Journal of Optics

Channel Modeling for UWOC: A Simulation Approach

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Manuscript Number: OPTI-D-21-00149R1

Full Title: Channel Modeling for UWOC: A Simulation Approach

Article Type: Research Article

Corresponding Author: C.T. Manimegalai

SRM University
INDIA

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Corresponding Author's Institution: SRM University

Corresponding Author's Secondary

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First Author: C.T. Manimegalai

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Order of Authors: C.T. Manimegalai

Hemanga Bhatta

himansu tauket

Afaan Iliyas

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Abstract: In this paper, the main aim is to study, simulate and investigate channel modeling for
Underwater Wireless Optical Communication (UWOC) system. For this, we calculate
total attenuation in ocean water, concerning depth-based chlorophyll concentration
profile, in Scilab. The optical wavelength is 450 nm and depth varies from 0 to 250 m.
Using these parameters, we found the optimum channel for all water types, comparing
attenuation values at Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM). For the S9 chlorophyll profile,
the DCM we found was 10 meters, with attenuation at DCM as 7.391 m − 1 .
Then a simple system was designed in Optisystem, with blue Light Emitting Diode
(LED) as the transmitter, for Non-Return to Zero On-Off keying (NRZ-OOK)
modulation. The system performance was analyzed by visualizing the eye diagram at
50 Mbps and 10 m channel length.

Response to Reviewers: To

L.N. Hazra Date: 28th Feb 2022

Editor-in-Chief,
Journal of Optics.

Ref.: Manuscript no. OPTI-D-21-00149

Sub: Submission of revised manuscript

Dear Sir,
This is concerning our Manuscript no. OPTI-D-21-00149 in Journal of Optics entitled
“Channel Modeling for UWOC: A Simulation Approach”. We would like to thank you
very much and also the reviewers of the above paper for their valuable comments. We
have gone through all the comments very carefully and made the changes in the
revised paper. Now, as per your kind advice, we are submitting the revised manuscript
incorporating the changes suggested. Please note that the corrections/modifications
made are mentioned in amendment sheet attached with this letter.
Reviewer´s Comments:

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Abstract to be refined
Author response: the main aim is to study, simulate and investigate a basic
Underwater Optical Wireless Communication System in a direct line of sight (LoS)
configuration. For this, we calculate total attenuation in ocean water, concerning depth-
based chlorophyll concentration profile, in Scilab. The optical wavelength is 450 nm
and depth varies from 0 to 250 m. Using these parameters, we found the optimum
channel for all water types, comparing attenuation values at Deep Chlorophyll
Maximum (DCM). For the S9 chlorophyll profile, the DCM we found was 10 meters,
with attenuation at DCM as 7.391m−1. Then a simple system was designed in
Optisystem, with blue Light Emitting Diode (LED) as the transmitter, for Non-Return to
Zero On-Off keying (NRZ-OOK) modulation. The system performance was analyzed by
visualizing the eye diagram at 50 Mbps and 10 m channel length. This study also
emphasises the selection of a suitable frequency of light that can traverse the channel
with minimum path loss and a compatible bit rate.
Reviewer#1: The Conclusion to be rewritten
Author response: Table II tabulates the value of attenuation at DCM for all the
chlorophyll profiles. From the table, it can be inferred that low surface chlorophyll
concentration such as S1-S5 chlorophyll profile, has high attenuation for depth
between 47m and 115m. Whereas for high surface chlorophyll concentration such as
S6-S9 chlorophyll profile, attenuation is high in depth between 10m and 33m. So,
considering these values, it can be noted that for regions in S1-S5 profiles, the UOWC
communication channel should be avoided in a very deep ocean, instead,
communication with minimal attenuation near-surface can be preferred. Similarly, for
region S6-S9, a near-surface channel should be avoided, and a very deep ocean level
channel can be operated with minimal attenuation.
Using the values obtained in Table II, static UOWC channel link is tested for a full-
duplex optical transceiver in direct line of sight configuration considering the
attenuation value as 0.395m−1 in Optisystem design suite. The proposed transceiver
includes a blue LED as a transmitter with NRZ modulation. The reception of the signal
at the channel end is done using an APD module. Figure 12 shows the eye diagram of
the received signal at 50 Mbps and 10 m channel length for a pseudo-random bit
sequence input. The signal is recovered completely, with a high-quality factor and
minimum BER. Thus, we have found out the optimum conditions for UOWC
communications to take place, concerning deep chlorophyll maximum value.

