, and
so far solar panels have been
installed at more than 400
schools.
 Electricity
ENERGY MIX Electricity Consumption
• Thermal 64.12 % • Total generation installed
capacity = 21000 MW
• Hydel 33.30% • Demand in peak summer = 19531
MW
• Nuclear 2.37 % • Total generation = 17473 MW
• Household consumers 43%
• Industrial consumption 30%
• Agriculture 13 %
• Govt 7 %
• Commercial 6%
• Street light 1 %
• Pak consumes only 0. 5 % of the
world
 How to produce cheaper energy?

• The production cost of furnace oil electricity is Rs.16 per unit, add
to it the transmission, distribution cost (including loses), “the total
cost of such electricity works out to approximately Rs.22
• The difference between WAPDA tariff and the furnace oil
electricity is Rs.17 per kWh.”
• It is estimated that the country consumes at least 25 billion units of
electricity produced annually through furnace oil, which amounts
to the total deficit of Rs.425 Billion.
• If WAPDA has to balance its books it would require a subsidy of
Rs.425 Billion.
• Power sector’s circular debt swelled to Rs385 billion as of March
31, 2017(The News)
 Issues
Major issues
• High production cost(Hydal Rs
1.83 per unit, Gas Rs.8.16 Coal
Rs. 12 Nuclear Rs. 7.5 & Wind
Rs 14.4 Solar Rs. 22.5)
• Dependence on furnace
oil(high cost)
• Maladministration
• Obsolete equipments
• Electricity theft
• Long power outages
• circular debt- Rs-222 billion
(October 2016)
Effects
• Closure of industry (25 %
textile industry closed)
• Trade deficit
• Export targets not attained
• Investors shifting to other
countries
• Inflation
• Low industrial growth
• Poverty
• Unemployment
• Law & order situations
 Solutions
Short term Long term
• Electricity conservation • Solar industry
• Completion of ongoing
projects • Wind projects
• Installation of solar tube wells • Small dams
• Installation of bio gas plants • Mega dams Kut zara Dam
• Reduction in line losses
17000 MW, Neelam Jehlum
• Prevention of theft
• Industries should start
969 MW Bonji 7100 MW
producing their own energy
with their own investment
without depending upon the
grid.
 Visit of PM to Tajikistan
• PM inaugurated installation of
transmission line for supply of
1,000 megawatt electricity to
Pakistan.
• The work on transmission
would be completed within a
period of two years with a cost
of 1.2 billion dollar.
• Tajikistan could export more
than 5000MW electricity to
Pakistan through hydel
projects,
• As per the agreement,
Tajikistan would export
1,000MW hydel electricity to
Pakistan under Central Asia
South Asia (CASA 1000)
project through a 750
kilometer long transmission
line by year 2018.
• Tajikistan is a country with
resources of approximately
50,000MW electricity due to
unique networking of about
1,000 rivers and lakes.
18th amendment

• Sovereign Guarantees
• Consent of the province
• Major generation projects
like the 1,320MW coal
project at Port Qasim,
1,320MW Sino-Sindh
Resources, 660MW Engro
Thar Coal and 1,320MW
Jamshoro Coal are
scheduled to reach the
production stage before
June 2017, but enabling
conversion, switching and
transmission systems would
not be completed before
June 2018.(Dawn 12 Nov
,2016)
• nine major transmission line
and grid station projects of
220kV and 500kV [for
Chishtian, Vehari, Gujrat,
Lahore, Rahimyar Khan,
Shikarpur, Dera Murad
Jamali and Kot Lakhpat]
which should have been
completed between 2012
and June 2015 under the
contract are still far from
completion.
• 1986 as "Small Hydel • 7500 MW will be added
Development to national grid in 2017-
Organization 18 by Private power &
• KHYBER Infrastructure board
(PPIB)(DAWN 12 th May
PAKHTUNKHWA HYDRO
POWER POLICY2016 2017)
• Punjab is an energy- deficient
province and accounts for only
five percent of Pakistan�s
total annual production of 4.3
billion cubic feet per day
(BCFD). Sindh is the largest gas
producing province with a 57
percent share, followed by
Balochistan with 20 percent
and Khyber Paktunkhwa (KP)
produces 18 percent. Hence,
as a direct result of the 18th
Amendment the gas supply to
Punjab was slashed drastically
and shortfall jumped five folds.
• KP government has put up
two cases before the CCI that
cumulatively seek additional
financial flows of around
Rs55bn from the federal
government. This includes
increasing the amount of Net
Hydel Profit (NHP) proceeds
from current Rs18bn per
annum to about Rs67bn and
an end to centre’s at source
deduction of KP’s on account
of gas, electricity and other
bills.
• PM inaugurated Golen
Gol Hydro Power
Project in Chitral
• Generation capacity =
108 MW
• KP claims generation of
74 MW but expressed
that center is not ready
to buy.
Pak-Afghan Relations

Mohammad Ali Babakhel PSP

 PRINCIPLES OF FOREIGN POLICY
• National Security: National Security occupies first
place in the foreign policy of Pakistan since its
independence Pakistan’s national security is
being threatened by the India
• Economic Interest: Pakistan as a developing
country is also needed to establish and maintain
cordial relations with those states with whom it
can maximize its trade relations or from whom it
can obtain maximum economic aid
 PRINCIPLES OF FOREIGN POLICY
• Islamic Solidarity: Pakistan would pursue its
ideological objective and would like to achieve
the objective of Islamic Solidarity by promoting
its relations with Islamic world
• Peaceful Co-existence: Pakistan would believe in
peaceful co-existence and would respect the
other countries territorial integrity
• Non Alignment: Pakistan had followed the policy
of neutrality and had not aligned it self with any
block. When non-aligned movement was formed
it joined it and remained active member of it.
 PRINCIPLES OF FOREIGN POLICY
• Bilateralism: Pakistan has tried to settle its
differences with neighboring countries
including India through bilateral negotiations
• United Nations: Pakistan has faith in the
United Nations and has extended full support
to the United Nations actions by contributing
troops
 ISSUES
• Growing influence of India
• Defense Cooperation & Intelligence Sharing
• Afghan Transit Trade
• Withdrawal of US troops
• Cross border militancy
• Presence of refugees
• Illegal crossing of border
• Prisoners
• Construction of 12 dams over River Kabul
AFGHANISTAN
 Statistical View
AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN
Area 652,230 km2 796,095 km2

Provinces 34 4
Population 31,108,077 182,490,721
Independence First Afghan State 1709 1947
Afghan Empire 1747
Recognized State 1919
Bordering Countries China, Iran, Pakistan,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
and Uzbekistan.
 INTRODUCTION
• 2240 km common border Durand Line.
• Durand Line remained source of tension
• Both Islamic republics
• Afghanistan a landlocked country
• Pashto speaking population (historically Ethnic
Afghan)
• Members of SAARC & ECO
• Afghanistan observers status in SCO , Pakistan
member
 Durand Line
• The border was established after the 1893 Durand
Line Agreement between Durand & Amir Abdur
Rahman Khan
• The single-page agreement, which contains seven short
articles, was signed by Durand and Khan, agreeing not
to exercise political interference beyond
the frontier line between Afghanistan and what was
then colonial British India
• Pakistan inherited this agreement but there has never
been a formal agreement
or ratification between Islamabad and Kabul.
 Pakistan ‘s Policy on Durand Line
• “The Durand Line between Pakistan and
Afghanistan is the internally recognized border
between Pakistan and Afghanistan and it is a
closed and settled issue,”
( Foreign Office Spokesman Mozzam Ahmed Khan)
 Relations
• Despite shared geography, ethnicity and faith,
relations with Afghanistan have never been
smooth.
• With the Indian threat looming from the East,
• Afghanistan’s hostile attitude has added further
in the fragile security environment
• With the sole exception of Taliban rule (1997-
2001) over Afghanistan, Kabul displayed varying
degrees of disaffection towards Islamabad.
 Relations
• A cardinal feature of ideology of Pakistan is to
make Muslim brotherhood a living reality.
• But proximity with Afghanistan did not pay
positive dividends
• Pakistan succeeded in cherishing cordial
relations with Muslim countries baring
Afghanistan.
• Geographical location of Afghanistan acted
more negatively than the binding role
 Relations
• Afghanistan maintained an attitude of hostile
neighbor
• Pakistan has to live with it because neighbors
can not be changed.
 1947-1963
• Claims on Pakistan’s territory
• Indian claim on Kashmir
• Allegation Pakistan extended mal treatment to
Pashtoons
 Pakhtunistan
• Claims on Pashtoon areas
• Referendum results held for the future of
NWFP, 289244 votes in favor & 2874 against
• Afghanistan was the only country that
opposed Pakistan’s entry in UN
 Afghan Transit Trade
• PAKISTAN is losing its share in Afghan transit
trade to Iran and India, as both countries are
developing infrastructure in and around the
Iranian ports of Chabahar and Bandar Abbas.
• Afghan transit trade dropped by over 54 per
cent in fiscal year 2012, as the number of
imported commercial containers fell to 28,813
from 60,338 a year earlier.
 ATT
• Decline in transit cargo is attributed to revised
transit trade agreement, insufficient
infrastructure, additional taxation/extortion,
poor law and order situation & high freight
charges
• Pak-Afghan region is a trade specific region
rather than a production hub. Therefore,
Pakistan must liberalize its policy and shall tap
the enormous potential of its trade route.
 Economic
• Last year Pakistan announced 20 $ million aid for
Afghanistan
• MoU for the construction of rail tracks in
Afghanistan to connect with Pakistan
Railways (PR)
• In October 2010, the landmark APTTA agreement
signed. The APTTA allows Afghan trucks to drive
inside Pakistan to the Wagah border with India,
including to the port cities, Karachi and Gwadar.[
 Economic
• In 2010 a joint chamber of commerce was formed
• PAJCCI is targeting $5 to $6 billion bilateral trade in the next couple
of years from the present level of $1.5 billion.
• In July 2012, Afghanistan and Pakistan agreed to extend APTTA
to Tajikistan in what will be the first step for the establishment of a
North-South trade corridor.
• The proposed agreement will provide facilities to Tajikistan to use
Pakistan’s Gwadar and Karachi ports for its imports and exports
while Pakistan will enjoy trade with Tajikistan under terms similar to
the transit arrangement with Afghanistan.
• Trade between Pakistan and Afghanistan was expected to reach $5
billion by 2015.
• The volume dropped from $ 2.5 billion to $ 500 million.(SCCI-23 Jan
2018)
 Refugees
• 2.5 million refugees
• Pakistan extended refugee status
• Since the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001,
over 5.7 million Afghan refugees returned
• Around 900,000 in Iran
 Increasing Indian Influence
• Salma dam project will meet energy & irrigation
requirement of Western Afghanistan, with a capacity of
producing 42Mw of power and irrigating 75,000 hectares of
land.
• India has invested US$ 10.8 billion in Afghanistan as of
2012
• Afghan Parliament Building
• The Indian government is investing more than US$100
million in the expansion of the Chabahar port in south-
eastern Iran which will serve as a hub for the transportation
of transit goods
• India and Iran are set to ink a transit agreement on
transporting goods to landlocked Afghanistan.
 Increasing Indian Influence
• Consulates in Herat, Jalalabad,Mazari Sharif &
Kandhar (Pakistan’s Presence)
 Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes

• Cross-border shellings occurred since 1949

• cross-border shellings intensified in 2011 and
2012
• Upper Dir, Chitral & bordering areas of FATA
 After Withdrawal

• Pakistan shall evolve a proactive Afghan foreign policy rather than

reactionary one.
• Pakistan should continue convincing the US and Afghan regime into
limiting India’s role in Afghanistan and increasing its volume of
investment and reconstruction
• This effort will also help Pakistan compete with other contenders
and make a strong place for itself.
• • Islamabad shall peruse two Ds policy in FATA: Development and
dialogue. However, the government must involve the elders and
Maliks in the development and dialogue process.
• Administrative reforms shall be introduced in FATA which can make
the system more transparent and responsive.
 After Withdrawal
• Recently, Pakistan’s foreign office is more assertive
with regard to Afghan foreign policy.
• Pakistan must understand that Afghanistan is her
growth engine. The savor of Pakistani goods has
already been developed in Afghan population and the
former shall take advantage of this association.
• Pakistan can serve as energy corridor and this will help
the region in two ways. Firstly, it will promote
interdependence, peace, and tranquility; and secondly
it will help Pakistan exploit its industrial potential.
 Border Fencing
• 150 kms of the frontier has been fenced
• Target is to fence 832 kms of the border with
Afghanistan in the next two years
• In 1st phase, 432 kms of the border would be
fenced
• Project would cost Rs10 billion
• Fencing of one km would cost Rs14 million
 Afghan Peace
• China is employing soft approaches
• China & US both think the road to peace in
Afghanistan goes through Pakistan
• US expects Pakistan should facilitate talks with
Afghan Talibans
• Pak can help both militarily & politically to
bring peace but what irritates it are the
disproportionate expectations of the global
community
 Afghan peace
• The Afghan Peace Council was created to
initiate peace process but failed to do so
• Quadrilateral Coordination Group ,comprising
Afghanistan,China,Pakistan & the US- almost
non –functional
• Trilateral Forum initiated by China having
Pakistan and Afghanistan
Pakistan’s National Interest
&Challenges to Sovereignty
Mohammad Ali Babakhel
 National Interest
• Interest: A positive virtue that protects
concerns
• Interests of people, ruling class or a state
• National Interest
• How national Interest Develops ?
• National interests :Permanent &Variable
• Sovereignty incorporated in Objectives
resolution
 Different types of interests

