SHS

English for Academic and Professional Purposes – SHS Module First

Edition 2020

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Published by Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Lorna Dig Dino

Development Team of the Module

Consultant and Editor:

Dr. Kyzil D. Lipar Ms. Barbra N. Villareal

Author :
Maienne I. Pabroa

Layout Artist:
Joana J. Gumban
 11

EAPP Module

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and reviewed by educators from public and

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encourage teachers and other education
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Departme nt of Education at

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education

3 Lesson

ACADEMIC TEXTS
PARAPHRASING

When you paraphrase material from a source, you restate the

information from an entire sentence or passage in your own words, using your
own original sentence structure. A paraphrased source differs from a
summarized source in that you focus on restating the ideas, not condensing
them.

It is important to check your paraphrase against the source material to

make sure it is both accurate and original. Inexperienced writers sometimes
use the thesaurus method of paraphrasing—that is, they simply rewrite the
source material, replacing most of the words with synonyms. This constitutes
a misuse of sources. A true paraphrase restates ideas using the writer’s own
language and style.

Learning Objective:

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to paraphrase sentences.

 Task 1. Choose the best paraphrase or to write a paraphrase of each
sentence.

1. “In short, adoption is a ubiquitous social institution in American society,

creating invisible relationships with biological and adoptive kin that
touch far more people than we imagine.” (Paragraph 1)

a. In America, more people are adopted than was originally

thought.
b. Adoption touches a surprising number of people throughout
American society.
c. Because adoptees are “invisible,” their circumstances are hard
to imagine.
d. Relationships between biological and adoptive kin have
international scope.

2. While raising a family is inherently stressful, adoption is filled with

additional tensions that are unique to the adoptive relationship.”
(Paragraph 2)

a. Families that adopt children can avoid some of the tensions

inherent in biological families.
b. Raising a family under stressful conditions can discourage
potential adoptive parents.
c. The adoptive relationship is inherently stressful.
d. Families with an adopted member face more challenges than
biological families.

3. “Third, in a nation that sanctifies blood kinship, adoptive families and

adoptees are stigmatized because of their lack of biological
relationship.” (Paragraph 2)

a. Nations that sanctify blood relationships are often stigmatized.

b. Adoptive families and adoptees are treated like criminals in
nations that over-value blood relationships.
c. Where blood kinship is excessively valued, adoption is
considered inferior.
 d. In some nations, adoptees do not have the same legal
relationship to their adoptive parents as blood kin have to their
birth parents.

4. “Opposing these adoptees, some birth mothers argued that they were
promised secrecy when they relinquished their children for adoption
and that abrogating that promise constituted an invasion of privacy.”
(Paragraph 3)

a. Some birth mothers who were promised secrecy about their

role felt that breaking that promise was an invasion of their
privacy.
b. In order to retain their privacy, some birth mothers refused to
reveal their identities when they relinquished their children
for adoption.
c. Some adoptees support their birth mothers’ right to secrecy,
even if it was promised to them when they gave their children
for adoption.
d. Some birth mothers felt that their biological children’s pursuit
of their identities should be abandoned based on the
possibility that the birth mother requested privacy.

38% of students admit to “cut-and-paste” plagiarism involving the

Internet (Rimer, 2003). That means 62% of students are writing original
material and/or paraphrasing the works of other writers.

What does it mean to paraphrase?

Watch the 8-minute tutorial “Stop, thief! Avoiding Plagiarism by

Paraphrasing” created by Emily Nimsakont (2008).
A paraphrase is
(Driscoll, 2007):

• your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed

by someone else, presented in a new form.
 • one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate
documentation) to borrow from a source.
• a more detailed restatement than a summary

To paraphrase is to rewrite something using different words without

changing the original meaning. This is what is usually meant by the phrase ‘in
your own words’. The paraphrase should be clearer and more easily
understood than the original and is often about the same length.

Paraphrases are a good alternative to using direct quotations. In your

writing, you may make a paraphrase of:

• short sections of text (e.g. phrases, sentences)

• longer sections of text (e.g. a paragraph) • information that
explains tables or figures.

Steps for Paraphrasing

1. Read the text carefully. Underline, or note, any important subject-

specific words.

