Multiplication of Integers:

In Mathematics multiplication means repeated addition.

For better understanding let us take an example, the final result of multiplying 4
by 3 will be same as addition of 4, three consecutive times…i.e., 4 x 3 = 4 + 4 +
4 =12.
RULE 1: To find the multiplication or product of two integers with same sign,
we must the take the product of their values without considering sign and put
positive sign before the product.
Let, us some example
Find the product of (i) 4 x 8 (ii) 12 x 18 (iii) (-5) x (- 8) (iv) (- 11) x (- 15)
(i) 4 x 8 = 32
(ii) 12 x 18 = 216
(iii) (-5) x (- 8) = 40
(iv) (- 11) x (- 15) = 165
Now, using the above mentioned rule we cannot find the product of “14 x (–
12)”. For this you must carefully go through the rule 2.
RULE 2: To find the multiplication or product of two integers with unlike sign,
we must take the product of their values without considering sign and put a
negative sign before the final product.
Let, us some example
Find the product of (i) (- 5) x 8 (ii) 6 x (-7) (iii) (-15) x 8 (iv) 11 x (- 14)
(i) (- 5) x 8 = - 40
(ii) 6 x (-7) = - 42
(iii) (-15) x 8 = - 120
(iv) 11 x (- 14) = - 154

As of now, our discussion is limited up to two integers. To find the

multiplication or product of more than two integers consider the below
examples,
For example, the product of the integers (i) 3 x 4 x 5 = 60
(ii) 8 x 12 x 15 = 1440
(iii) 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 6 = 144
When all the given integers are positive then we will follow the rule 1 of
multiplication of integers strictly.
Now, observe the results of the multiplications given below,
The multiplication of (-1) x (-2) x (-3) = -6
The multiplication of (-1) x (-2) x (-3) x (-1) = 6
From the above result we can conclude that when the multiplication of more
than two integers are performed the result will be a negative integer if odd
number of negative integer members are multiplied. And the resultant number
will be a positive integer if even number of negative integer numbers are
multiplied.

Properties of Integer Multiplication:

Proprery-1) Closure Property
The product of integer will always be an integer.
Verification: (i) 3 x 5 = 15 is an integer
(ii) 4 x (-3) = -12 is an integer
(iii) (-5) x (-7) = 35 is an integer
Proprery-2) Commutative Law
For any two integer “a” and “b” , we have “a x b = b x a”
Verification:
(i) 5 x (-4) = - (5 x 4) =- 20 and (-5) x 4 = -(5x4) = -20
Therefore, 5 x (-4) = (-5) x 4
(ii) (-7) x (-3) = 21 and (-3) x (-7) = 21
Therefore (-7) x (-3) = (-3) x (-7)
Proprery-3) Associative Law
If “a”, ”b” and “c” three different integers then according to the associative
property of integer,
“ a x (b x c)= (a x b) x c ”
Verification: 5 x ((-3) x 4)= 5 x (-12)= - 60
(5 x (-3)) x 4 = (-15) x 4 = -60
Therefore, 5 x ((-3) x 4) = (5 x (-3)) x 4
Proprery-4) Distributive Law
If “a”, ”b” and “c” three different integers then according to the distributive
property of integer,
“ a x (b + c)= (a x b) +(b x c) ”
Verification: (- 4) x (5+(-6)) = (- 4) x (-1) = 4
((-4) x 5)+((-4) x (-6)) = -20 + 24 = 4
Therefore, (- 4) x (5+(-6)) = ((-4) x 5)+((-4) x (-6))
Proprery-5) Multiplicative Identity
For any integer “a” , “a x 1 = 1 x a = a”
“1” is called multiplicative identity of integers.
Example (i) 12 x 1= 12
(ii) (-15) x 1 = -15
Proprery-6) Multiplicative Inverse
1 1 1
For a non-zero integer “a” multiplicative inverse is as “a x = x a = 1”
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

Example:
1
(i) Multiplicative inverse of 5 is
5
1
(ii) Multiplicative inverse of -5 is -
5

Proprery-7) Property of ZERO

For any integer “a” we have “ a x 0 = 0 x a = 0 ”
Example: (i) 4 x 0 = 0 x 4 = 0
(ii) (-3) x 0 = 0 x (-3) = 0