• Interests may be ,personal interest/individual

interest, group interest, community interest,
ethnic interest, party interest, commercial
interest, economic interest & security interest
 National interest

• The national interest, often referred to by the French

expression raison d'État ("reason of State"), is a country's
goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or
cultural.
• The concept is an important one in international relations
where pursuit of the national interest is the foundation of
the realist school.
 National Interests
• “The objectives of foreign policy must be defined in
terms of the national interest and must be supported
with adequate power.” (Hans J. Morgenthau )
• National interests are expression of the national
purpose, national aspirations and national objectives
• In past, national interest used to be seen in terms of
the interest of the “sovereign” ,monarch or a dynasty.
• Nation states define national interests
• 21st amendment creation of military courts ,a step
taken to protect national interests
• Actions in East Pak & Baluchistan ?
 “national interest”
• In the Constitution of Pakistan, the word
“interest” has appeared 65 times
• It may be noted that the phrase “national
interest” has not appeared even once in the
Constitution
• Identical Interests : common interests by
states for example peace, environmental
protection
• Conflicting Interests: between Israel &
Palestine, Kashmir between Pak & India India’s
interference in Afghanistan affairs is not
favorable to Pakistan
 “National Interest”
• For instance it is in general interest of Pakistan
to maintain strategic military balance in South
Asia.
• It was in Pakistan's interest to combat
terrorism in all its forms and manifestation
Foreign Policy(FP) as an instrument to pursue
National Interests

• NI is promoted and • Such situations may lead to

safeguarded through foreign
policy conflicts or wars
• FP‘ seeks the defense of NI • Modification in foreign
through peaceful means policy
• governments never pursue FPs
which would harm NI • Govts should not draft FPs
• NIs of other states are also having conflict with NIs
kept into consideration
• NI may result in conflict &
tension in the international
world due to conflicting
interests
 National Interests (NI)
How to Promote NI? Coercive method
1. Coercive method • Direct methods : Measures
2. Alliances taken internally within the
state indirectly affecting the
3. Diplomacy other state
i. Actions against Muslims in
France

• Indirect measures
i. Discriminatory
immigration policies
• NI most misunderstood • Ideally NI needs to
& controversial term in give broader picture
Pakistan • NI security centric?
• Opaque nature of Nis • How to stage a transit
created more ambiguity from security state to
• Historically here state a welfare state
opted for parochial • Islamic ideology
stance another constant
• Why a rigid stance • Religion & Security 2
• Why state is reluctant to important dynamics
redefine NIs
• Civil-military • Gap between state
bureaucracy hardly version and societal
encourages understanding
redefining of Nis
• Weak capacity of
parliamentarians to
define and
determine NIs
 Chronology of conflicts
Year Led By Issue Result
1948 Mir Ahmad Yar Accession Prince Karim Khan
Khan killed with
guerrillas
1958-59 Nawab Nowroz Resistence to one Arrested ,sons
Khan unit policy ,nephew
hanged,Nawab died
in captivity
1963-69 Sher Mohd Mari New cantonmets One Unit abolished,
Balochistan as 4th
Province
1973-77 Nawab Khair Baksh More representation Dismissal of
Mari for Baluchs+ Arms provincial govt
Recovery
2004-to date Nawab Akbar Bugti Dissatisfaction of Death of Akbar
nationalists Bugti
Measures taken within the state
indirectly affecting the other the
state against whom it is taken. Measures taken directly
against the state
• It is then up to the other state • US attack on Iraq &
whether to ignore these Afghanistan
measures taken or consider it
serious and give it a shape of
war.
• breaking up of diplomatic
relations, expelling diplomatic
staff as persona non grata,
trade embargo, confiscation of
property, freezing of bank’s
account, suspension of
treaties
 Alliances & diplomacy
Alliance Diplomacy
• The states may form an • peaceful means of
alliance promoting national interest
• NATO: for collective security of
the capitalistic states vs • negotiation and dialogues
communist block • conflicting interests can be
• OIC (Muslim countries) resolved through diplomacy
• Economic interests, similar by policy of give and take
alliances can be made e.g.
European Union, General
• Tashkent & Simla accords
Agreement on Tariff and
Trade, World Economic Forum,
ECO
 Military alliances & Pakistan
South East Asia Treaty • CENTO (central treaty
Organization (SEATO) Organization) 1955-79
• 1954 – 77 • UK, Turkey ,Iraq, Iran &
• Members – 09 Pakistan
USA, France, Australia, • HQ: Baghdad
Newziland, Thailand, • It was on the pattern of
Pakistan, Philippines, NATO
UK, USA
 PAK-US
• Symington Amendment • Brown amendment
1979 • By Senator Hank Brown
• By Stuart Symington • It enabled Pakistan to get
• To strengthen the US delivery of $368 million of
position on nuclear non- worth of military hardware
proliferation purchased before the
• Due to concerns about imposition of Pressler
Pakistan ‘s nuclear program sanction
economic aid was cut off
except food assistance
• The foreign assistance act
1961 was amended
 Kerry Lugar Bill

• Worth of $7.5 billion($1.5 b per year)

• In its introductory text they appreciated the
sacrifices rendered by security forces & public of
Pakistan furthermore, they also highlighted
growing poverty, inflation, population, influx of
IDPs & energy crises being confronted by Pakistan
Drone (Unmanned aerial vehicles) Attacks

• Since 2004 drone Year Reported

attacks were started attacks
• Media reports have 2004 01
impression that US 2005 02
wants to extend its
targets to areas of 2006 01
Baluchistan 2007 03
2008 17
Dictates of international
monetary agencies 2009(8 36
months)
Social Problems of Pakistan

Mohammad Ali Babakhel PSP

 Education

 Education is a better safeguard of

liberty than a standing ARMY.(Edward
Everett)
 Education a cheapest defense
mechanism
 Education turns the burden of
population into productive human
resource.
 Indicators to assess
Constitution
educational progress
• Adult literacy rate for
• “The state of Pakistan
education
shall remove illiteracy &
provide free & • Male & female
compulsory secondary enrollment at different
education within levels
minimum possible • Drop out rates
period” • Allocation of resources
• 25-A in the constitution for • There are 170 degree-
compulsory education awarding institutions in
• 5 to 16 years free & Pakistan, in which some 1.3
compulsory (30 million out million students are
of school-12 Jan enrolled.(Eco Survey of Pak)
2018Education,Justice & • Public expenditure on
Change) Faisal Bari education is estimated at
• According to Govt estimates 2.2 to 2.4 per cent of GDP.
about 22 million children • During last decade
are still out of schools.(Can provinces doubled the
education for all work – by budget but students
Faisal Bari ) learning did not improve
• Punjab Primary Schools
37000
 Education
• Rise of low paid private • Will enrolment alone
schools work?
• 50000 private schools • Cost of public sector
(year 2005) school is higher
• Enrolled more than 1/3rd • Public sector schools pay
of total enrolment at high salaries to the
primary level teachers
• Public-private sectors
• Relationship between
price & quality needs to
be examined
 Importance of Education
• Important factor for DEVELOPMENT
• Enhances human status
• Continuous & life long process
• Precious & permanent property
• Instrumental to bring positive change
• Builds the nation
• However our educational system failed to
prepare the youth for challenges
• Without education no nation can COMPETE
 Pakistan
• Pakistan lagged behind in achieving the
“Education for All goal”(EFA)
• UNESCO rates in Pakistan lower EFA
development Index(EDI)
• Low enrolment at primary level
• More than 6 million children are out of school
• Corruption in all tiers of education
• For poor folk Private education is far reaching
 Pakistan
• Universities failed to produce planners,
developers, decision makers & implementers
• No Pakistani university is included in 100 top
universities of the world
• More than 150,000 public education
institutions serving 21 million students &
private sector serves 12 million students
• 23 policies & action plans introduced
 Issues
• Medium of education
• Gender discrimination
• Lack of technical education
• Opportunities open for participation in
general education
• Low allocation of funds (2.1 % of GDP)
• Inefficient teachers (low paid+ low
commitment
 Issues
• Poverty-dropout – child labour- trapped in
vicious circle of extremism
• Corruption
• More than 70 % literacy centers in Punjab
remained inoperative
• 40,000 ghost teachers and 5,200 schools in
Sindh(Daily Times-20- Jan 2015)
• Elitism “O & A levels”
 Issues
• Mismanagement
• Absenteeism
• Obsolete teaching methods
• Poor professional training
• Sub standard text books & curricula
• High fee structure of private schools
• Policies primarily remained confined to papers
• Low female literacy rate
• Punjab claims 90 % “participation level”
however the meanings of Participation level
are yet to be made clear
• Why should a parent spend time and money
to keep his or her offspring in school when the
child is getting little or nothing out of it?
 Issues
• Education as a business venture
• Delay in renewal of policies & syllabus
• Political interference
• Harmonization missing between the federal &
provincial govts
• The policy formulating, planning & implementing
bodies work in isolation.
• Input from teachers in policy formulation is a
missing link
 Recommendations
• Bridge the gap between schools & madrassas
• Controversy of English & Urdu needs to be solved
• Hiring of talented teachers
• Well paid salaries structure
• Performance based Promotions of teachers
• Reduce student- teacher ratio to (15:1) presently
its 40:1
• Incentivize teaching
 Recommendations
• Translation of foreign research to local
language
• Prioritize “technical education”
• Promotion of primary education
• Goals set in MDGs are yet to be realized (88 pc
literacy was to be achieved)
 Access to Sanitation
• Poor access to sanitation is linked not only to
poor hygiene, but to a wide range of illnesses
such as typhoid, diarrhea, intestinal worms &
hepatitis.
• Pakistan has made significant progress in
increasing sanitation coverage from 30
percent in 1990/01 to 72 percent in 2011/12
• Pak did not meet the target of 90 percent
coverage by 2015.
 Access to Sanitation
• There is also disparity in access to flush toilets
between urban & rural poor: 97 %of urban
household have access to flush systems,
compared to only 58 % of rural households.
• Punjab has the highest proportion of population
with access to sanitation, while Baluchistan's
population has the least access.
• All provinces showed an increase between
2004/05-2011/12, but the most rapid growth has
been in KP, with an increase of 23 %.
 Access to Sanitation
• it seems highly unlikely achieve the MDG target.
• In AJ&K access to sanitation at 82 % of the
population in 2011/12 is the highest in the
country and fairly close to the MDG 2015 target
of 90 %.
• AJ&K increased steadily from 39 % in 2004/05 to
its current level.
• GB increased from 49 to 57 %
• Katchi Abadies (slums) needs special attention
 Statistical view
Lahore 94 %

