MODULE-I : GRAMMAR

1. THE SENTENCE :
A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense & is meaningful. It is different from a word, phrase or
clause and usually contains them. For eg.
"The boy sang a song in the class "
Here, we have as many as 8 words strung together to give complete meaning. It has a subject- the boy & predicate-
sang a song in the class.

Types of Sentences :

Types of Sentence

Based on Sense Based on

Structure
Assertive or
Declarative Simple

Negative
Compound
Interrogative

Imperative
Complex

Exclamatory

Based on Sense :

 Declarative/Assertive : A sentence that makes a statement or assertions.

" Preeti does her work on time."
 Negative : A negative sentence states that something is not true or is incorrect. A negative adverb has to be added
in order to "negate" or cancel the validity of the sentence.
"Catherine does not do her work on time".
 Interrogative : A sentence that asks a question.
"Where do you live?"
 Imperative : A sentence that expresses a commands, requests, orders or an entreaty.
"Antony, do your work."
 Exclamatory : A sentence that expresses strong feelings.
" You too Annie! Then you both will have punishment."

Based on Structure :
 Simple : A simple sentence is the one having a subject and the predicate. A simple sentence consists of a single verb.
"India won the match" where India is subject & won the match is predicate.
 Compound : A sentence having 2 independent clauses, which are independent. Both sentences are joined by
conjunction but, This type of sentences comprise of two or more verbs .
 "We tried hard but we could not win the match".
 Complex : This type of sentence has a complex structure. It has a main clause & a sub-ordinate clause. Here both
clauses are not independent , but this sentence is a combination of one main & one or more subordinate clauses.
"Although we tried hard, we could not win the match."

2. Subject & Predicate : When we make a sentence, we name a person or a thing and say something about that
person or a thing. In other words, we must have a subject to speak about & and we must say or predicate
something about that subject.
Subject : The part of sentence, which has the name of person or thing we are speaking about, is called as the Subject
of the sentence.
Predicate : The part which tells something about the subject is called Predicate of the sentence.
For eg Little jack sat in a corner, where Little jack is Subject & sat in a corner is predicate.
The Subject usually comes first, but occasionally it is put after the Predicate. For eg.
"Here comes the Bus"
In imperative sentences, the Subject is left out. For eg
Sit down. (here the Subject, You is understood).
Thank Him. (here the Subject, You is understood).
3. Subject & Predicate : When we make a sentence, we name a person or a thing and say something about that
person or a thing. In other words, we must have a subject to speak about & and we must say or predicate
something about that subject.
Subject : The part of sentence, which has the name of person or thing we are speaking about, is called as the Subject
of the sentence.
Predicate : The part which tells something about the subject is called Predicate of the sentence.
For eg Little jack sat in a corner, where Little jack is Subject & sat in a corner is predicate.
The Subject usually comes first, but occasionally it is put after the Predicate. For eg.
"Here comes the Bus"
In imperative sentences, the Subject is left out. For eg
Sit down. (here the Subject, You is understood).
Thank Him. (here the Subject, You is understood).

4. The Phrase & Clause

Phrase : A group of sentence which does not make complete sense, is called a Phrase. In the following sentences,
the groups of words in italics are Phrases:

 The sun rises in the east.

 Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.
 There came a giant to my door.
 It was a sunset of great beauty.
 The tops of the mountains were covered
with snow.
 Show me how to do it.
Clause : Examine the groups of words in italics in the following sentences:
"He has a chain of gold." "He has a chain which is made of
gold."
We recognize the first group of words as a Phrase.
The second group of words, unlike the Phrase of gold, contains a Subject (which) and a Predicate
(is made of gold). Such a group of words which forms part of a sentence, and contains a Subject
and a Predicate, is called a Clause.
In the following sentences, the groups of words in italics are Clauses :
 People who pay their debts are trusted
 We cannot start while it raining
 I think that you have made a mistake