2. Look up any difficult words, and try to find synonyms for them.
• Changing the words

It can be easy to spot when someone has copied directly from a

textbook. We all have different styles of writing and yours will be
different to the authors you are reading.

You are probably already familiar with spellchecker and

grammar checker in Microsoft Word. Another beneficial tool is
the thesaurus, which can aid your writing to find the best word to
meet your needs. Using the thesaurus, you can look up
synonyms (different words with the same meaning) and
antonyms (words with the opposite meaning).

Once you understand the main ideas of the original text look for
specialized words – these words may be retained in the
paraphrased version, as they are keys to the meaning of the
sentence.

3. Try to find different ways of expressing the information in the groups of

words (phrases).
• Changing the structure of a sentence
 Read the original text a number of times and make sure you
understand the main ideas. Write down the main ideas from
memory. Check what you have written against the original text –
make sure you have retained the original ideas and that your
version is different.

4. Rewrite each sentence. Try to simplify the sentence structure and the
vocabulary without changing the meaning.

• Reword - Replace words and phrases with synonyms whenever

you can.
• Rearrange - Rearrange words within sentences to make new
sentences. You can even rearrange the ideas presented within
the paragraph.
• Realize that some words and phrases cannot be changed –
names, dates, titles, etc. cannot be replaced, but you can
present them differently in your paraphrase.
• Recheck - Make sure that your paraphrase conveys the same
meaning as the original text.

5. Put your text out of sight and write your paraphrase from memory.

6. Revise what you have written, comparing it to the original. Your

paraphrase should clarify the original, but be written clearly in your own
words.

7. Do not forget to use an in-text reference at the start or end of your

paraphrase.

Example of Correctly Paraphrased Information

Original Text (45 words)

Traditionally, in oral and written discourses, the masculine pronoun 'he'

was used as a pronoun to refer to a person whose gender was unknown
or irrelevant to the context. Recently, this usage has come under
criticism for supporting gender-based stereotypes and is increasingly
considered inappropriate (Smith, 2010, p. 24).
Acceptable Paraphrased Text (56 words)

If the gender of a person was not known or was unimportant to the

meaning of oral or written texts, it was customary to use the masculine
form of 'he' when a pronoun was required; however, there has been
growing concern about this practice in modern usage

because it appears to privilege stereotypes based on gender (Smith, 2010, p.

24).

Assess your paraphrase

• The MEANING is the same.

• Most of the words have been changed.
• The sentences have been significantly restructured.
• This is about the same length as the original writing.
• The information is correctly referenced.

Examples:
Original Text

At just 8.5 square miles, the Pacific island country of Nauru is one of the
smallest countries in the world. The island was once rich in phosphate,

but most of the resource has been mined, leaving damage to the
environment behind. Nauru has a

population of about 10,000 people.

Paraphrased Text

Nauru is a Pacific island country that is only 8.5 square miles in area. It
is one of the smallest countries on the planet and only about 10,000
people live there. Nauru has mined its once

plentiful supply of phosphate. This has damaged the environment on the

island.

An example of acceptable paraphrasing:

Original Material

New York is referred to as “the city that never sleeps.” At nights, people
can be assured that something is going on no matter what the time.
Paraphrase
In New York, there is something to do at all hours of the night.

An example of unacceptable paraphrasing:

Original Material

Brooklyn is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with
approximately 2.5 million residents, and the second-largest in area.

Paraphrase

Brooklyn is the most populous borough in New York City, with about
2.5 million residents, and is the second biggest area.

This is a bad example of paraphrasing because it substitutes a few

words with synonyms but the structure and word order remains the same as
the original.

Activity 1. Read the original text below. Highlight the words that you
think are specialized words or words that should not be changed when
paraphrasing. Underline the words which should be changed.

The United States, Germany, Japan and other industrial powers are
being transformed from industrial economies to knowledge and
informationbased service economies, whilst manufacturing has been moving
to low wage countries. In a knowledge and information-based economy,
knowledge and information are the key ingredients in creating wealth.

Source: Laudon & Laudon 2002, Management information systems:

managing the digital firm, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

Activity 2. Read the two paraphrases of the original text below. Select
the statement that describes the most appropriate paraphrase.