Rajanpur 29 %

Karachi 91 %
Tharparkar 07 %
Peshawar 73%
Kohistan 17 %
Quetta 76 %
Kohlu 3%

Source : UNDP Report

 HEALTH
• Progress on health indicators has been
affected by a number of internal and external
factors
• Lady health worker coverage stood at 83 % in
2008/09 against the target of 100 %.
 Health Financing
Allocation for health year 2012-13 Rs 62 billion (0.35 % of
GDP)
WHO recommends Minimum 6 % of GDP
After 18th amendment Health a provincial subject
 HEALTH-MDG # 5
• By 2015, Pakistan intends to reduce the maternal
mortality rate (MMR) by three-quarters and ensure
universal access to reproductive health.(MDG #5
Improve Maternal Health)
• Proportion of births attended by skilled birth
attendants (SBAs) have more than doubled
• Fertility rate at 3.8 remains considerably higher than
the target of 2.1.
• contraceptive usage increased as 34.4 %
• Antenatal consultation stands 68 %
• Unlikely to achieve targets of MDG # 5
 HEALTH –MDG # 6
• Strives to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS &
the incidence of malaria & other major
diseases
• Most of the indicators show positive trends,
particularly in the case of HIV prevalence
among pregnant women & detection
/provision of health care for TB patients.
• Target in TB cases was 45 /10,000 but on
ground is 230 / 10,000 cases
 HEALTH –MDG # 6
• HIV/AIDS trends among vulnerable groups are
also alarming.
• The proportion of people in malaria risk areas
using effective prevention & treatment
measures remains low .
• Pakistan is off-track on 3 out of 5 indicators
and therefore unlikely to achieve MDG 6.
 HEALTH –MDG # 7
• MDG 7 aims to promote sustainable development
& has the target of halving the proportion of
people without sustainable access to safe
drinking water & basic sanitation & bringing
about a significant improvement in the lives of
slum dwellers.
• Improving access to safe drinking water (89 %
against the target of 93 %)
• However, it is lagging on access to sanitation;
currently 72 % of the populations have access to
this facility against a target of 90 percent.
 MDG #1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty &
Hunger
• Poverty:“the state of being inferior in quality
or insufficient in amount.”
• Enhanced allocations for the social sectors,
recognizing the need for a comprehensive
social safety nets framework to protect the
poor and vulnerable, the focus on the rural
economy, water resource availability and
health & social services, all reflected the level
of influence of the MDGs on Vision 2025.
 Poverty
• There are about 29 social protection institutions and
programmes in Pakistan, including Baitul Mal, Micro
Finance, BBISP, Citizens Damages Compensation
Programme, Utility Stores, Zakat, NDMA, Social Health
Insurance, Workers Welfare Fund.”
• “Article 37 says the state would promote educational and
economic interests of the backward people. It is an
important article with vast scope, which can help make a
just society
• Article 25 A ( Right to education.—The State shall provide
free and compulsory education to all children of the age
of five to sixteen years in such manner as may be
determined by law.]
 18th Constitutional Amendment &
Higher Education
Prior to 18th Constitutional Amendment (2010) education under the
entry No. 38 “Curriculum, Syllabus, Planning, Policy, Centers of
Excellence and Standards of Education” was in the concurrent
legislative list and it remained as a joint function of federal and
provincial governments. Federal government regulated higher
education through Federal HEC for which HEC Ordinance 2002 was
enacted. With the passage of the 18th Constitutional Amendment,
education was shifted to the legislative and executive jurisdiction of
the provinces. Meanwhile, a new entry at No.12 of Federal Legislative-
II was inserted into the constitution i.e “Standards in Institutions for
Higher Education and research, scientific and technical Institutions.”
which falls under the purview and domain of Council of Common
Interests (CCI) as joint/shared responsibility of both the federal and
provincial governments.
NUCLEAR ISSUES

By Mohammad Shaaz
INTRODUCTION OF THE COURSE
Syllabus and Content
Syllabus

Current • Nuclear Proliferation and

Nuclear Security
Affairs • Nuclear Politics in South Asia

Pakistan • Nuclear Program of Pakistan, its

Safety and Security;
Affairs International Concerns
Syllabus

• Arms Control /Disarmament and Nuclear Non proliferation

Regime
• Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
• Nuclear Weapon States- Programs and Postures: Indian-
International Pakistan Nuclear Doctrines
• Nuclear Non –Proliferation Regime: International Atomic
Relations Energy Agency, Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty; Nuclear
Supplier Group; Partial Test Ban Treaty; Comprehensive Test
Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
• Challenges of Non-Proliferation, Cooperation for Nuclear
Energy
Content

Lecture 1:
▪ Brief Nuclear History, 1945 – Present ▪ Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
▪ Baruch Plan ▪ Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
▪ Atoms for Peace
▪ International Atomic Energy Agency
▪ Cuban Missile Crisis
▪ Limited Test Ban Treaty
▪ Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
▪ Nuclear Suppliers Group
HISTORY OF NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION
1945 - present
Brief History of Nuclear Proliferation

Manhattan Hiroshima and Baruch Plan USSR UK

Project Nagasaki
• 1942 to 1946 • 6th and 9th • 1946 • 1949 • 1952
August 1945

Limited Test Ban Cuban Missile France IAEA Atoms for Peace
Treaty Crises

• 1963 • 1962 • 1960 • 1957 • 1953

Brief History of Nuclear Proliferation

China NPT India NSG Israel

• 1964 • 1970 • 1974 • 1974 • 1979

North Korea Indo-US Pakistan CTBT START

• 2006 • 2005 • 28th May • Open on • 1994

1998 1996
 UNAEC was formed by
UNGA’s very first
Baruch Plan resolution

▪ A proposal by the US government proposed to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission
during its first meeting in June 1946.
▪ US agreed to decommission
▪ Condition that all other countries pledged
▪ International Atomic Development Authority monopoly over Nuclear Energy
▪ Soviets rejected, UN dominated by US and allies, submitted counter proposal
Atoms for Peace Program

▪ Speech by D. Eisenhower in 1953

▪ Cold war propaganda for containment, emotion management and ally reassurance
▪ United States then launched an "Atoms for Peace" program that supplied equipment and
information to schools, hospitals, and research institutions within the U.S. and throughout the
world.
▪ Pakistan’s first nuclear reactor Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor (PARR-1)—in 1962.
▪ Created the ideological background for the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency
and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, but also gave political cover for
the U.S. nuclear weapons build-up
▪ Under Atoms for Peace related programmes the U.S. exported over 25 tons of highly enriched
uranium (HEU) to 30 countries, mostly to fuel research reactors, which is now regarded as a
proliferation and terrorism risk
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

▪ An autonomous organization formed in 1957

▪ Established independently of the UN, through its own international treaty but reports to both
the UNGA and the UNSC
▪ Headquarter in Vienna, Austria

Missions Peaceful use

Safeguards
Nuclear Safety
Cuban Missile Crisis

▪ 1 month, 4 day (16 October – 20 November 1962) confrontation between the United States
and the Soviet Union
▪ In response to US missiles in Italy and Turkey and failed invasion of Bay of Pigs, Soviet N.
Khrushchev accepted to Cuban secret request of installing nukes in Cuba
▪ Rejecting other options, J. F. Kennedy decided to impose naval “quarantine” on Cuba
▪ Several days of negotiations lead to agreement:
Publicly, Soviet would dismantle and return their nukes to Soviet Union in return for US public
declaration and agreement to not invade Cuba again
Secretly, US would dismantle and remove their nukes from Turkey
▪ Aftermath: temporary easing of nuclear arms race, Washington-Moscow hotline, realization of
the nuclear threat
Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT)

▪ Also called Partial Test Ban Treaty or Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
▪ Was signed in 1963
▪ Due to public unease about radioactive fallout
▪ Bans parties from conducting a nuclear test in the atmosphere, outer space, or underwater
▪ China, France and North Korea have not signed
▪ Reduced radioactive debris in atmosphere and slowed proliferation
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

▪ Came into force in 1970

▪ India, Israel and Pakistan rejected on discriminatory grounds
▪ Nuclear Weapon States, those who have made and
openly tested nuclear weapons before
1 January 1967
Pillars
Non-
Peaceful Use Disarmament
Proliferation
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - Pillars
Non-Proliferation
Art I - NWS cannot in any way
“assist, encourage or induce”
NNWS to nukes
Art II – NNWS vice versa and
not manufacture nukes
Art III – NNWS accept
safeguards and IAEA’s role as a
regulator
Peaceful Use Disarmament
Art IV – Right of every member Art VI – “pursue negotiations in
to nuclear tech for peace and good faith” to disarm nuclear
promotes international weapons “at an early date”
cooperation in this regard
Art V – Non-discriminatory
assistance to NNWS for
peaceful tech
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty – Strengths and Weaknesses

Strengths
▪ First treaty of its kind
▪ 190 states are signatories
▪ Provides legal framework
Weaknesses
▪ Discriminatory
▪ No work on Article VI
▪ Non-signatories
▪ North Korea, Art X
▪ Intergovernmental pressure more effective
than the treaty
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)

▪ Founded in response to the Indian nuclear tests in 1974

▪ 48 Members
▪ Also called London Club, London Group or London Suppliers Group
▪ Control of exports nuclear technology that can readily be used for weapons development to
non-nuclear weapons states
▪ Zangger’s “Trigger List”
▪ Listed items can only be supplied to non-nuclear weapon states if they have certain safeguards
in place
▪ India and Pakistan are not a member though India is backed by all except China, New Zealand,
Ireland and Austria
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)

▪ Bilateral treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the reduction and the
limitation of strategic offensive arms
▪ Signed on 31 July 1991 and entered into force on 5 December 1994
▪ Barred its signatories from deploying more than 6,000 nuclear warheads and a total of 1,600
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
▪ Implemented in 2001 removed 80% of all strategic nuclear weapons in existence
▪ Treaty expired in 2009 and was replaced by New START or START II which will expire in 2026,
having extended in 2021
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)

▪ A multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear tests, for both civilian and military purposes, in all
environments
▪ Signed by 185, ratified by 170
▪ Not in force as 8 of the 44 Annex 2 states, including Pakistan, India, US and China, have not
ratified it
▪ Annex 2 states are states that participated in the CTBT's negotiations between 1994 and 1996
and possessed nuclear power reactors or research reactors at that time
Assignment

▪ Read a book review on the Age of Deception by ElBaradei, you can find one by Los Angeles
Times
NUCLEAR ISSUES

By Mohammad Shaaz
Content

Lecture 2:
 A Brief History of Pakistan’s Nuclear
Programme pre-1998
 Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan Episode
 Current Nuclear Regime of Pakistan
 Pakistan’s Nuclear Doctrine
 International Concerns on Pakistan’s
Nuclear Prog
PAKISTAN’S NUCLEAR PROGRAMME
A brief history
Brief History of Pakistan’s Nuclear Programme

PAEC PARR - I MA Khan – A KANUPP Multan

Khan Meeting Meeting

• 1956 • 1965 • 1965 • 1972 • 1972

Youm-e- First Cold Test A Q Khan India’s Nuclear TPG

Takbeer Test

• 28th May • 1983 • 1974 • 1974 • 1972

1998
Pakistan’s Nuclear Programme – Pre-1971

 Pakistan initially wanted to have a peaceful nuclear programme:

In 1953, Foreign minister Muhammad Zafarullah Khan publicly stated that "Pakistan
does not have a policy towards the atom bombs".
 Pakistan became an active part of Atoms for Peace Program and received PARR-I
 Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission was formed for overseeing peaceful nuclear
technology in 1956
 Uranium deposits were discovered near Dera Ghazi Khan
 Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) was also formed
under Dr. Abdus Salam
 First civil-purpose nuclear power plant, built by Canada, based on the CANDU reactor,
was constructed near Karachi
 Called KANUPP-I, this plant was completed in 1972
The Need for Nuclear Weapons

 A lesson from the fall of Dhaka 1971 was that Pakistan could not rely on allies such as
United States or China to protect it against the much bigger and aggressive India
 India was economically, militarily, geographically and demographically bigger than
Pakistan and growing; Pakistan would not be able to deter it conventionally
 India was already in the process of developing nuclear weapons, as Munir Ahmed
Khan had already notified; a nuclear India against a non-nuclear Pakistan would have
tilted the strategic balance in South Asia dangerously against Pakistan
 Pakistan had great scientists and engineers, such as A.Q Khan, Abdus Salam, Munir
Ahmed Khan, Raziuddin Siddiqui, Tufail Naseem, etc., who could help her develop
nuclear weapons
Developing Nuclear Weapons

 Pakistan started its development of nuclear weapons in 1972

 PM Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Munir Ahmed Khan, and Abdus Salam gathered premier
Pakistani scientists and engineers working around the world for the programme
 Initially, the less technologically advanced plutonium based gun-type fission weapon
was planned but later on uranium based implosion type weapon was worked upon
 AQ Khan, having worked at Urenco Group in Netherlands, had technical expertise of
gaseous centrifuges which were then developed and used by PAEC for uranium
enrichment
 The first cold test was successfully carried out in 1983 and finally nuclear tests were
done on 28th May 1998 and 29th May 1998
 On the first day 5 uranium based devices were successfully tested while on the second
day a plutonium based device was tested successfully
Nuclear Proliferation Episode

 In 2003, Bush administration shared intelligence with Musharraf administration that P-1
type, centrifuges similar to ones designed by Pakistan were found in Iran by IAEA
 It was alleged that a network in Pakistan had sold nuclear technology to Iran, Libra and
North Korea with AQ Khan as its head
 AQ Khan was serving as Advisor on Science and Technology to President Musharraf
 He was fired from his post and on 4 February 2004 publicly apologized on National TV,
saying that he had sold the secrets out of greed without government authorization
 The reaction by US was subdued due to popularity of AQ Khan in Pakistan and the
need of US for Musharraf and Pakistan as an ally in Afghanistan War
 Later allegations were levelled by US, AQ Khan and some countries in Europe that
past top army generals were a part of the proliferation, but never proven
Nuclear Security

 “Nuclear security is the prevention of, detection of, and response to, criminal or
intentional unauthorized acts involving or directed at nuclear material, other radioactive
material, associated facilities, or associated activities.”
 The responsibility for nuclear security within a State rests entirely with the State, which
has to ensure the security of nuclear material, other radioactive material, associated
facilities and activities under its jurisdiction.
 The three pillars of Pakistan’s nuclear security are:
1) Legislative and Regulatory Control
2) Institutions and Organizations
3) Systems and Measures
Pakistan’s Nuclear Regime
Salient Features - Strategic Export Control Act