Reviewer#1: Equations should be numbered.

Author response: The suggestion and necessary action has carried out in the paper by
numbering all the equations.
Reviewer# 1: References should be aliened properly.
Author response: The clarification regarding static channel has been provided.
Author action: Alignment of references is done in the modified in the paper

Regards,
C. T. Manimegalai
Associate Professor,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology

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Channel Modeling for UWOC: A Simulation Approach

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Channel Modeling for UWOC: A Simulation

1 Approach
2 C. T. Manimegalai1 Hemanga Bhatta2
3 Associate Professor B.Tech 3rd Year
4 Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering
5 SRM Institute of Science & Technology SRM Institute of Science & Technology Kattankulathur,
6 Kattankulathur, Chennai Chennai
7 manimegc@srmist.edu.in hp1834@srmist.edu.in
8
9 Himanshu Thakur3 Afaan Iliyas4
10 B.Tech 3rd Year B.Tech 3rd Year
11 Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering
12 SRM Institute of Science & Technology SRM Institute of Science & Technology Kattankulathur,
13 Kattankulathur, Chennai Chennai
14 ha1470@srmist.edu.in am5423@srmist.edu.in
15
16 Abstract—In this paper, the main aim is to study, simulate communications to take place, concerning deep
17 and investigate a basic Underwater Optical Wireless chlorophyll maximum value. Finally, we analyze the sys-
18 Communication System in a direct line of sight (LoS)
configuration . For this, we calculate total attenuation in
tem performance of an underwater wireless
19 communication system, using Optisystem, with blue Light
ocean water, concerning depth-based chlorophyll
20 concentration profile, in Scilab. The optical wavelength is Emitting Diode (LED) as the transmitter, for Non-Return
21 450 nm and depth varies from 0 to 250 m. Using these to Zero On-Off keying (NRZ-OOK) modulation, in a
22 parameters, we found the optimum channel for all water direct line of sight (LoS) configuration[8]-[12].The light-
23 types, comparing attenuation values at Deep Chlorophyll
Maximum (DCM). For the S9 chlorophyll profile, the DCM
emitting diode (LED) has a substantially lower thermal
24
we found was 10 meters, with attenuation at DCM as resistance than the laser diode used in underwater
25
26 7.391m−1. Then a simple system was designed in Optisystem, communications, and hence can output much more optical
with blue Light Emitting Diode (LED) as the transmitter, for power. In both coastal and port areas, blue light emitting
27 Non-Return to Zero On-Off keying (NRZ-OOK) modulation.
28 diodes (LEDs) function effectively for data transfers in the
The system performance was analyzed by visualizing the eye
29 diagram at 50 Mbps and 10 m channel length. This study
water. The issue primarily concerns the "green–yellow
30 also emphasises the selection of a suitable frequency of light gap" of LEDs, which is caused by the low quantum
31 that can traverse the channel with minimum path loss and efficiency of currently available green LEDs. Because