Paraphrase 1

The United States, Germany, Japan and other economies are being
dramatically changed from industrial economies to knowledge and
information-based service economies as manufacturing shifts to countries
where the wages are low cost. In a knowledge and information-based

economies, knowledge and information are the focus in economic growth

(Laudon &

Laudon 2002).

Paraphrase 2

There has been a dramatic change in economies such as the

United States, Japan and Germany from industrial to service
economies involved in knowledge and information. As

manufacturing shifts to countries where wages are low, economic

growth and information economies must focus on knowledge and
information production (Laudon & Laudon 2002).

a. Paraphrase 1 is acceptable because it closely follows the

sentence structure of the original.

b. Both paraphrases are acceptable because some of the

keywords have been changed.

c. Paraphrase 2 is not acceptable because the sentence

structure has been changed.

d. Paraphrase 2 is acceptable because both the sentence

structure and the keywords have been changed.

e. Paraphrase 2 is unacceptable because the subject of the first

sentence is different from the original, i.e. ‘dramatic change’
rather than ‘the United States, Germany and Japan’.

Activity 3. Find the words in Paraphrase 2 that replace the key words
in the original text.

Paraphrase 2
 There has been a dramatic change in economies such as the United
States, Japan and Germany from industrial to service economies involved in
knowledge and information. As manufacturing shifts to countries where
wages are low, economic growth and information economies must focus on
knowledge and information production (Laudon & Laudon 2002).

Original Text

The United States, Germany, Japan and other industrial powers

are being transformed from industrial economies to knowledge
and information-based service economies, whilst manufacturing
has been moving to low wage countries. In a knowledge and
information-based economy, knowledge and information are the
key ingredients in creating wealth.

Source: Laudon & Laudon 2002, Management information systems: managing

the digital firm, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

Activity 4.

A. Build a paraphrase. Read the original text below and build a

paraphrase from the selection of phrases provided.

Information systems make it possible for business to adopt flatter, more

decentralized structures and more flexible arrangements for employees
and management. Organizations are trying to become more competitive
and efficient by transforming themselves intro digital firms where nearly all
core business process and relationships with customers, suppliers and
employees are digitally managed (Laudon & Laudon 2002).

How would you begin your paraphrase?

Business can develop…

(a) More decentralized structures

(b) Flatter, less centralized structures
(c) centralized arrangements
B. Paraphrase the following sentences or paragraphs.

1. The student requested that the professor excuses her

absence, but the professor refused.
 2. There will be a music concert next to Vienna coffee shop.
Would you like to go?

3. International Center is hosting English Conversation classes.

They help non-native speakers of English practice their
English-speaking skills.

4. The office of International Students and Scholars (ISS) at

Purdue University is located in Schleman Hall.

5. The car that was pulled over by the police officer yesterday
just had an accident. That driver is not careful.

6. Hemmingway’s work contains a lot of symbolism. In The Old

Man and The Sea, the protagonist is struggling to capture a
large marlin. His struggle against the marlin symbolizes the
protagonist’s struggle against defeat. Hemmingway’s use of
symbolism truly affects the way the reader reads and
interprets his work.

7. Organic foods are said to be healthier because they are

grown without pesticides, radiation, or genetic mutations that
most non-organic food contains. Non-organic foods are often
injected with hormones and dyes, which jeopardize the
quality of the food.

8. “No historian should begin research with someone else’s

notes. Taking notes is the first (and perhaps most important
step) in developing our own interpretation of a subject. It
forces us to decide (again and again) what is interesting and
important” (Reuben, 2005, p. 413).

9. “According to our survey, 30 percent of students agreed that

the university should offer a money-back guarantee if
students fail to get the job they really want in their field
because many students are finding themselves unemployed
when they graduate” (Abrams 45).

WRAP IT UP
 A paraphrase is...

o your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed

by someone else, presented in a new form.

o one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate

documentation) to borrow from a source.

o a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses

concisely on a single main idea.

Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because...

o it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished

passage.
o it helps you control the temptation to quote too much.

o the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you

to grasp the full meaning of the original.