 Controls over export, re-export, trans-shipment and transit of goods, technologies, material
and equipment covered under the National Control List.
 Wide jurisdiction (also includes Pakistanis visiting or working abroad).
 Provide for an authority to administer rules and regulations framed under this legislation.
Also provides for the establishment of an Oversight Board to monitor the implementation of
this legislation (SECDIV).
 Prohibition on diversion of controlled goods and technologies to unauthorized use.
 Control over transfer of technology by any means.
 Control lists and catch-all provisions.
 Licensing and record keeping provisions.
 Penal provisions: Up to 14 years imprisonment and Rupees 5 million fine or both, and on
conviction, confiscation of offender’s property and assets.
Pakistan’s Nuclear Regime - Institutions and Organizations

NCA PAEC
Apex committee with Operator of Nuclear
PM as chairman, facilities and research
oversees the whole and development of
regime nuclear weapons

PNRA SECDIV
Regulation of A part of MoFA to
nuclear safety, administer export
physical protection, controls in
radiation protection, accordance with NSG,
transport Australia Group,
and waste safety in Missile Control
Pakistan Regime
Pakistan’s Nuclear Doctrine

 A doctrine is meant to explain how material capabilities can be used to achieve policy
goals.
 The key policy goal of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons capability is to deter Indian
conventional as well as nuclear aggression. Its secondary policy goal, if deterrence
fails, is to deny India victory in the event of a war.
 Pakistan refuses to declare no-first use
 Initially our doctrine was minimum-credible deterrence but now covers full-spectrum
deterrence
 4 threshold: 1) Spatial 2) Military 3) Economics 4) Political
IAEA Global Concerns

 Theft of nuclear weapons

 Theft of material to make an improvised nuclear explosive
 Theft of other radioactive material for an RDD
 Sabotage of a facility or transport
Pakistan specific concerns

 Extremist government in power

 Radical’s take over
 Terrorist attack on nuclear installations
 The insider dimensions
NUCLEAR ISSUES

By Mohammad Shaaz
Content

Lecture 3:
 Nuclear South Asia
 Nuclear Free Zone in South Asia
 Confidence Building Measures
 Pakistan’s Efforts
Nuclear South Asia

 It was India and not Pakistan that introduced nuclear weapons in our region
 India started its nuclear programme in 1964 right after Chinese nuclear tests
 India’s nuclear doctrine is status led, it strives for regional superpower status
 India disguised its nuclear programme as peaceful, they tried to manipulate the west
with attempts such as calling it “Smiling Buddha”
 The west and major power have been discriminatory in their non-proliferation
strategies between Pakistan and India
 After India’s nuclear test, Pakistan had no option but to develop its own nuclear bomb
to ensure our security
Pakistan’s Efforts for Nuclear-free Zone in South Asia

Pakistan has over the years proposed a number of bilateral or regional non-proliferation
steps and confidence building measures to India, including:
 A joint Indo-Pakistan declaration renouncing the acquisition or manufacture of nuclear
weapons, in 1978.
 South Asian Nuclear Weapons Free Zone, in 1978.
 Mutual inspections by India and Pakistan of each other's nuclear facilities, in 1979.
 Simultaneous adherence to the NPT by India and Pakistan, in 1979.
 A bilateral or regional nuclear test-ban treaty, in 1987.
 A South Asia Zero-Missile Zone, in 1994.
India rejected all six proposals.
Confidence Building Measures in South Asia

 In 1989, they agreed not to attack each other's nuclear facilities. Since then they have
been regularly exchanging lists of nuclear facilities on 1 January of each year.
 Another bilateral agreement was signed in March 2005 where both nations would alert
the other on ballistic missile tests.
 In June 2004, the two countries signed an agreement to set up and maintain a hotline
to warn each other of any accident that could be mistaken for a nuclear attack.
CBMs – Lahore Declaration

Both countries agreed to establish confidence building measures to avoid nuclear war
and inter alia stated:
 Recognizes that the nuclear dimension of the security environment of the two
countries adds to their responsibility for avoidance of conflict between them.
 Commits both to the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations, and
the universally accepted principles of peaceful co-existence.
 Commits both countries to the objectives of universal nuclear disarmament and
nonproliferation.
It also realized the resolution of mutual disputes to ensure avoidance of nuclear conflict
Pakistan’s Position on CBM

Pakistan has maintained the strategic stability in South Asia is inseparably linked to
conventional balance between the two countries.
Imbalance in conventional field is a destabilizing factor which impacts on strategic
stability by lowering the nuclear threshold.
The central objective of our proposals have been:
I) Reduce the risk of conflict
II) Prevention of arms race
III) Promote measures for strategic restraint and strategic stability in South Asia
India’s Position on CBM

 India’s approach is restrictive

 India does not recognize the linkage between conventional and strategic stability
 While showing keenness on nuclear related CBMs, in part to play to the international
audience, India has not been forthcoming on conventional CBMs with Pakistan
 India is opposed to any bilateral restraint measures saying its security concerns
transcend South Asia
Pakistan’s Position of Strategic Treaties

Pakistan is a signatory of the following treaties:

 Geneva Protocol
 Partial Test Ban Treaty
 Biological Weapons Convention
 Chemical Weapons Convention
Pakistan’s Position on NPT

 Pakistan has always favoured “general and complete disarmament”

 Pakistan had been a vocal participant of NPT negotiations in favour of NPT
 However, due to India’s reluctance to sign NPT shifting the strategic balance in South
Asia dangerously, Pakistan couldn’t sign NPT
 Currently, Pakistan’s stance is against signature of NPT as a NNWS
 Foreign Secretary Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry clarified Pakistan’s stance in 2015:
“It is a discriminatory treaty. Pakistan has the right to defend itself, so Pakistan will not
sign the NPT. Why should we?”
Pakistan’s Position on CTBT

 Pakistan voted in favour of the resolution of UNGA in 1996 that called for the adoption
of CTBT
 Therefore, Pakistan was not opposed to the objectives and purposes of the treaty
 Pakistan has not signed the treaty yet because of a loophole
 The CTBT would not be a complete disarmament measure because some more
technologically advanced states would continue to develop and improve weapons
designs through sub-critical or non-detectable tests
Anti Ballistic Missile Systems

 Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems are used to intercept Ballistic Missiles mid-flight and
neutralize them
 8 countries in the world have missile defense systems
 India, with its Prithvi Air Defence system, gained the technology in 2006
 Anti-Ballistic Missiles counter the nuclear deterrence capabilities in turn causing a
strategic imbalance
 The strategic imbalance leads to nuclear build up in an attempt to counter the defense
 ABM in South Asia by India would force Pakistan to develop an ABM system of its own
or build nuclear warheads to counter the Indian ABM with quantity.
Second Strike Capability

 The second strike capability is an ability of a nation to counter a first nuclear attack on
its territory
 Conventionally in South Asia, second strike capability was attempted by having
multiple nuclear warheads distributed widely as to avoid an attack
 In 2017 India inaugurated INS Arihant, its nuclear capable submarine which gave it
submarine launched second strike capability, disturbing the strategic balance in South
Asia
 As a result, Pakistan is forced to counter this deficiency by quantity of warheads and
working on its own nuclear capable submarine
PAKISTAN
AFFAIRS
CSS 2020
BY ME
Ideology of Pakistan-----definition and elucidation,
historical aspects: Muslim rule in the Sub-Continent,
its downfall and efforts for Renaissance. Movements
for reforms-- Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah,
Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed, Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwah, and
other educational institutions-------Sindh Madrassah and
Islamia College Peshawar. Ideology of Pakistan in the
light of Speeches and statements of Allama Iqbal and
Quaid- i Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
FROM WHERE TO
START
PAKISTAN AFFAIRS
CSS 2020
FROM WHERE WE CAN START
PAKISTAN AFFAIRS
Pre Historic Era
From Drawadian Rule
Rule of Ariyans
Rule of Muriya
Arab Invasion of Sindh
Dehli Sultanat
Mughals Rule
Fall of Mughals
1857 War of Independence
PRE-HISTORIC
Stone age
• Palaeolithic (2.5M–250K BC)
• Time of Homo erectus 1.8M (Soan)
•Neolithic (11K–3K BC)
• Agriculture,Mehergarh-Balochistan
•Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BC)
• Indus Valley Civilization
 THE BRONZE AGE
3300 BCE

Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia,

Indus Valley Civilization(IVC)
At its peak 2600 to 1900 BC
Urban Civilization-Harappa,
Mohenjo daro
DRAVIDIAN ORIGINS
o Dravidian were spread throughout
the subcontinent before a series of
Indo-Aryan invasion/migrations
o IVC was predominantly Dravidian
oThe Brahui people are
a relict population
oDravidian languages were widespread
and replaced by the incoming Indo-
Aryan languages
IRON AGE
1500–500 BCE
o Vedic period
o Indo-Aryan culture/Vedic culture de
1. Rig-Veda “Knowledge of the Hymns of
Praise”,for Meditation
2. Sama-Veda “Knowledge of the Melodies”
3. Yajur-Veda “Knowledge of the Sacrificial
formulas”-Religious ceremony
4. Atharva-Veda “Knowledge of the Magic
formulas”
2ND URBANIZATION
800 –200 BCE
1. Asceticism
• Ritualistic exertion
• (labors, toils, or exerts themselves, seeker,
perform acts of austerity, ascetic)
• Start of Jainism and Buddhism
• 1st Upanishads were written
2. Persians and Greeks invasion
 FOREIGN
INVASION
PERSIAN INVASION
o 530 BCE Cyrus the Great, King of the
Persian crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek
tribute from,Gandhara (Present day- Af-Pak)
o Persian control for two centuries
o Sub Continent supplied soldiers to the Persian
Army for 2nd Persian invasion of Greece (480-479
BCE)
o Under Persian rule the famous University of Ancient
Taxila became a center where both Vedic and
Persian learning mingled
o Alexander's conquest of Persia in 327 BCE
GREEK INVASION
o By 326 BCE, Alexander conquered Asia Minor
and the Persian Empire /Present day Punjab
o Alexander defeated King Porus @ (Now Jhelum)
He was impressed by the demeanor with which the
king carried himself that he allowed Porus to
continue governing his own kingdom
o Nanda army was five times larger than the Macedonian
army
o His army, mutinied at the (modern Beas River) and refused
to march further East
o His general Coenus, convinced him to return
MAURYA EMPIRE
(322–185 BCE)
o The Empire unified most of the subcontinent
was the largest empire ever to exist on the
Indian subcontinent
o The empire was established by
Chandragupta Maurya assisted by Chanakya
Kautilya (Modern Bihar)
 200-320 CE
TRADE & TRAVELS TO SUB CONTINENT
o Spice trade attracted traders from all over to sub continent
o Kerala-a major spice trade center - as early as 3,000 BC
o Jewish traders from Judea arrived -562 BC
o Thomas the Apostle sailed to sub continent in 1st century CE and
established Churches
o Silk Road transmission of Buddhism in the 1st or 2nd century CE
o Chinese travellers and monks to enter India
o Indian merchants involved in spice trade took Indian cuisine to Southeast
Asia (spice mixtures & curries became popular with native)
o Roman-India Trade routes.
o Greek and Indian ships met to trade at Arabian ports -Aden
o 1000AD, the sea routes to India controlled by the Indians-Ethiopians -
trading power of the Red Sea
 320 650 AD
GUPTA EMPIRE – GOLDEN AGE
o United India in Gupta Empire (320–550 AD)
o The period of science, technology,engineering,art,
literature ,logic,mathematics,astronomy,religion,
and philosophy- Hindu culture
o The Arab-Indian numeral system, a positional
numeral system, originated in Arab brought to
India and later transmitted to the West through the
Arabs
o Hindu numerals had only 9 symbols, till 600 to
800CE, when a symbol for zero was developed for
the numeral system
CONT…

o The high points of this cultural creativity are

magnificent architecture, sculpture, and painting
o The Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to
legitimize their rule, and patronized Buddhism
o The latter Guptas successfully resisted the
northwestern kingdoms till the arrival of
the Alchon Huns,(Central Asian Nomads) -
established in Afghanistan by the first half of the
5th century-capital at Bamiyan
 EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD
650–1200 AD
o The conquest of the Indian subcontinent by
Muslims
o After conquering Persia, the Arab Umayyad
Caliphate incorporated Sindh & Multan,along with
parts of (now) Afghanistan-720 CE
o Brahmin dynasty-Rai Dynasty-Chach of
Alor downed to the Arab-Muhammad bin Qasim
o Defeating the last Hindu monarch of Sindh, Raja
Dahir
 GHAZNAVID DYNASTY
(977–1186)
o Sultan Mehmood became king of Ghazani in 997AD
o He conducted 17 raids in India
o The most famous was raid of Somnath in 1025
o Death of Mehmood in 1030,decline of dynasty
started but dynasty ruled for another 150 years
o Earned criticism of Hindu writers ,they termed him
barbarian
o Muslim writers termed him “champion of Islam ”
MUSLIM RULE IN THE SUB-
CONTINENT, ITS
DOWNFALL AND EFFORTS
FOR RENAISSANCE
 GHAURID
DYNASTY(879–1215)
o The Ghaznavid dynasty in sub-continent did
not endure
o By 1040 their rule primarily remained
confined to Ghazni
o Shahab ud din Ghauri captured throne of
Ghazni in 1174
o In 1186 ,by defeating last Ghaznavid king
Khusru Malik brought an end to Ghaznavid
dynasty
EXPANSION OF MUSLIM POWER

o Muhammad Ghauri was first Muslim ruler who

moved across the rivers of the Punjab
o The Battles of Tarain, fought in 1191 and 1192 near
the town of Tarain (14 Km to Heryana)
o Ghauri’s v/s Rajputs led by Prithvi Raj Chauhan
o Ghauri was defeated in 1st battle but won the 2nd
o Appointed Qutub din Aibak as Governor
o With the advent of Ghauri until 1857 ,there was
always a Muslim on the throne of Delhi
 DELHI SULTANATE 1206-1526

o Slave/Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)

o Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)

o Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1412)

o Sayyed Dynasty(1414-1451)

o Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)

