AIR UNIVERSITY ADC LAB

AIR UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 5

Lab Title: Frequency Modulation

Student Name: Muhammad Ahsan Murtaza, Muhamad Abdul Rehman, Muhammad Fahad, Hamza Arif
Reg. No: 180552, 180568, 180514, 180554

OBJECTIVE: To study the theory and practical implementation of frequency modulation

LAB ASSESSMENT:
Excellent (5) Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Attributes (4) (3) (2) (1)

Ability to Conduct
Experiment
Ability to assimilate the
results
Effective use of lab
equipment and follows
the lab safety rules

Total Marks: Obtained Marks

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Attributes (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Data presentation

Experimental results

Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

Date Signature

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 AIR UNIVERSITY ADC LAB

Table of Contents:
TASK DIVISION: ................................................................................................................................................ 3
OBJECTIVES: ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
LITERATURE REVIEW: .................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Frequency Modulation .............................................................................................................................. 3
2. FM Parameters .......................................................................................................................................... 4
A. Frequency Deviation and Carrier Swing ............................................................................................... 4
Carrier swing = 2 × frequency deviation of CS = 2 × ∆f .......................................................................... 4
3. FM Types .................................................................................................................................................. 4
1. Narrow-Band FM (if β<< 1) ............................................................................................................... 4
2. Wideband FM ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Hardware Lab Task Results .................................................................................................................................. 5
1. Procedure .................................................................................................................................................. 5
2. Hardware Parameters ................................................................................................................................ 5
3. Hardware Results ...................................................................................................................................... 5
MATLAB Software Results ................................................................................................................................. 7
• Message Signal ..................................................................................................................................... 8
• Modulated signal ................................................................................................................................... 8
Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Conclusions........................................................................................................................................................... 9

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 AIR UNIVERSITY ADC LAB

TASK DIVISION:
Sr No Name Part Task
1. Muhammad Abdul Rehman 1st Objective + Literature
2. Muhammad Ahsan Murtaza 2nd Calculations + Hardware Results
3. Muhammad Fahad 3rd Proteus Simulations + Conclusion
4. Muhammad Hamza 4th Editor

OBJECTIVES:
Objectives of this particular lab performance are given below:
• To study Frequency Modulation (FM) theory.
• To calculate the modulation index of the generated FM wave.
• To observe the spectrum of FM waves on a digital oscilloscope.

LITERATURE REVIEW:
1. Frequency Modulation
Our focus in this lab will be on FM modulation exclusively. An FM-modulated signal has an
instantaneous frequency that varies linearly with the amplitude of the message signal. For
example, a message signal x(t) causes the frequency of the FM signal y(t) to vary linearly
around a central carrier frequency Fc. The following formula describes this relationship:

Where,
kf = the sensitivity factor and represents the frequency deviation rate as a result of
message amplitude change.
m(t) = modulating signal,
fc = carrier frequency
Ac = carrier amplitude
As the name shows, in this modulation, it is only the frequency of the carrier which is
changed and not its amplitude. The amount of change in frequency is determined by the
amplitude of the modulating signal whereas the rate of change is determined by the
frequency of the modulating signal. In an FM carrier, information (or intelligence) is carried
as variations in its frequency. Hence, we have deduced two important points from that
discussion:
• The amount of frequency deviation (or shift or variation) depends on the amplitude
(loudness) of the audio signal. Louder the sound, the greater the frequency deviation and
vice-versa. However, for FM broadcasts, it has been internationally agreed to restrict
maximum deviation to 75 kHz on each side of the center frequency for sounds of

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AIR UNIVERSITY ADC LAB

maximum loudness. Sounds of lesser loudness are permitted proportionately less

frequency deviation.
• The rate of frequency deviation depends on the signal frequency

2. FM Parameters
A. Frequency Deviation and Carrier Swing
The frequency of an FM transmitter without signal input is called the resting frequency or center frequency
(f0) and is the allotted frequency of the transmitter. In simple words, it is the carrier frequency on which a
station is allowed to broadcast. When the signal is applied, the carrier frequency deviates up and down from
its resting value f0.

This change or shift either above or below the resting frequency is called frequency
deviation (∆f). The total variation in frequency from the lowest to the highest is called
carrier swing (CS).
Carrier swing = 2 × frequency deviation of CS = 2 × ∆f

3. FM Types
If we let the modulating signal be a pure sinusoid, m(t) = Am cos2πfmt, then equation (1) becomes,

Then Frequency Modulation (FM) types are:

1. Narrow-Band FM (if β<< 1)

If β is much less than 1, we have Narrow Band Frequency Modulation (NBFM).

2. Wideband FM
The Wide Band Frequency Modulation formula is valid for all. In this lab, we will be dealing with WBFM. The
approximations used for NBFM are not accurate here. The equation for WBFM.

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AIR UNIVERSITY ADC LAB

Hardware Lab Task Results

1. Procedure
• Generate a sinusoidal signal m(t) using a function generator.
• Apply this signal at the modulation-In of the other function generator.
• Adjust the carrier frequency and other modulation parameters.
• Observe FM output at 2nd function generator.
• The output will be FM modulated signal.

2. Hardware Parameters
Here are the experiment specifications, also shown in figure 1,
𝑓𝑐 = 20𝑘 𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑚 = 2𝑘 𝐻𝑧

Figure 1: Experiment specifications

3. Hardware Results
The results show the frequency modulation of the message signal having frequency fm, as depicted in figure

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2.

Figure 2: Hardware results

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AIR UNIVERSITY ADC LAB

MATLAB Software Results

1. Code
clear all, clc
% Time scale for Horizontal axis
Fs = 10000; Ts = 1/Fs;
T = 1;
t = 0:Ts:T-Ts;
f = 2;
Fc = 20;
kf = 80;

% Amplitudes of Message and Carrier signals

Ac= 4; Am=1;

% Integral part of message signal - Coding logic

b = (Am*kf)/(2*pi*f);

% Message signal Plot

xm = Am*sin(2*pi*f*t);
figure(1)
plot(t,xm);

% Modulated signal Plot

xc = Ac*sin(2*pi*Fc*t + b*cos(2*pi*f*t));
figure(2)
plot(t,xc)

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AIR UNIVERSITY ADC LAB

Results
Figure 3 shows the message signal while figure 4 depicts the modulated signal.

• Message Signal

Figure 3: Message signal in MATLAB

• Modulated signal

Figure 4: Modulated signal in MATLAB

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AIR UNIVERSITY ADC LAB

Analysis
It was analyzed that the hardware results are the same as the software results. Thus it can be claimed that the
experiment is performed in the right way.

Conclusions
In this lab, frequency modulation is being done using MATLAB and hardware (Fnc. Gen and Oscilloscope).
Both the hardware and software results validated themselves which proves the authenticity of the experiment
performed.

However, it is obvious from the experiment that FM is more superior and yet more noise resistive when
compared with AM.

Monday, November 1, 2021

AIR UNIVERSITY ADC LAB

Monday, November 1, 2021