32 a compatible bit rate. energy usage is a consideration, especially for battery-
33 Index Terms: Underwater Wireless Optical
powered devices, choosing blue LEDs is a compromise.
34 Communication (UWOC), Channel Modelling, Attenuation, Green LEDs that have been phosphor-converted and are
35 Chlorophyll Profile, Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM), pumped by extremely efficient blue LEDs have just been
36 Scilab, Optisystem, Light Emitting Diode (LED) released to the marketplace, and this type of LED
37 promises to perform much better. As a result, Blue LEDs
38 I. INTRODUCTION
are both energy-efficient and cost-effective.
39 Optical waves are rapidly absorbed in water. The
40 II. TOTAL ATTENUATION IN SEA WATER
suspended particles and phytoplankton, indirectly cause
41
significant optical scattering which results in attenuation
42
of the optical trans- mitted signal. Hence, there is a need The block diagram, shown in Figure 1 is a
43
44 to study how ocean composition affects the attenuation of schematic for total attenuation in seawater. It can be inferred
45 optical signals in the Deep Ocean and how chlorophyll from the diagram that the parameters which are responsible
46 profiles can be used to determine regions with high for causing attenuation of optical signal directly affect the
47 attenuation. Thus finally, we can obtain a modeling of an underwater optical wireless communication. Underwater
48 underwater wireless channel. In previous studies [1]-[3], communication is dependent on wavelength, depth of
49 we found that attenuation is taken as constant, irrespective communication, and water type. Optical Signal absorption is
50 of depth in the ocean. This paper looks at the depth- caused by the organic components present in water and also
51 dependent optical attenuation in underwater wireless pure water absorption is to be considered. Biological
52 communication systems for a wavelength of 450 nm and components present in water comprise the yellow substances
53 varying depths from 0 to 250 m based on chlorophyll namely humic acid and fulvic acid, and the green substance
54 concentration profiles (S1-S9) [4]-[7]. To achieve this, a chlorophyll. All these affect the absorption of optical signals
55 Scilab script is written to simulate the optical attenuation
56 in seawater. The scattering comes into effect, from the large
for different. wavelengths with varying depths. The results and small particles present in the ocean[13]. These particles
57 show how the attenuation of light in the Open Ocean can
58 are also biological factors. Scattering coefficients are
be determined using surface chlorophyll profiles S1-S9.
59 obtained from the strength of scattering and statistical
The results also show that the attenuation coefficient for
60 distribution. The addition of the attenuation from absorption
underwater optical communication systems varies with
61 and scattering components gives the value of total.
depth. Also, a comparison is done to find out where
62
63 optimum conditions are achieved for UOWC
64
65
 ℎ −(𝑧−𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 )2
𝐶𝑐 (𝑧) = 𝐵𝑜 + 𝑆𝑧 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [ ] (2)
𝜎 √2𝜋 2𝜎 2