 SLAVE DYNASTY
(1206-1290)
o Qutb ud din Aibak -the founder, TURKS by origin
o Established first Muslim rule in Delhi
o Succeeded by son in law shams ud din
iltutmish & he was succeeded by his daughter
“Razia Sultana”(1236)- 1st Muslim female ruler
(sub-continent)-murdered in 1240
o Threats from Khilji’s & Qabacha of Multan
 SLAVE DYNASTY
(1206-1290)
o Ghias ud Din Balban ,a Turkish slave
o He effectively restored law & order
collapsed during his predecessor
o Faced threat from rising power of
Mongols
o Death of Balban was decline of slave
dynasty
 KHILJI DYNASTY
(1290-1320)
o Founded by Jalal ud Din Khilji, ascended to
power at the age of 70
o Succeeded by nephew Alaudin Khilji
o 1st Muslim ruler who conquered central &
southern India
o Mongols posed serious threat ,fought number
of battles against Mongols
o Alaudin died in 1316 & Mubark Shah last ruler
 TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
(1320-1412)
o Ghias ud Din Tughlaq was founder
o Ruled for 5 years, killed by his own
son
o Taimur’s invasion jolted Tughlaq
dynasty
o Blood & Iron Policy - Bismark
SAYYED DYNASTY(1414-1451)
LODHI DYNASTY (1451-1526)
o Founded by Khizar khan who was nominee of
Timor to rule Delhi
o Shah Alam was the last ruler of Sayyed
dynasty
o Bahlol Lodhi founded LODHI DYNASTY,
succeeded by Sikandar Lodhi
o Ibrahim Lodhi was last ruler defeated by
Babur in 1526-End of Delhi Sultanate
 MUGHAL
DYNASTY(1526-1857)
o Founded by Chugtai Turk Prince –Babur
o Secured control of Punjab
o Defeated Lodhi at Panipat -1526
o At his death (1530) he controlled all of
northern India
o Humayun lost control of the empire to Afghan
armies in 1540 but recaptured in 1555
2ND WAR OF PANIPAT
o The Battle of Khanwa was fought near the
village of Khanwa, in Bharatpur District of
Rajasthan, on March 16, 1527
o between Mughal Emperor Babur and the
Rajput forces of Rana Sanga of Mewar, after
the Battle of Panipat.
o consolidated the new Mughal dynasty in India
SHEER SHAH SURI
o Sheer Shah Suri 1538 to 1545
o Islam Shah Suri
o Sikinder Shah Suri
o The Battle of Sirhind was fought between the
Mughal Empire and the Suri Empire in 1555.
o Restoration of Mughal Empire
 MUGHAL DYNASTY
(1526-1857)
o Akbar defeated Hindu usurper Hemu Baqal in
1556 & re-established dynasty in India
o Akbar reestablished & reconsolidated the
Mughal empire
o At Akbar’s death in 1605 ,the empire extended
from Afghanistan to the Bay of Bengal &
southward to Gujarat & the Northern Deccan
o Jahangir was another successful ruler
 MUGHAL DYNASTY
(1526-1857)
o Shah Jahan had passion for construction
of buildings, his era touched cultural
excellence
o Death of Aurangzeb 1707
o Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to
Rangoon ,died in 1862
 CAUSES OF THE
DECLINE OF MUSLIM
RULE IN INDIA

DOWN FALL
INTERNAL FACTORS
1. Wars of successions
2. Internal conspiracies
3. Moral decadence
4. Demoralized & insufficient army
5. Absence of naval power
6. Rise of independent dynasties
7. Rise of Marhatas & Sikhs
 INTERNAL FACTORS
1.Wars of Succession
o Led to the decline of Mughal Empire
o Mughals failed to develop law of succession,
hence paved way for wars of succession
o Resulted into bitterness, loss of money &
prestige of empire
2.Incompetent successors of Aurangzeb
o Death of Aurangzeb in 1707
o Successors were not competent to administer the
vast empire
INTERNAL FACTORS
3.INTERNAL CONSPIRACIES
o Internal conspiracies eroded the administrative
fabric
o Mughal court divided on sectarian ,ethnic &
religious considerations (Shia vs Sunni, Persians
vs Afghans & Muslims vs Hindus)
o Instead of paying attention to external threats
time & energy primarily consumed on
countering collusions
INTERNAL FACTORS
4.Moral decadence
o Mughal nobility fond of pleasure seeking,
lacked strength of character
o Emerged as ease loving & cowardly
5. Financial constraints
o Wars of succession, rebellions & luxurious
living style pushed the empire to financial
bankruptcy
INTERNAL FACTORS
6.Demoralized Army
o One of the prime reason of decline was demoralized
army
o Low morale, weak command structure, training &
discipline
o Outdated equipments
o Contingents maintained by different nobles (Mansab
Dari System)
o Military weakness provided opportunity to British
imperialist to exploit
INTERNAL FACTORS

7.Absence of Naval power

o Mughals had no Navy, had small
ships,no match for well equipped ships
of foreign traders
o French & British both exploited
8.Rise of Marhathas & Sikhs
o Marhathas & Sikhs staged rebellion &
challenged the Mughals
INTERNAL FACTORS
9.Rise of Independent Dynasties
o Aurangzeb extended empire from Afghanistan
to Assam, from Kashmir to Mysore
o Difficult for one ruler to administer
o Later Deccan ,Bengal ,Bihar & Orissa declared
independence
o It proved loss of revenue & exposed the
weakness of empire
EXTERNAL
FACTORS
EXTERNAL FACTORS
1.Rise of British
o British landed as traders
o Trade activities converted into political
activities
o War of Plassey 1757 & defeat of Nawab
Siraj ud Daula laid foundation of British
rule in India
o After failed War Of Independence ,the
British formally became rulers of India
EXTERNAL FACTORS
2.Incursion of Nadir Shah
o In 1738 Persian King Nadir shah
invaded Delhi, defeated Muhammad
Shah
o Slaughtered local people & looted
wealth
2.Attack by Ahmad Shah Abdali
o 1748-61 five attacks staged by
Ahmad Shah Abdali
AHMED SHAH DURRANI (ABDALI)
o 3rd battle of Panipat b/w Durrani's Afghan forces
& Maratha forces in January 1761, a decisive
Durrani victory.
o This brought Punjab till north of Sutlej river
under Afghan control
o Ahmad Shah Durrani vacated Delhi soon after
the battle
NOW
MOVEMENTS BY
1. MUSLIM REFORMIST
MOVEMENTS

2. HINDU REFORMIST
MOVEMENTS
MOVEMENTS FOR REFORMS
1. Religious Reformist Movements
I. Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi,
II. Shah Waliullah
III. Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed
2. Educational Reformist Movements
I. Aligarh
II. Deoband
III. Nadwaht ul Ulema
IV. Other educational institutions
a. Sindh Madrassah ul Islam
b. Islamia College Peshawar
3. Political Reformist Movements
I. Khlafat Movement
II. Pakistan Movement
HINDU REFORMIST
MOVEMENTS

BACK
GROUND
HINDU REFORMIST
MOVEMENTS
1.Barhamu Samaj
2.Aryia Samaj
3.Shudhi
4.Dev Samaj
5.Prathna Samaj
6.Bhagti Movement
1.BRAHMO SAMAJ
o The Brahmo Samaj was a Social and Religious
movement founded in Kolkata in 1828 by Raja Ram
Mohan Roy
o no faith in any scripture as an authority and in
Avatars
o Denounce polytheism and idol-worship and are
against caste restrictions
o Make faith in the doctrines of Karma and Rebirth
optional
o The Brahmo Samaj movement resulted in the Brahmo
religion in 1850 founded by Debendranath Tagore
2.ARYA SAMAJ
• A monotheistic Hindu reform movement in
1875 at Bombay
• Sannyasin (ascetic),believer of infallible
authority of the Vedas
• Claimed that Vedas unambiguously
advocate monotheism
• Emphasizes the doctrine of karma and
reincarnation, the ideals of brahmacharya
(chastity) and sanyasa (renunciation)
 3.SHUDDHI
o Shuddhi - Sanskrit for purification, A worship /converting to
Hinduism
o The socio-political movement- early 1900s,
o Philosophy was Sangathan consolidation aspect of
Hinduism
o Shuddhi had a social reform agenda
o Aimed abolishing the practice of untouchability by
converting outcasts from other religions to Hinduism
o Integrating them into the mainstream community by
elevating their position, instilling self-confidence in them.
o The movement strove to reduce the conversions of
Hindus to Islam and Christianity, which were
underway at the time
o In 1923, Swami Shraddhanand founded the
'Bhartiya Hindu Shuddhi Mahasabha' (Indian
Hindu Purification Council)
o The agenda of reconversion forcefully,
o Eventually created a flashpoint between Hindus
and Muslims as Muslims were the recipients of
the violence
o Many Christians were re-converted to Hinduism
o Northern India this movement faced stiff opposition
from Islamic organizations
4.PRATHNA SAMAJ
• 1867 Bombay
• Dr.Atma Ram was founder
• Modern education and diluting the
effect of Christian missionaries
• Social Development
• Widow remarry, importance to lower
cast, against cast system
5.DEV SAMAJ
• 1882 Lahore
• Sita Nandagani was founder
• Focused on Materialistic
development
• Social development
• Theme was Science and
Modern education
6. BHAKTI MOVEMENT 800 - 1700 AD.

 Bhakti movement is responsible for the many rites and

rituals associated with Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs
 "The word bhakti is derived from Bhakta meaning to
serve, honour, revere, love and adore.
 In the religious idiom, it is attachment or fervent
devotion "that particular affection generated by the
knowledge of the attributes of the Adorable One.
 " The concept is traceable to the Vedas The word occurs
for the first time in the Upanisads where it appears with
the co-doctrines of “Grace and Self Surrender”
( Heritage of the Sikhs, Harbans Singh)
CNT…
• The history of the movement goes back to
the time of reformer Shankracharya who
gave Hinduism a solid philosophical
background
• Kabir’s teachings had great influence in
the Punjab, the movement in the Punjab
was led by Guru Nanak and his nine
successors
• The message of love and devotion to
divinity was spread among the people of
the Punjab for ten generations
EFFORTS FOR
RENAISSANCE
 MUSLIM
REFORMIST
MOVEMENTS

BY MUSLIMS
REFORMIST MOVEMENT
o A kind of social movement that aims to :
o Make gradual change, or change in certain
aspects of society, rather than rapid or
fundamental changes
o Reformists' ideas are often grounded in
liberalism, socialist or religious or personal
transformation,(Mahatma Gandhi's spinning
wheel and the self-sustaining village economy-
mode of social change concepts)
o Movements in response may, attempt to put
things back as were before
SHEIKH AHMAD SIRHINDI

