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    This document provides an introduction to computers and how they function. It discusses the binary number system, bits and bytes as the basic units of data, the central processing unit (CPU) and its components, memory types, bus types, and factors that affect processing speed such as registers, cache memory, and data transfer rates. The goal is to transform raw data into useful information by explaining the basic building blocks and processes of how computers work.

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    This document provides an introduction to computers and how they function. It discusses the binary number system, bits and bytes as the basic units of data, the central processing unit (CPU) and its components, memory types, bus types, and factors that affect processing speed such as registers, cache memory, and data transfer rates. The goal is to transform raw data into useful information by explaining the basic building blocks and processes of how computers work.

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    15 views26 pages

    Introduction To Computers: Lesson 4A

    Uploaded by

    Awais Rasool
    This document provides an introduction to computers and how they function. It discusses the binary number system, bits and bytes as the basic units of data, the central processing unit (CPU) and its components, memory types, bus types, and factors that affect processing speed such as registers, cache memory, and data transfer rates. The goal is to transform raw data into useful information by explaining the basic building blocks and processes of how computers work.

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    of 26

    Lesson 4A

    Introduction to Computers
    Decimal Number System

    Called base 10 because 10 symbols are

    available

    home
    Binary Number System

    Computers function in base 2, or the

    binary number system, where there are

    only two values

    home
    Bit
    A combination of binary digit
    The smallest possible unit of data a
    computer can recognize or use

    home
    Byte

    A group of eight bits

    home
    Text Codes
    EBCDIC
    ASCII
    Unicode

    home
    CPU

    The CPU is the computer’s “brain” that

    manipulates data

    home
    CPU’s Two Basic Parts
    Control unit
    Arithmetic logic unit

    home
    Control Unit

    Manages all the computer’s resources

    home
    Arithmetic Logic Unit

    Performs the CPU’s arithmetic and

    logical operations

    home
    Machine Cycle

    The completed series of steps the CPU

    takes to execute an instruction

    home
    Machine Cycle’s Two Cycles
    Instruction cycle
    Execution cycle

    home
    Instruction Cycle
    Fetching
    Decoding

    home
    Execution Cycle
    Executing
    Storing

    home
    Millions of Instructions Per
    Second (MIPS)
    The CPU performance measurement

    home
    Pipelining

    Also called pipeline processing

    The control unit begins a new machine

    cycle before the current cycle is

    completed

    home
    Memory

    Allows the CPU to store and retrieve

    data quickly

    home
    Two Kinds of Memory
    Read-only memory (ROM): nonvolatile
    Random-access memory (RAM):
    volatile

    home
    ROM

    ROM always holds the same data, for

    example the computer’s start-up

    instructions

    home
    RAM

    RAM’s job is to hold programs and data

    while they are in use

    RAM can change instantly

    home
    Other Kinds of RAM
    Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
    DRAM Variations
    Static RAM (SRAM)

    home
    Factors Affecting Processing
    Speed
    Registers
    Memory and computing power
    System clock
    The bus
    The databus
    The address bus
    Cache memory

    home
    Bus Types
    Industry standard architecture (ISA) bus
    Local bus
    Peripheral component interconnect
    (PCI) bus
    Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) bus
    Universal Serial Bus (USB)
    IEEE 1394 (FireWire)

    home
    Data Transfer Rate

    The amount of data buses can transfer in a

    second

    Measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or

    megabytes per second (MBps)

    home
    Cache memory

    Speeds processing by storing frequently

    used data or instructions in its high-

    speed memory

    home
    Lesson 4A

    Transforming Data Into


    Information

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