6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing

1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.

3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later

how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a
key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.

4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version
accurately expresses all the essential information in a new
form.
5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology
you have borrowed exactly from the source.

6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that

you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your
paper.

Which sentences are closest in meaning to the five sentences below?

1. 25% of adolescents who have one baby have a second baby within two
years of the first baby's birth.

a. 25% of babies are born to mothers who are adolescents.

b. One out of four adolescent mothers has another baby before the
first baby reaches his second birthday.
c. A quarter of adolescent mothers gives birth when their first born
is two.
d. 25% of adolescent mothers become pregnant again when their
first babies are two years old.

2. It has been reported that the richest one percent of Americans own
40% of the country's wealth.

a. The richest 1% is 40 times as wealthy as the rest of Americans.

b. If the gap between rich and poor continues to grow at the
current rate, the richest one percent will soon own 40% of the
country's wealth.
c. 40% of the country's wealth is in the hands of only 1% of
Americans.
d. 99% of Americans own 40% as much as the richest 1%.

3. The judge was relieved when the jury was finally ready to announce its
verdict.

a. When the jury announced its verdict, the judge was relieved.
b. The judge asked the jury to arrive at a verdict.
 c. The judge welcomed the prospect of an imminent verdict.
d. The jury welcomed the judge's relief.

4. Research data suggest that girls who witnessed maternal abuse may
tolerate abuse as adults more than girls who did not.

a. Women who witnessed the abuse of their mother as teens are

more likely to become abusive adults.
b. Women who observed the abuse of their mothers when they
were young are more likely to endure abuse themselves.
c. Women who were abused as children are more likely to abuse
their own children.
d. Girls who testify about maternal abuse tolerate abuse as adults
more readily.

5. Martha thinks that the issue of adolescent problems is important to

write
about.

a. Martha thinks that adolescents like to write about their problems.

b. Martha feels that writing about adolescent problems is
worthwhile.
c. Martha believes that the dream of most adolescents is to write
something important.
d. Martha thinks that adolescents can write about their problems.

Write your own paraphrase for the following sentences:

1. A local newspaper claims that 75% of all homeless people do not like
homeless shelters and prefer to live as they do now.

________________________________________________________

2. Ronny told his aunt that a bear had attacked him, which she found
difficult to believe.

________________________________________________________

3. Anyone who has ever driven through the Mojave Desert knows that
one should always carry a supply of extra water.

________________________________________________________

4. Of the 138 million acres of land that Native Americans owned in 1887,
90 million acres were taken away by whites by 1932.

________________________________________________________
 5. A woman who was nominated by the president to head the department
was quickly approved by the board of trustees.

________________________________________________________

6. However, college students today are the first groups of students to

need the Internet for most of their schoolwork.

________________________________________________________

7. Chinese speculators are able to realize profits from this buy-and-sell

practice as property prices are currently on the upswing.

________________________________________________________

8. Researchers have found a strong association between computer and

Internet use in adolescents and engagement in multiple-risk behaviors
(MRB), including illicit drug use, drunkenness and unprotected sex.

________________________________________________________

9. Drug resistance remains a major problem in combating HIV infection,

but a different approach to drug development could be the answer.

________________________________________________________

10. North China's Shanxi Province, the country's largest coal supplier and
most polluted region, has the dubious distinction of having 16 cities on
the list. Neither Beijing nor Shanghai appear on the list. The report
found that only 22.94 percent of sewage was treated adequately in the
cities surveyed and less than 20 percent of household garbage met
with proper handling. It said 178 cities examined had not built any
sewage treatment facilities and 130 cities had not been equipped with
garbage disposal plants.

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
REFERENCES GALLERY

https://www.learninghub.ac.nz/writing/paraphrasing-summarising-
andtechniques/
(This exercise adapted from RMIT University Study & Learning Centre 2005,
Paraphrasing, RMIT, Melbourne, <
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/4_writingskills
/writing_tuts/paraphrase_ll/activity.html>.)

https://cla.purdue.edu/?
_ga=2.97634461.386987136.1589222718567380881.1589222718

Teaching and Learning Support (TaLS) – Fact Sheets

http://www.une.edu.au/current-students/resources/academic-skills/facts
heets

Paraphrasing Assessment adapted from

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~esl/paraphrasing1.htm
ANSWER KEYS
Activity 1

The United States, Germany, Japan and other industrial powers are
being transformed from industrial economies to knowledge and information
based service economies, whilst manufacturing has been moving to low wage
countries. In a knowledge and information based economy, knowledge and
information are the key ingredients in creating wealth.