MUJADAD ALF SANI

"THE REVIVER OF 2ND
MILLENNIUM"
BRIEF LIFE HISTORY
1. Birth 26th June 1564, Sirhind in East Punajb
2. Named Ahmed and title was Badr-ul-Dir,S/o Sheikh
Abdul Ahad lineage to Hazrat Umer Farooq RA
3. Journey to Agra and met with Fazl and Faizi
4. Journey to Delhi and met with Hazrat Khawaja
Baqi Billah
5. Died in 10th December 1624 in Sirhind
6. Most of the Naqshbandi suborders -
Mujaddidi, Saifi, Tahiri, Qasimiya and Haqqani sub-
orders, trace their spiritual lineage through Sirhindi
SITUATION AT THE
TIME OF MUJADID
1. Sulah e Kul and Universalism (as said by Nehru“The
Discovery of India”)
2. Riba, Gambling, Bribery, and Sharab was common
3. Ban on rituals
4. Sources of law were changed from divine to man
made
5. Hindu festivals and culture adopted by the king
WORKS OF MUJADAD
1. His work in reviving Islam and opposing the dissident opinions
prevalent in the time of Mughal emperor Akbar
2. Maktoobat (3 Volumes, Research and Ijtehad, His complete
work and philosophy of life, faith and religion)
3. Asbat un Nabooh (Logic and reason, need of prophet and
diving knowledge, at the age of 18)
4. Risala e Tahleelia (Israr e Tauheed and La ilaha, against
Akbar’s Bida’at
5. Sharah Ruba’iat (Tafseer of Rubaiat of Baqi Billah)
6. Mabd au Muaad (Khawaja Baqi Billah and about Naqshbandi
Silsala
7. Maaraf ud Dunya (Maarafat e Ilahi, Slook o Tareeqat,
Shariah and Tassawuf)
8. "what is outside the path shown by the prophet is forbidden."
QUOTATION
“Sheikh Ahmad is such a light which will
illuminate the whole world”
Hazrat Khwaja Baqi Billah

“The Maktubat of Sirhindi came to

replace the focus of Ibn e Arabi as a text
for study and meditation”
Hamid Algar (Malaysia)
SERVICE TO ISLAM

1. Origin of Concept of Wahdatul Shahood

(oneness of appearance) against Mohayyudin
Ibn-e-Arabi’s concept Wahdat ul Wajood
(Pantheism)
2. Efforts against Bhakti Movement and Deen-e-
Ilahi
o The Bhakti movement – a religious
movement in which the main spiritual
practice is loving devotion
SHAH WALI
ULLAH
QUTBUDDIN
EARLY LIFE
o 21st February 1703 in Moza Phalat near
Delhi S/o Abdul Rahim founder of Madrassa
Rahimia
o Pedigree leads up to Hazrat Umer RA from
father’s side and to Imam Musa Kazim AS
from mother’s side
EDUCATIONAL AND
RELIGIOUS SERVICES
o Persian Translation of Holy Quran to
answer questions of Christian Missionaries
o Al Fauz al Kabir, Muqadima Fe
Tarjumatul Quran, Hajjatul hil balagha,
Shahrah al Mustafa, Shahrah al
Musawa, Insaf-e-Biyan Fe Sabab Ul
Ikhtilaf, Aqd ul Iayad Fe Ihkam ul Ijtihad
ul Talqid, Tafhemat Ilahi, Izaalatul Khifaa
SOCIAL AND
POLITICAL SERVICES
1. Ending of Social Evils
2. Reformation of Islamic Society
3. Invitation to Ahmed Shah Abdali to crush
Marhatas and ….
4. Formation of Majlis-e-Muntazima
5. Representation of Unity of Islamic World
6. Opposition of Sectarianism
4 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
1. Production of wealth, consumption of wealth,
distribution of wealth, exchange of wealth
2. The whole nation is participant in the production of
wealth, so it should be distributed in the whole
nation
3. Shah waliullah stressed on the creation of a party
on such principles which will end the outmoded
system and built a new system which ensures the
development of society as a whole
4. That economic system in which all the people are
equal no single person or specific class can get hold
of the resources
5. He narrated “Equality is better in economics than
giving priority to one group over other”
4 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
1. First principle is that people living in specific
geographic boundaries has the right over the
resources of that area
2. Second principle is that everybody has the
right to have limited owner ship as the abilities
of every individual are different, Not that the
whole nation should have same clothing, food
and houses
3. Third principle is that any practice which
concentrates wealth in certain hands will not
be tolerated and the system will oppose it
4. Fourth principle is that such a balance should
be maintained in these factors that society
develop as a whole
EFFECT OF
TEACHINGS
o Imprisonment by Jehangir in Gwaliar for one
year but later received Khilat-e-Fakhira and
1000 rupees
o Jehangir instead of Khusro
o Differentiation of Kurf and Islam (Ram and
Rahman)
o Dominance of Islam
o Opposing United Nationhood
o Advise on Shariat
o Shariat’s superiority to Mysticism
CONT….

o Promotion of Mystic Chain

o Reforming Scholars and Mystics
o Opposition of Bidaat
o Reformation through Documents
o Starting of two-nation theory
o Reformation of Society and true spirit of
Islam was spread
QUOTATIONS
“Kashf and revelation get value through the
book of Allah and Sunnah and not through
wajd”
“If Muslims want to live as a nation than
they have to quit the talk of shirk and Bidat
and stay separate from Hindus
“Islam would become observed in the soil of
and would be destroyed like Buddhism and
other religion which have been absorbed in
Hinduism”
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING
TOWARDS SPREAD OF ISLAM
o Arrival of missionaries & mystics
o Inter marriages
o Equality and Justice
o Liberation from caste system
o Sufi mystic Islam
o Invaders
o Refugees / Settlers
o Sufi Mystic
o Service Gentry
THANK YOU
Rise and Fall of Muslim rule in
India
Ghaznavid Dynasty (977–1186)
• Sultan Mehmood became king of Ghazani in 997.
• He conducted 17 raids in India
• The most famous was raid of Somnath in 1025
• Death of Mehmood in 1030 ,decline of dynasty
started but dynasty ruled for another 150 years
• Earned criticism of Hindu writers ,they termed him
barbarian
• Muslim writers termed him “champion of Islam ”
 Ghaurid Dynasty(879–1215)
• The Ghaznavid dynasty in sub-continent
did not endure
• By 1040 their rule primarily remained
confined to Ghazni
• Shahab ud din Ghauri captured throne of
Ghazni in 1174
• In 1186 ,by defeating last Ghaznavid king
Khusru Malik brought an end to
Ghaznavid dynasty
 Expansion of Muslim power
• Muhammad Ghauri was first Muslim ruler who
moved across the rivers of the Punjab
• The Battles of Tarain, also known as the Battles
of Taraori, were fought in 1191 and 1192 near the
town of Tarain
• In between Ghauri’s & army of Rajputs led by
Prithvi Raj Chauhan
• In 1st battle Ghauri was defeated but won the 2nd
• Expanded his rule ,appointed Qutub din Aibak as
Governor
• With the advent of Ghauri until 1857 ,there was
always a Muslim on the throne of Delhi
DELHI SULTANATE 1206-1526
• Slave or Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)
• Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)
• Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1412)
• Sayyed Dynasty(1414-1451)
• Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)
 Slave Dynasty (1206-1290)

• Qutb ud din Aibak was the founder, by

origin TURKS
• Established first Muslim rule in Delhi
• Aibak was succeeded by son in law
Shams ud din iltutmish & he was
succeeded by his daughter “Razia
Sultana”(1236)- 1st Muslim female ruler
(sub-continent)-murdered in 1240
• Threats from Khilji’s & Qabacha of Multan
 Slave Dynasty (1206-1290)

• Ghias ud Din Balban ,a Turkish slave

• He effectively restored law & order,
collapsed during his predecessor
• Faced threat from rising power of Mongols
• Death of Balban was decline of slave
dynasty
 Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)

• Founded by Jalal ud Din Khilji, ascended to

power at the age of 70
• Succeeded by nephew Alaudin Khilji
• First Muslim ruler who conquered central &
southern India
• Mongols posed serious threat ,fought
number of battles against Mongols
• Alaudin died in 1316
• Mubark Shah last ruler
 Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1412)
• Ghias ud Din Tughlaq was founder
• Ruled for 5 years, killed by his own son
• Taimur’s invasion jolted Tughlaq dynasty
 Sayyed Dynasty(1414-1451)
Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)
• Founded by Khizar khan who was
nominee of Timor to rule Delhi
• Shah Alam was the last ruler of Sayyed
dynasty
• Bahlol Lodhi founded Lodhi dynasty,
succeeded by Sikandar Lodhi
• Ibrahim Lodhi was last ruler defeated by
Babur in 1526
• It proved end of Delhi Sultanate
 Mughal Dynasty(1526-1857)
• Founded by Chugtai Turk Prince –Babur
• Secured control of Punjab
• Defeated Lodhi at Panipat -1526
• At his death (1530) he controlled all of
northern India
• Humayun lost control of the empire to
Afghan armies led by “Suri” in 1540 but
recaptured in 1555.
 Mughal Dynasty(1526-1857)
• Akbar defeated Hindu usurper Hemu in
1556 & reestablished dynasty in India
• Akbar reestablished & reconsolidated the
Mughal empire
• At Akbar’s death in 1605 ,the empire
extended from Afghanistan to the Bay of
Bengal & southward to Gujarat & the
Northern Deccan
• Jahangir was another successful ruler
 Mughal Dynasty(1526-1857)
• Shah Jahan had passion for construction
of buildings, his era touched cultural
excellence
• Death of Aurangzeb 1707
• Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to
Rangoon ,died in 1862
 Internal Factors
• Wars of successions
• Internal intrigues
• Moral decadence
• Demoralized & insufficient army
• Absence of naval power
• Rise of independent dynasties
• Rise of Marhatas & Sikhs
 Internal Factors
• Wars of Succession
I. Led to the decline of Mughal Empire
II.Mughals failed to develop law of succession,
hence paved way for wars of succession
III.Resulted into bitterness, loss of money &
prestige of empire
• Incompetent successors of Aurangzeb
I. Death of Aurangzeb in 1703
II.Successors were not competent to administer
the vast empire
 Internal Factors
• Internal intrigues
i. Internal intrigues eroded the administrative
fabric
ii. Mughal court divided on sectarian ,ethnic
& religious considerations( Shia vs. Sunni,
Persians vs. Afghans & Muslims vs.
Hindus)
iii.Instead of paying attention to external
threats time & energy primarily consumed
on countering intrigues
 Internal Factors
• Moral decadence
i. Mughal nobility fond of pleasure seeking,
lacked strength of character
ii. Emerged as ease loving & cowardly
 Financial constraints
i. Wars of succession, rebellions &
luxurious living style pushed the empire
to financial bankruptcy
 Internal Factors
• Demoralized Army
i. One of the prime reason of decline was
demoralized army
ii. Low morale, weak command structure,
training & discipline
iii. Outdated equipments
iv. Contingents maintained by different nobles
v. Military weakness provided opportunity to
British imperialist to exploit
 Internal Factors
• Absence of Naval power
i. Mughals had no Navy, had small ships
,no match for well equipped ships of
foreign traders
ii. French & British both exploited
• Rise of Marhathas & Sikhs
i. Marhathas & Sikhs staged rebellion &
challenged the Mughals
 Internal Factors
• Rise of Independent Dynasties
i. Aurangzeb extended empire from
Afghanistan to Assam, from Kashmir to
Mysore
ii. Difficult for one ruler to administer
iii. Later Deccan ,Bengal ,Bihar & Orissa
declared independence
iv. It proved loss of revenue & exposed the
weakness of empire
 External Factors
• Rise of British
i. British landed as traders
ii. Trade activities converted into political
activities
iii.War of Plassey 1757 & defeat of Nawab
Siraj ud Daula laid foundation of British
rule in India
iv.After failed war of independence ,the
British formally became rulers of India
 External Factors
• Incursion of Nadir Shah
i. In 1738 Persian King Nadir shah invaded
Delhi, defeated Muhammad Shah
ii. Slaughtered local people & looted wealth
• Attack by Ahmad Shah Abdali
i. 1748-61 five attacks staged by Ahmad
Shah Abdali
 Factors contributing towards
spread of Islam
• Arrival of missionaries & mystics
• Inter marriages
• Equality
• Justice
• Liberation from caste system
Muslim Reformist Movements
Mujadad Alf Sani

Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi

 Brief Life History
• Birth 26th June 1564, Sirhind in East Punajb.
Named Ahmed and title was Badr-ul-Dir
• S/o Sheikh Abdul Ahad uptio Hazrat Umer
Farooq
• Read Quran, Hadith and Fiqh from father and
Maulana Kamal and Maulana Yaqub Kashmiri
• Journey to Agra and met with Fazl and Faizi
• Journey to Delhi and met with Hazrat Khawaja
Baqi Billah Bairang
• Died in 10th December 1624 in Sirhin
 WORKS OF MUJADAD
• Maktoobat (3 Volumes, Research and Ijtehad, His
complete work and philosophy of life, faith and
religion)
• Asbat un Nabooh (Is logic and reason enough, need of
prophet and diving knowledge, at the age of 18)
• Risala e Tahleelia (Israr e Tauheed and La ilaha,
against Akbar’s Bida’at
• Sharah Ruba’iat (Tafseer of Rubaiat of Baqi Billah)
• Mabd au Muaad (Khawaja Baqi Billah and about
Naqshbandi Silsala
• Maaraf ud Dunya (Maarafat e Ilahi, Slook o Tareeqat,
Shariah and Tassawuf)
 Quotation
Hazrat Khwaja Baqi Billah predicted
“Sheikh Ahmad is such a light which will
illuminate the whole world”