The standard deviation σ is calculated [6] using

equation (3) as follows:
1
2 ℎ
𝜎= (3)
3 √2𝜋[𝐶𝑐ℎ𝑙 (𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 )−𝐵𝑜 −𝑆𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 ]
4 Fig. 1. Schematic view of total attenuation in Seawater
5 Here Bo is the background chlorophyll
6 attenuation of the signal in underwater wireless optical concentration on the surface, S is the vertical gradient of
7 systems [14]-[17]. concentration, which is always negative due to the slow
8 decrease in chlorophyll concentration with depth, h is the
9 total chlorophyll above the background levels, and zmax is
10 A. Absorption
the depth of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM). DCM
11
Absorption a(λ) [18]-[21] is a result of biological is the region between the sunlit and dark regions of the
12
13 factors which are grouped by optical behaviors such as ocean. This region has the optimal balance of light and
14 absorption of pure water and absorption by chlorophyll-a. nutrients and occurs at a depth typically between 20m and
15 Chlorophyll-a is the main substance that comprises 120m, depending on the surface concentration of
16 phytoplankton, a group of pho- tosynthesizing chlorophyll.
17 microorganisms, and absorption by humic and fulvic acids,
18 A. Absorption mathematical equation
both of which act as nutrients for phytoplankton.
19
Computing absorption spectra a (λ,z) using the
20 B. Scattering
21 equation (4) as follows [7]:
22 Scattering b(λ) [4] refers to the deflection of light
23 from the original path, which can be caused by particles of
𝑎(𝜆, 𝑧) = 𝑎𝑤 (𝜆) + 𝑎𝑓𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑘𝑓 𝜆)𝐶𝑓 (𝑧) +
24 size comparable to λ (diffraction), or by particulate matters 𝑎ℎ𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑘ℎ 𝜆)𝐶ℎ (𝑧) + 𝑎𝑐𝑜 (𝜆, 𝑧)[𝐶𝑐 (𝑧)]0.602 (4)
25 with a refraction index different from that of the water
26 Here,
(refraction)[18].
27
28 C. Attenuation 𝑎𝑓0 =35.959 m2/mg - Specific absorption coefficient
29 of fulvic acid.
30 The combination of the attenuation caused by
TABLE I
31 absorption and scattering determines the total attenuation
32 c(λ) in the UOWC system shown in equation (1). S1-S9 CHLOROPHYLL PARAMETER VALUES
33
c(λ) = a(λ) + b(λ) (1) Cchl−s Bo S∗ h zmax Cchl
34
Profile 10−3 (zmax)
35 (mg/m3) (mg/m3) (mg/m2) (mg/m2) (m) (mg/m3)
36 III. CHLOROPHYLL DEPTH PROFILE S1 < 0.0429 −0.103 11.87 115.4 0.708
37 0.04
38 Near-surface Chlorophyll distribution in the ocean S2 0.04 − 0.0805 −0.260 13.89 92.01 1.055
is monitored by NASA’s sea-viewing wide field-of-view 0.08
39 S3 0.08 − 0.0792 −0.280 19.08 82.36 1.485
40 sensor. Chlorophyll-a is considered the main substance that 0.12
41 comprises a group of microscopic organisms known as S4 0.12 − 0.143 −0.539 15.95 65.28 1.326
42 0.2
phytoplankton (photosynthesizing organisms). They inhabit
S5 0.2 − 0.207 −1.03 15.35 46.61 1.557
43 only those parts of the ocean where sunlight can propagate, 0.3
44 known as the photic or euphotic zone. Parameter values for S6 0.3 − 0.160 −0.705 24.72 33.03 3.323
45 0.4
S1-S9 chlorophyll con- centration profiles are given in Table S7 0.4 − 0.329 −1.94 25.21 24.59 3.861
46
I. To quantify the parameters of chlorophyll concentration 0.8
47 0.8 −
experimentally, a study was done using 2419 separate S8 1.01 −9.03 20.31 20.38 4.556
48 2.2
49 chlorophyll profiles. From this study [5], ocean locations S9 2.2 − 4 0.555 0 130.6 9.87 136.5
50 were allocated to one of nine groups, each representing a
51 different range of surface chlorophyll concentrations. These
𝑎ℎ𝑜 = 18.828 m2/mg - Specific absorption coefficient of humic acid
52 were < 0.04mg/m3, 0.04 0.08mg/m3, 0.08 0.12mg/m3,
53 0.12 0.2mg/m3, 0.2 0.3mg/m3, 0.3 0.4mg/m3, kf = 0.0189 nm−1 - Fulvic acid exponential coefficient
54 0.40.8mg/m3, 0.8 2.2mg/m3 and 2.2 4mg/m3, represented
55 kh = 0.0115 nm−1 - Humic acid exponential coefficient aw is pure water
by S1-S9 respectively absorption coefficient Mathematically,aw [3] is expressed as:
56
57 IV. GOVERNING EQUATIONS Cf is the concentration of fulvic acid expressed as:
58
59 The chlorophyll profile over a depth z(m) from the Cf (z) = 1.74098Cc(z)exp(0.12327Cc(z))
60 surface as discussed can be modeled using Gaussian curve Ch is the concentration of humic acid expressed as:
61 and numeric parameters [6] as shown in equation (2):
62 Ch(z) = 0.19334Cc(z)exp(0.12343Cc(z))
63
B. Scattering mathematical equation
64
65
 Computing scattering spectra b (λ, z) using the equation (5) as follows [7]:

b(λ, z) = bw(λ) + bo(λ)Cs(z) + bo(λ)Cl(z) (5)