Activity 2

(d) is correct – both the sentence structure and keywords have been
changed.

Activity 3

other industrial powers economies such as

transformed dramatic change whilst as has
been moving shifts to low wage countries
countries where wages are low key
ingredients focus on key ingredients

Activity 4

A. Business can develop (b) flatter, less centralized structures….

Sample Paraphrase

Business can develop flatter, less centralized structures, as well as

arrangements which allow for greater flexibility, through the application of
information systems. The pressures of competition and efficiency require
organizations to become digital companies where core dealings with
customers, suppliers and employees are facilitated electronically.

B.

1. The professor denied the student’s request for an excused

absence.
2. Are you coming to a music concert in
Vienna?

3. English nonnative speakers can improve their English by taking

classes at International Center.
4. Schleman Hall hosts the ISS office.

5. The driver who was pulled over yesterday is not careful because
he just had an accident.

6. When reading Hemmingway’s work, it is important to recognize

how symbolism affects interpretation. / Hemmingway’s use of
symbolism affects the reader’s interpretation of the work.
7. Organic foods are healthier than most non-organic foods.

8. Reuben (2005) states that in order to develop an original

analysis of their topic, historians must commence research with
their own “notes” rather than relying on a secondary analysis of
another’s.

9. Abrams’ survey reveals that the lack of job placement for

university graduates has caused some students to believe that
their education should come with a money-back guarantee (45).

According to a survey conducted by Abrams, some students agreed

that the university should offer them a money-back guarantee if they
fail to find a job in their desired field (45).

Some students agree that universities should have more responsibility

in finding their students employment after graduation.

Think Out

Which sentences are closest in meaning to the five sentences below?

1. a
2. c
 3. c
4. b
5. b

Write your own paraphrase for the following sentences:

1. An article in a local newspaper reports that three out of four homeless

people think that the streets are better than the so-called homeless
shelters.
2. Ronny's aunt did not really believe his story about the bear attack.
3. The Mojave Desert is so hot that it is dangerous to try to cross it
without plenty of water.
4. By 1932, Native Americans had less than half of the land they had
owned only 45 years earlier.
5. The board of trustees agreed with the president to appoint a woman
head of the department.

Paraphrase the following sentences from student paragraphs to avoid

plagiarism.

1. The current generation of students in higher education today is the first

to use the internet for the majority of their studies.

2. Beneficiaries of the rapidly rising housing prices are speculators from

China who buy and quickly resell property at a profit.

3. Multiple-risk behaviors, such as alcohol, drug abuse and unprotected

sex have been correlated with computer and Internet use, according to
researchers.

4. A new approach to developing drugs might be the cure for the

resistance problems found in current HIV drugs.

5. The report said that over three-fourths of the total cities surveyed had
inadequate sewage treatment, and 178 had no sewage treatment
plants at all. In addition, 130 cities had no garbage disposal plants, and
indeed, almost 80 percent of household garbage was not treated
according to standards. Shanxi Province, China’s leading coal-
producing area, lead the most polluted list with 16 cities while Beijing
and Shanghai escaped the list entirely.
METADATA

Title English for Academic and Professional

Purposes

Language English

Keywords English for Academic and Professional

Purposes

Description This module helps the student in learning

and practicing paraphrasing. It is important
because it helps the student to get the idea
of the written work in a better and more
refined way so that they are able to write it in
their own words and still not lose the
essence and the core meaning of it. It
enables the students to polish their own
creativity and showcase their skill of writing
while remaining confined to the meaning of
the original work.

Primary Media Print Material

Primary Storage Flash drive, CD, DOC

Resource Location Department of Education

Region VI – Western Visayas
Division of Aklan

Developer Maienne I. Pabroa Teacher

III