Hamid Algar (Malaysia)

“The Maktubat of Sirhindi came to replace
the focus of Ibn e Arabi as a text for study
and meditation”
 Service to Islam
• Origin of Concept of Wahdatul Shahood
against Mohayyudin Ibn-e-Arabi’s concept
• Efforts against Bhakti Movement and
Deen-e-Ilahi
• The Bhakti movement is a Hindu religious
movement in which the main spiritual
practice is loving devotion among the
Vaishnava saints.
 Situation at the time of Mujadid
• Sulah e Kul and Univeralism (Nehru “The Discovery of India”)
• Shaitan Purah
• Riba, Gambling, Bribery, and Sharab as Halal
• Ban on Salat and Hajj
• Eating allowed in Ramzan,
• Various Mosques were demolished
• Sources of law were changed from Quran, Hadith and
Sunnah
• Jinn o Malaik, Karamaat were declared flase
• Azaab e Qabar declared as false
• Hindu festivals and cluture adopted by the king
• No repsect given to Sahaba , Tabiin and Saleheen
 Bhakti Movement
• The history of the movement goes back to the time of
great reformer Shankracharya who gave Hinduism a
solid philosophical background. But the movement
became popular in the middle ages. Chaitanya led the
movement in the east( modern Uttar Pradesh), Tuka
Ram, Nam Dev and Tirlochan in the Central India,
Sadna, Pipa, Mirabai, Tulsi Das and above all Kabir
were its leaders in the north. Kabir’s teachings had great
influence in the Punjab, but actually the movement in the
Punjab was led by Guru Nanak and his nine successors.
The message of love and devotion to god was spread
among the people of the Punjab for ten generations. This
intense and organized propaganda of the Bhakti cult by
the Sikh Gurus led to the foundation of a community of
Bhaktas known as the Sikhs.
 Quotation
• “To consider Ram and Rehman as one is
stupidity because creator cannot be one
with its creation”
 Reformation Efforts
• Transfer of Kingdom to Prince Saleem
(Jehangir)
• Connection with Dignitaries specially with
Ameer Nawab Jahan Khan
“You can add the abiding by of Shariat in your
services and do the work of prophets which
will exalt the religion. Begars like us cannot
reach anywhere near you even if we try for
yers with our lives”
• Imprisonment by Jehangir in Gwaliar for
one year but later received Khilat-e-
Fakhira and 1000 rupess
• Promotion of Naqshbandia Chain
• Reformin Scholars and Mystics
• Oppsition of Bidaat
• Reformation through Documents
• Starting of two-nation theory
• Concept of Government (Amir Sheikh
Farid Bukhari
“The position of a king is the same as that of
the heart in the body, if the heart is pure the
body will be pure and if the heart is not pure
how can the body be pure.”
 Effect of Teachings
• Jehangir instead of Khusro
• Differentiation of Kurf and Islam (Ram and
Rahman, Kaaba and Kaashi, Quran and
Paran)
• Dominance of Islam
• Opposing United Nationnhood
• Advise on Shariat
• Shariat’s superirority to Myticism
 Quotations
• “Kashf and revelation get value through the book
of Allah and Sunnah and not through wajd”
• “If Muslims want to live as a nation than they
have to quit the talk of shirk and Bidat and stay
separate from Hindus. If the awareness of
separate national identity is not awakened in
Muslims than it is feared that they would be
swept away with the flood of combined
nationhood. Islam would become observed in
the soil of and would be destroyed like
Buddhism and other religion which have been
absorbed in Hinduism”
Shah Wali Ullah

Qutbuddin
 Early Life
• 21st February 1703 in Moza Phalat near
Delhi
• S/o Abdul Rahim founder of Madrassa
Rahimia
• Pedigree leads up to Hazrat Umer from
father’s side and to Imam Musa Kazim
from mother’s side
Educational and Religious Services
• Persian Translation of Holy Quran to
answer questions of Christian Missionaries
• Al Fauz al Kabir, Muqadima Fe Tarjumatul
Quran, Hajjatul hil balagha, Shahrah al
Mustafa, Shahrah al Musawa, Insaf-e-
Biyan Fe Sabab Ul Ikhtilaf, Aqd ul Iayad
Fe Ihkam ul Ijtihad ul Talqid, Tafhemat
Ilahi, Izaalatul Khifaa
 Social and Political Services
• Ending of Social Evils
• Reformation of Islamic Society
• Invitation to Ahmed Shah Abdali and
formation of Majlis-e-Muntazima
• Representation of Unity of Islamic World
• Opposition of Sectarianism
• Revolutionary Legislature for Islam
 Shah Waliullah’s four basic principles of
economics
• Shah Waliullah has discussed about the four basic principles of
economics; such as Production of wealth, consumption of wealth,
distribution of wealth, exchange of wealth.
The whole nation is participant in the production of wealth, so it
should be distributed in the whole nation. He established the
principles for distribution of wealth among people as well as the
values that how the wealth should be consumed. That economic
system is successful which establishes the principles for these four
branches.

• The first principle is that people living in specific geographic

boundaries has the right over the resources of that area. That
economic system in which all the people are equal no single person
or specific class can get hold of the resources. He has narrated
Hazrat Abu Bakkar Siddique in Aizaalatul Khifa “Equality is better in
economics than giving priority to one group over other.
 Shah Waliullah’s four basic principles of
economics
• Second principle is that everybody has the right to have
limited owner ship as the abilities of every individual are
different. Not that the whole nation should have same
clothing, food and houses.
• Third principle is that any practice which concentrates
wealth in certain hands will not be tolerated and the
system will oppose it.
• Fourth principle is that such a balance should be
maintained in these factors that society develop as a
whole.
Shah waliullah stressed on the creation of a party on
such principles which will end the outmoded system and
built a new system which ensures the development of
society as a whole.
Aligarh Movement

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

 Early Life
• 17th October, 1817 to Syed Muhammad Muttaqi
• Joined East India Company in 1836 in the office of
Commissioner of Agra and soon promoted as sub-judge
• In 1857 saved 20 British Families and was made Sadr-
us-Sadoor
• In 1869 along with Syed Mehmood went to England and
wrote Khutbat-e-Ahmadia
• In 1878 Lord Dalton nominated him Member of Imperial
Council
• In 1887 Lord Defren made him Member of Civil Service
Commission
• Died in 1898 in Ali Garh
 RESOURCE FOR ALIGARH
• HAYAT E JAVAID BY HALI
• Writings and Speeches of Sir Syed
compiled by Shan Muhammad
 MAO College and AliGarh
• There are three myths about the Aligarh movement: it was simply a movement for
education, Aligarh Muslim University IS the movement, and that the movement is long
dead. Syed Ahmed Khan’s concerns, visions, and efforts for the Indian Muslims came to be
later known as the Aligarh Movement but it was not simply a movement to make Muslims
learn Western education or even the establishment of a university. It was a movement to
give mission to a community that seemed to have lost its bearing in the fast-changing
world, to prepare them for new challenges, and give them new tools to connect back to
their religion and history. Incredibly, Muslims of India still face these issues and the need
for Aligarh movement is still alive.

• Rarely history offers such a sharp divide as in 1857 when medieval India came to a close
and a modern India emerged from the ruins. Syed Ahmed understood the new power and
new rules that will shape the future of India. British saw Muslims as a threat and a
challenge to the British rule in India. They held Muslims responsible for the brutal 1857 war
between British and Indian forces. In this situation Muslim centers of learning and culture in
North India were uprooted or abandoned. At that time Syed Ahmad was in the employment
of the British. He wrote “Asbab-e-baghawat-e-hind” (The Causes of the Indian Revolt) to
show that events of 1857 was a result of British high-handedness in India and not a
conspiracy by the Muslim feudal elites. It was an attempt to tell the rulers of India that we
understand that you are here to stay but we want to be a partner in this new system.
 Chronology of Sir Syed’s Efforts
Aligarh Movement
• 1859: Built Gulshan School in Muradabad.
• 1863: Set up Victoria School in Ghazipur.
• 1864: Set up the Scientific Society in Aligarh.
This society was involved in the translation of
English works into the native language.
• 1866: Aligarh Institute Gazette. This imparted
information on history; ancient and modern
science of agriculture, natural and physical
sciences and advanced mathematics.
• 1870: Committee Striving for the Educational
Progress of Muslims.
 Chronology of Sir Syed’s Efforts
Aligarh Movement
• 1875: Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental School (M.
A. O.), Aligarh, setup on the pattern of English
public schools. Later raised to the level of
college in 1877 and university in 1920.
• 1886: Muhammadan Educational Conference.
This conference met every year to take stock of
the educational problems of the Muslims and to
persuade them to get modern education and
abstain from politics. It later became the political
mouthpiece of the Indian Muslims and was the
forerunner of the Muslim League.
• MAO College Aligarh to Muslim University
 Objectives of Movement
• To protect Islam against the onslaught of Orientalists and to prove
that it was the one true religion;
• To remove the bitter enmity which had arisen between the Muslim
and the British for religious or political reasons and to establish
friendly relations between them;
• To reinterpret the teaching of Islam and bring them in harmony with
modern science and philosophy so that educated Muslims while
holding on to their religion, might take a rational and enlightened
view of life and meet the demands of the new age;
• To persuade Muslims to learn the English language and Western
sciences so that they might secure a substantial share in the
administration of the country.
• To maintain Urdu along with English as an associate official
language and to develop it through translations and original writings
 QUOTATIONS
• “Sir Saiyad was a prophet of education “ (Mahatma Gandhi)

• “The real greatness of the man (Sir Saiyad) consists in the fact
that he was the first Indian Muslim who felt the need of a fresh
orientation of Islam and worked for it’’ (Sir Allama Iqbal)
•

• “Sir Saiyad was an ardent reformer and he wanted to reconcile

modern scientific thought with religion by rationalistic
interpretations and not by attacking basic belief. He was
anxious to push new education. He was in no way communally
separatist. Repeatedly he emphasized that religious differences
should have no political and national significance”.
( Jawaharlal Nehru, Founder Prime Minister of India)
 Works of Sir Syed
• Abtal e Ghulami
• Ahkam Ta’am al-kitab
• Ain-E Akbari, 1855, Urdu
• Al Khutbat al Ahmadiya (1870), in reply to Muir''s "Life of
Mahomet"
• Aldua Wal Istajaba (1892), Urdu
• Asbabe Baghavate Hind (1858), Urdu
• Izalatul Ghain An Zulqurnain (1889), Urdu
• On Hunter's "Our Indian Musalmans", 1872 (Eng)
• Tabiyul Kalam Fi Tafsir Al-Taurat-o wal Injeel, 1862,
Urdu
• Asar al Sanadid
 Effects of Aligarh Movement
• Development of Western Education
• Establishment of Islamic Educational Institutes
• Economic Development of Muslims
• Political Leadership
– Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar, Maulana Shokat Ali,
Nawab Mehdi Khan (Mohsin-ul-Mulk), Nawab Wiqar-
ul-Mulk and Nawab Ishaq Khan, Liaquat Ali,
Nazimuddin
• Development of Urdu Language
• Role in Pakistan Movement
• Negative Effects of Aligarh Movement
 Aligarh Movement
 Political Aspect
 The causes of the Indian Revolt
(Admission of Indians to Legislative Councils
 Loyal Muhammadans of India
 Opposition to the Muslim
participation in the politics (Badruddin
Tayyabji).
 Muhammadan Educational Conference
 Two Nation Theory (Hindi-Urdu
Controversy, Larger community will over ride
the smaller community)
Aligarh Movement
 Educational Aspects
 Establishment of Schools
 Scientific Society
 Establishment of M.A.O School
 Establishment of M.A.O College
 Publication of Tahzeeb-ul-Akhlaq
Aligarh Movement
 Social Aspects
 Western Rationalism
 Preaching the Western Civilization
 Superstitions outlook
 Ahkam-e-Taam-e-Ahle-Kitab
 Muslim Orphan Houses
 Tafsir al Jinn Wal Jan ala mafi al Quran
(1891), Urdu
 Quotations
• Educate, Educate, Educate
Landmarks of the Pakistan Movement by
S.M.Burke
• “Hindus and Muslims are two
irreconcilable Nations” (While talking to
Altaf Hussain Hali)
• The British System of Election;Pure and
Simple is not suitable for india
• C.F. Andrews and Girja Mookerjee, The
Rise and Growth of the Congress in India
p 52
“Other men have written books and founded
colleges; but to arrest as with a wall, the
degeneration of a whole people, that is a
work of a prophet
 Quotations
• G.F.I. Graham The Life and Work of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
“One of his great characteristics is his untiring energy. In addition to
great breadth of views on question of national importance, he
posseses a power of work as regards minute details which is
astonishing. Up at 4 am he writes his newspaper articles, his books
and pamphlets- sees visitors, official and private – conducts the
onerous duties of the secretary ship to the College Committees not
only by dat, but not infrequently far into the night. His meals are
served in European style, and he is a rigid abstainer from all liquor
except Adam’s ale. The topics of conversation range from
discussions on metaphysics, religion, and politics to quotations from
Persian poets and humorous anecdotes. He is of middle height and
of massive build, weighing upwards of nineteen stone. He has a
hearty laugh and enjoys a joke as much as any man”
Dar-ul-Alum Deoband