1 Here,
2
3 bw is the pure water scattering coefficient expressed as:
4 bw(λ) = 0.005826(400/λ)4.322
5
6 bo is the small particulate scattering coefficient expressed as:
7
bo(λ) = 1.1513(400/λ)1.7
8
9 bo is the large particulate scattering coefficient expressed as:
10
11 bo(λ) = 0.3411(400/λ)0.3
12 Cs is the concentration of small particles expressed as:
13
14 Cs(λ) = 0.01739Cc(z)exp(0.11631Cc(z))
15
Cl is the concentration of large particles expressed as:
16
17 Cl(λ) = 0.76284Cc(z)exp(0.03092Cc(z))
18
Using (4) and (5), computing attenuation coefficient in equation (6):
19
20 c(λ, z) = a(λ, z) + b(λ, z) (6)
21
22 V. METHODOLOGY
23 To obtain the absorption, scattering, and attenuation spectra for all the
24 chlorophyll concentration profiles (S1-S2) Scilab scripts are implemented
25 for individual cases. Step-wise im- plementation of the Scilab script is
26 represented by Figure 2. While writing the Scilab script, first it is required
27 to import the values of S1 to S9 chlorophyll from Table I. Using (3)
28 calculate the standard deviation for individual chlorophyll profile. Using the
standard deviation values obtained from (3), calculate the chlorophyll
29
concentration using (2). Since chlorophyll concentration is dependent on
30 depth, it is required to iterate the value of depth over a range of 0 to 250 m.
31 in the Scilab code. The values of absorption and scattering can be
32 calculated using (4) and (5) respectively and using the values obtained from
33 chlorophyll concentration concerning depth for profiles S1 to S9. To get the
34 results for total attenuation for each chlorophyll profile values from (4) and
35 (5) are added. The results obtained correspond to total attenuation for blue
36 wavelength for a depth between 0 and 250m based on chlorophyll
concentration S1 to S9. For a visual illustration of the results obtained, plot Fig. 4. Absorption spectra for S1
37 the surface chlorophyll concentration, absorption spectra, scattering spectra,
38 and attenuation spectra for all conditions.
39
40 VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
41
Chlorophyll concentration for profiles S1, S2, S4, and S7 can be visualized
42 in Figure 3. For areas with low surface chlorophyll concentration such as
43 S1-S5 chlorophyll profile, where the chlorophyll is less than 0.3 mg/m3, the
44 DCM occurs between a depth of 60 and 120m, whereas in areas of high
45 surface chlorophyll concentration such as S6-S9 where the chlorophyll is
46 more than 0.3 mg/m3, the DCM appears at a depth between 10 and 40m.
47 This is because a high chlorophyll,
48
49 Fig. 5. Absorption spectra for S7
50
level at the surface limits the depth that sunlight can penetrate, and this
51 reduces the phytoplankton and the chlorophyll levels in the Deep
52 Ocean.Using the values of chlorophyll concentration and implementing
53 equation (4) for absorption in scilab, Figure 4 and Figure 5 are obtained for
54 absorption spectra of profile S1 and S7 respectively. For S1 profile, at
55 DCM depth 115m,attenuation due to absorption value 0.036m−1 is obtained.
56 Similarly, for S7 profile, at DCM depth 25m, attenuation due to absorption
value is 0.107m−1.Using the values of chlorophyll concentration and
57
implementing equation (5) for scattering in scilab, Figure 6 and Figure 7 are
58 obtained for absorption spectra of profile S1 and S7 respectively. For S1
59 profile, at DCM depth 115m, attenuation
60 Fig. 3. Surface Chlorophyll concentration for S1,S2,S4 and S7
61
62
63
64
65
 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Fig. 6. Scattering spectra for S1
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Fig. 10. Surface chrolophyll concentration for S5,S6,S7 and attenuation
17
spectra for S2,S5,S6
18
19
20 TABLE II
21 ATTENUATION AT DCM FOR S1-S9 CHLOROPHYLL
22 Fig. 7. Scattering spectra for S7 PROFILES

23
24 Chlorophyll Profile DCM(m) Attenuation(/m) at
25 DCM
26 S1 115 0.274
27 S2 92 0.343
S3 82 0.409
28 S4 65 0.395
29 S5 47 0.439
30 S6 33 0.647
31 S7 25 0.734
S8 20 0.965
32
S9 10 7.391
33
34
35
36 Fig. 8. Attenuation spectra for S1
37 and S7 profiles are represented. In Figure 10 and Figure 11, attenuation
38 spectra for S2-S9 are shown.
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52 Fig. 9. Attenuation spectra for S7
53
54
55
56 Fig. 11. Attenuation spectra for S3-S9
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
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