COLLEGE OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES

INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY CEYLON

GRADUATESHIP EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTRY 2OL9

c 3583/4683 R -INDUSTRIAL CHEMTSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY

DURATION: THREE (03) HOURS plus L5 mins reading time

No. of Questions: 5 No. of Pages: 6

!nstructions:
(1) Answer AII Questions
(2) The marks allocated to each question or parts of a question are indicated on the right-
hand side.
(3) This question paper contains five sections (A through E). The answers to all questions
should be submitted as per instructions by the Chief Examiner. All sections will be
collected separately. (Those who do not adhere to this instruction will be subjected to
L0% deduction of the marks)

() The questions and the amount of marks they carry are indicated below.

Question Marks
1 100
2 100
3 100
4 100
5 100
(s) Mobile phones are not permitted.

(6) The use of a non-programmable electronic calculator is permitted. However, the

memory on your calculator must be erased before you enter the examination hall.

Section A
1. Answer all parts.
a) What are the structures produced when plain carbon steel is cooled from an austenitic
stage in the following processes?
i. Quenching
ii. Slow cooling (air cooling)
iii. Reduced cooling rate (inside furnace)
Explain the above processes with a help of a sketch.
(50 marks)
b) Explain with a help of a diagram, the variation of the following properties with the carbon
cbntent in plain carbon steel.
i. Hardness
ii. Percentageelongation(ductility)
iii. Tensile strength
iv. Micro structure
v. Uses of plain carbon steels
(50 marks)
 Section B
2. Answer any two parts from A, B, C and D
Part A
a) What are the manufacturing steps for soda lime glasses?
(5 marks)
b) State the chemical reactions taking place inside the soft glass manufacturing furnace? If
sodium carbonate is replaced by a mixture of salt cake and charcoal, what would be the
chemical reaction?
(10 marks)
c) Explain briefly the annealing process for glass articles?
(10 marks)
d)
i. What are the basic requirements for a refractory material?
ii. Explain how refractory materials are classihed based on
. Chemical composition
o Fusion temperature
iii. Give two examples of the use of refractory materials.
(25 marks)
Part B
Natural rubber latex based gloves are chlorinated after vulcanization to alter the coefficient of
surface friction.

a) Briefly state the relationship which exists between extent of chlorination and coefficient
of friction of the glove surface.
(20 marks)
b) Write down the chemical reactions that could occur between the natural rubber polymer
chain and chlorine leading to different types of surface chemical structural modifications,
and state how these modifications result in the desired effect.
(30 marks)
 Part C
Answer any two parts from a), b), and c)
a)
i. Write down the chemical structure of a Kevlar type ofpolyaramid textile fibre.
(5 marks)
ii. Briefly state why textiles made out ofthese fibres are highly suitable to make a
variety of protective garments.
(20 marks)
b) Given below is the chemical structtre of Indigo.

i. State to which class of textile dye this material belongs.

(5 marks)
ii. Briefly state how dyeing of cotton fabrics is carried out using Indigo by writing
down the chemical reactions involved during the dyeing process.
(20 marks)
c) Given below is the structure of a 'Rernazol Brilliant Blue' dye.
0 i'.]H: Q

i. Re-draw the chemical structure, and label it to indicate the important structural
features. Describe the function of each feature.
(10 marks)
ii. Write down the dyeing mechanism when this material is used to dye cotton.
(15 marks)
Part D
Answer both parts
a) Explain ho\ / geographic origin of crude oil is significant in refining process.
(25 Marks)
b) Sketch a Crude Distiller Unit (CDU). discuss its use. and give its major refined petroleum
products.
(25 Marks)
 Section C
3. Answer both part A and B.
Part A
Answer any two from (a), (b), and (c)

a) State five ways by which ammonia is able to improve the stability and uniformity of
concentrated natural rubber latex.
(25 marks)
b) Synthetic latex can be made by emulsion polymerization. Briefly explain what is meant
by heterogeneous, homogeneous and coagulative polymer nucleation; and how the
solubility of the monomer and the concentration of soap added, influence the type of
polymer nucleation.
(25 marks)
c) Briefly explain the key roles played by surfactants in the manufacture of dipped gloves
and latex foam based on centrifuged natural rubber latex.
(25 marks)
Part B
Answer both (a) and (b)

a) A typical r,ulcanization system used with carboxylated nitrile rubber latex consists of
sulphur, accelerator, and Zinc oxide. Explain the roles played by sulphur and zinc oxide
towards improving the strength and durability ofthe vulcanizate.
(30 marks)
b) Write equations for, and describe the chemistry ol lulcanization of neoprene
(polychloroprene) latex using zinc oxide, and state why vulcanizationcould be affected if
such latex is stored for a long time.
(20 marks)
 Section D
4. Answer all parts
a)
i. Briefly explain the reaction mechanism of epichlorohydrin with Bisphenol-A in the
preparation of "Epoxy Resin" under controlled / slow addition of NaOH.
(20 marks)
ii. What will happen, if we add large excess ofNaOH at once in the above reaction?
(5 marks)
b) State one key function of below Raw Materials in paint formulations.
i. Dry film biocide
ii. Coalescing agent
iii. Cellulosicthickener
iv. Anti-foaming Agent
v. Wetting Agent
(5 marks for each)
c) Calculate the Volatile organic content (VOC) of the below Paint formulain gl L. Specific
gravity of paint : 1.123
(25 marks)

Alkvd Resin Binder 63.00 70.00

Titanium Dioxide (white
Pigment
pigment ) 100 100.00
3-iodo-2-propyl Butyl
Biocide
Carbamate 0.15 10.00
Benzotriasole UV absorber 0.20 0.00
Cobolt Octoate (12%) Surface drier 0.61 t2.00
Calcium Octoate (10%\ auxilary drier 0.22 10.00
Zirconium Octoate (18% ) Hard drier 0.47 18.00
Anti-Skinning
Methyl Ethyle Ketoxime agent 0.20 0.00
Low Aromatic White Spirit
Solvent
(LAws ) 22.65 0.00
Total 100.00

d) Write mechanisms for the following hardening process

i. Epoxy resin with iii'Y Amine
(12.5 marks)
'ii. Polyester resin Contains "OH" groups with polyisocyanates
(12.5 marks)
 Section E
5. Answer all parts
a) Explain the changes in the isoelectric point of collagen fibres of raw hides and skins
during liming operation.
(20 marks)
b) State, giving reasons, the most suitable pH range for the pickle when chrome tanning
limed pelt with 33ohbasic chromium sulphate.
(20 marks)
c) What are condensed or catechol Tannins. Explain briefly the way condensed tannins
link with collagen fibres during vegetable tanning?
(20 marks)
d) What do you understand by "self-basifuing salts" used in chrome tanning? Describe
their behavior during chrome tanning of pelt with33Yo basic chrome powder.
(20 marks)
e) Explain the scientific background for carrying out dyeing, retanning and fat liquoring of
wet blue hides at an initial higher pH followed by lowering pH of the leather to 3.8.
(20 marks)