Uttar Pardesh,India
 Background
• Madrassa e Rahimia
– Shah Muhammad Ishaq and Shah Abdul Ghani
– Shah Ghulam Ali and Shah Makhshooullah
• Corruption of Islam by British Colonialism
• Protection of Faith and Christian Missionaries
• Establishment of Dar-ul-Aloom Deoband
– The foundation of Darul Uloom Deoband was laid
down in 1283 A.H. (21st of May 1866 A.D.) beneath a
pomegranate tree
– Poper working on 3rd May, 1867 by a student
Mehmood-ul-Hasan and a teacher Maulvi Mohammad
Mehmood, Syed Abid Hussain
– Maulana Muhammad Qasim at 10 rupees/month
– Later became the second largest Islamic University
 Rise of Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband
• Efforts of Maulana Qasim and its
expansion
• In Muradabad, Saharan Pur, Nagina
• Later Jamia Millia Nawakhlian (Qasim-ul-
Aloom)
Basic Principles of Darul Aloom
• Principles were conceived by Maulana
Qasim Nanautvi
– Steps for collecting donations
– Permanent Residence for Students
– Coordination Among Teacher
– Educational Syllabus
– No Interference
– Donors and Preachers
– No permanent Income
Basic Principles of Darul Aloom
• The faculty instructed its students primarily
in Urdu, the lingua franca of the urbanised
section of the region, and supplemented it
with study of Arabic (for theological
reasons) and Persian (for cultural and
literary reasons. In due course, it also
unwittingly cemented the growing
association of the Urdu language with the
north Indian Muslim community
 Pattern of Education
• Deoband's curriculum is based on the 17th-century Indo-
Islamic syllabus known as Dars-e-Nizami. The core
curriculum teaches Islamic law (Shariah), Islamic
jurispridence (Fiqh), traditional Islamic spirituality (known
as Tasawwuf, which is the focus of Sufism), as well as
several other fields of Islamic study.[4][5]
• The current syllabus consists of four stages. The first
three stages can be completed in a total of eight years.
The final stage is a post-graduate stage where students
specialize in a number of advanced topics, such as the
sciences of Hadeeth, Fiqh and so on.
 Characteristics of Education in
Ali Garh
• MAO College was equipped with the above
philosophy. Tarbiyat of the students living in
Hostels were part of the duties of Principal and
Manager of Hostels. For Islamic and moral
education, Sir Saiyad created a position of Nazim-
e-Diniyaat for MAO College who was responsible
for Islamic and moral education of the students.
Dars-e-Quran was part of curriculum of the college
and every morning before the start of the class,
Allama Shibli Nomani used to give Dars-e-Quran
for about half hour from 1887 to 1895 and later on
the responsibility was handed over to Maulana
Abdullah Ansari, the founder Nazim-e-Diniyaat.
 Main Events
• Maulana Rasheed Ahmed Gangohi
tookover in 15th April, 1880
– Legitimacy regarding relations with non
Muslims
– Thus western Education also nourished
• Mehmood-ul-Hassan (Sheikhul Hind) in
1889 and Tehreek-e-Reshmi Romaal
• Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi in 1920 and
Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam
 Impact of Deoband School
• Many Islamic schools throughout modern India and
Pakistan - and more recently in Afghanistan, the United
Kingdom, South Africa - as well as in hundreds of other
places throughout the world are affiliated, or theologically
linked, to Darul Uloom Deoband. Famous seminaries
have been established by its graduates

• As the official website of the Darul Uloom proclaims in

flowery language, 'the whole of Asia is redolent with the
aroma of this Prophetic garden.'
 Notable Ulema
• Mehmood-ul-Hasan
• Anwar Shah Kashmiri
• Mufti Mohammad Naeem Ludihanavi
• Raees-ul-Ahrar Maulana Habib-ur-Rehman Ludihanavi
• Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
• Ubaidullah Sindhi
• Husain Ahmed Madani
• Ashraf Ali Thanwi
• Muhammad Shafi Uthmani (Mufti-e-Azam Pakistan)
• Qari Muhammad Tayaib Qasmi (President of Khatm-e-Nubuwwat
Movement Hong Kong,China).
• Muhammad Ilyas]] Kandhelvi
• Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi
• Nik Aziz Nik Mat (Chief Minister of Kelantan State, Malaysia)
• Allama Ghulam Mustafa Qasmi, Sindh, Pakistan
• Shaikhul Hadith Maulana Naseer Ahmad Khan Buland Shehri
 Notable Institutions
• Darul Uloom Deoband, Uttar Pradesh, India
• Darul-uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow, India
• Jamia Uloom ul Islamia(Binori Town), Karachi, Pakistan
• Darul Uloom Haqqania, Akora Khattak, Pakistan
• Jamia Ashrafia, Lahore, Pakistan
• Jamiah Rahmania Arabia Dhaka, Bangladesh
• Jamiah Darul Uloom Zahedan, Zahedan, Iran
• Darul Uloom London, London, England
• Darul Uloom Al-Madania, Buffalo, New York
• Darul Uloom Zakariyya, Lenasia, South Africa
 Recent Developments
• The Darul Uloom has expanded its activities and started
new departments during the last decades. In view of
great challenge from the Ahmadiyya
Movement (Qadiyanism), Darul Uloom convened the All
India Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat Conference and
established a special department to refute Qadiyanism. It
started the 'Shaikhul Hind Academy' for publishing
books, and training students in Urdu journalism. In 1996,
the Computer Department was opened, which was later
extended and an Internet Department also added. The
Darul Uloom has also introduced a two-year full-time
Diploma in English language and literature for students
wishing to pursue higher education in universities.
 Quotation
• Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan
“I have had relation with Darul Uloom since the
time the Shaikh-ul-Hind, Maulana Mehmud
Hasan, was alive. Sitting here, we used to
make plans for the independence movement,
as to how we might drive away the English
from this country and how we could make
India free from the yoke of slavery of the
British Raj. This institution has made great
efforts for the freedom of this country”
Comparison with Aligarh Movement
• Maulana Rasheed Gangoohi and Sir Syed
• Western vs. Orthodox education
• Educational Consciousness
• Political Philosophies
• Ideas on Two Nation Theory
• Role in Pakistan Movement
Nadwatul Ullama

Kanpur established in 1894

Then shifted to Lucknow
 Background
1. Gap between materialism and spiritualism
2. Role of Ceaser Vs Role of God
3. Isolation of Ulema from Practical life
4. To creat a middle path between classical Islam and modernity
5. It was founded at Kanpur in 1894 in the first annual
convention of Nadwatul Ulema ("Organisation of Scholars")
by Allama Shibli Nomani, Muhammad Ali Mongiri, Ashraf
Ali Thanwi and Mahmud-ul-Hasan, with an idea to counter
the challenge of western education
6. The institution was intended to be a modified version of
Deoband
7. The foundation stone was laid by Sir. John Briscott Hewitt, Lt.
Governor of India on November 28, 1906
8. Pioneer of the movement was Deputy Collector Maulvi Abdul
Ghafoor
9. In 1894 Maulvi Muhammad Ali Kanpuri was made its first
Administrator (Nazim)
 Why NADWA?
• The choice of the name Nadwa got inspiration
from a Hall in Mecca, where nobles used to
assemble to deliberate
• Nadwa was eventually shifted to Lucknow in
1898 (from Kanpur) and updated the Islamic
curricula with modern sciences, vocational
training etc
 Vision of the Founders
1. Moderate Education system and needs a reform

2. Principles or representative of all the Islamic Institutions (Madaaris) should

attend the annual convention of Nadwatul Ulema

3. A Federation of Madaaris should be formed so that all the madaaris should

come under one umbrella

4. To implement this scheme few large Madaaris should be started which will
act as a main Madrasah known as Nadwatul-Uloom and rest will be their
branches. Nadwatul-Uloom will keep an eye on the activities of the branches

5. Expansion of Madarsa Faiz-e-Aam with Hostel facility

6. Curriculum Reform (This was proposed by Shah Muhammad Husain

Allahabadi and seconded by Allama Shibli Nomani)
 Aims
1. To serve as a bridge between the Old World and the new but
firm and unbending in the matter of fundamentals.
2. Aimed at producing an educated class of Muslims well versed
in traditional learning and yet actively involved with the
ruling power
3. Sought to give Arabic, both modern and classical, a central
place in its system of education besides facilitating links with
Muslim West Asia
4. Safety of Islamic Society
5. Eliminating the Mutual Tension b/w Ulemas
6. Betterment of Indian Muslims
 Reaction of the Society
• Initially Opposition by both Muslims and Non
Muslims
• Sir Anthony Mcdonald governor of UP called
them a “tool of politics”
• Ahmad Raza Khan Brailvi organized a warrior
group against them
• Deoband Ulemas opposed Maulana Shibli
Naumani
 Extension of the movement
1. British Government, Aga Khan and
Nawabs of Bhopal and Bahawalpur
donated
2. Maulana Shibli Naumani’s time as the
administrator is called the golden period
of nadwa
 Comparison
1. Deoband and AIigarh were opposites and
nadwa was formed to act as a bridge
between them
2. Syed Suleman Nadvi and Ashraf Ali
Thanvi an era of good relations started as
Suleman was a disciple of Thanvi
3. All worked to educate the Muslims
Tehreek-e-Reshmi Romal
• The key leaders of that movement were
Maulana Husain Ahmad Madni, Maulana
Shah Raheem Raipuri, Maulana
Ubaidullah Sindhi and Maulana
Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari.
 Background
• After World War -1 in 1914 Sheikh-ul-Hind
Maulana Mehmood ul Hassan started a
movement against Britishers
• Maulana Ubaid Ullah Sindhi selected and was
sent to kabul for that purpose
• This movement is known as Tehreek-e Reshmi
Rumal (Silken Kerchief movement) because the
letters exchanged between Shaikhul Hind and
his colleagues containing the outlines of the plan
to recruit the volunteers for the army and to
establish a national government(soraj) were
written on silk piece of cloth.
 Ubaid ulllah Sindhi’s plan of
Freedom
• Turk Army to enter India via Afghanista
• Revolutionaries to support them from India
• Agreements made with Afghanistan and
Turkey. First between Mujahideen and
Turk Government and Second between
Turk and Afhghan governments
• After repulsion of British the Turk Army
would go back
 Actuality of the Tehreek
• Silk Handkerchiefs were made
• Spied got hold of the information and
Maulana Mehmood-ul-Hassan was
arrested from Makkah by Hussain Sharif
Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam

Lahore
24th Sep 1884 by Molvi
Chiragh Din, Mochi gate , Lahore
 Background
1. Christian Missionaries and Hindu
reformist were having the hold of the
educational institutes of Punjab
2. On 24th Sep 1884 Chiragh Din called a
meeting of 250 Muslims in Mochi Gate
Mosque Lahore
 Office Bearers
• Qazi Khalifa Hammed ud Din was made
President
• Maulvi Ghulam Ullah Qasoori made the
General Secretary
• Munshi Chiragh Din, Haji Mir
Shamshuddin, Maulvi Ghulam Ullah Khan,
Najamuddin Nazir and Dr Muhammad Din
Nazir
 Donation System
1. In the first meeting 54 rupees collected
2. In the first year 750 rupees collected
 Administrative Structure
1. Lahore the centre office and the General
Council sat there.
2. Standing Committee to take decision
 Aims
• Answer to the objections of Christian
missionaries
• Formation of Modern Islamic Educational
Institutes
• Arrangements for Social Services
 Services of Anjuman
1. The Amjuman is running an
2. Orphanage (Yateem Khana, established in 1884) as well as
3. Dar-ul-Shafqat (Male)Dar-ul-Shafqat (Female)
4. Dar-ul-Aman (Female)
5. Dar-ul-Uloom Dinia (Male) & (Female)
6. Public School(Co-Ed) Hamayat-e-Islam
7. Degree College (Female)
8. Hamayat-e-Islam High School (Boys),Hamayat-e-Islam
Pasha Girls High School
9. Hamayat-e-Islam Law College
10. Hamayat-e-Islam Tibya College
11. Hamayat-e-Islam Rajgarh School
12. Hamayat-e-Islam Younani Shafa KhanaHamayat-e-Islam
Library