Important Result
(1) If a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 ………an are integers up to “n” then the
multiplication of all the integers from a1 to an is,
a1 x a2 x a3 x a4 x a5 x a6 x………x an = (a1 x a2 x a3 x a4 x a5 x a6
x………x an)
If a1 = a2 = a3 = a4 = a5 = a6 = an = a then a1 x a2 x a3 x a4 x a5 x a6
x………x an = an
For example, (i) 2 x 4 x 5 x 7 x 3 = 840
(ii) 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 27
(2) If (- a1), (- a2), (- a3), (- a4), (- a5), (- a6) ………(- an ) are integers up
to “n” then the multiplication of all the integers from (- a1) to (- an ) is,
(- a1) x (- a2) x (- a3) x (- a4) x (- a5) x (- a6) x…..x (- an )

= - (a1 x a2 x a3 x a4 x a5 x a6 x………x an) [When “n” odd] = (- an)

= (a1 x a2 x a3 x a4 x a5 x a6 x………x an) [When “n” even] = an
Where, a1 = a2 = a3 = a4 = a5 = a6 = an = a
For example (-1) x (-1) x (-1) x (-1) x (-1) x (-1) x….. n - Times
= -1 [When “n” is odd]
= 1 [When “n” is even]
Let us take few examples,
The multiplication of 3 x 5 x (-3) x 7 x (-1) x 9 = 2835 [As the number of
negative integers in the given product is even]
The multiplication of 3 x (-3) x (-4) x 7 x (-1) x 7 = - 1764 [As the number of
negative integers in the given product is odd]

EXERCISE
1. Multiply:
(i) 8 by - 7
(ii) -23 by 0
(iii) -11 by -13
2. Fill in the blanks:
(i) (4) x (…..) = - 4
 1
(ii) (-16) x (…..) = -
2

(iii) {(2 x (-6))} x (….) = 2 x {(-6) x (-7)}

3. Find each of the following products:

(i) 4 x 8 x (-3) x (-9) x 2
(ii) (-3) x (-2) x (1) x (-1) x (4) x (3) x (7)
(iii) (-1) x (-1) x (-1) x (-1)………..43- times
(iv) (-3) x (-3) x (-3)………..6- times

4. Evaluate:
(i) 8 x (-4) + 9 x (-1)
(ii) (-7) x (-9) + (-2) x (126)
(iii) (-3) x (-5) + (-4) x (-23)

5. In a MCQ based surprise Biology test containing 15 questions, 3 marks are

given for every correct answer and 1 marks is deduced for each wrong attempt.
If Tamanna correctly marked 11 question after attempting all the questions,
what is her actual score?
6. What will be the sign of the product of negative 145 and negative 10?
7. Simplify:
(i) (-1) x (-1) x (-1) x (-1)………..1023- times
(ii) (-1) x (-1) x (-1) x (-1)………..102- times
(iii) (2) x (2) x (2)………..8- times

Answers:
1. (i) - 56,(ii) 0,(iii) 143
1
2. (i) - 1,(ii) ,(iii) - 7
32

3. (i)1728,(ii) - 504,(iii) - 1,(iv) 729

4. (i)-41,(ii)-189,(iii)107
5.29
6.Positive
7. (i)-1,(ii)1,(iii)256

Division of Integers:
Division is a reciprocal process of multiplication, which broadly means
repetitive subtraction.
Let us take an example when we divide 6 by 3 then the result will be 2 which
means 3 can be successfully subtracted from 6, 2 times as 6 - 3 = 3 and again 3
– 3 = 0.
Rule 1: In case of divisions of two integers with different or unlike sign, just
find the divisions of their values without considering sign and put negative sign
before quotient.
Let us some example,
Find the divisions of (i) (-45) ÷ 3 (ii) 15 ÷ (-5)
(i) (-45) ÷ 3 = - (45÷ 3) = -15
(ii) 15 ÷ (-5) = - (15÷ 5) = -3
Rule 2: While finding the divisions of two integers with same sign, just find the
divisions of the values without considering sign and put positive sign before the
quotient.
Let us some example,
Find the divisions of (i) 64 ÷ 8 (ii) (-27) ÷ (-3)
(i) 64 ÷ 8 = (64÷ 8) = 8
(ii) (-27) ÷ (-3) = (27÷ 3) = 9

Properties of Divisions of Integers:

1) If “a” and “b” are two integers then the result of (a ÷ 𝑏) not necessarily be an
integer all the time.
Example:
(i) 13 and 3 both are integers but (13 ÷ 3) is not an integer.
(ii) (-17) and (-5) both are integers but ((-17)÷ (−5)) is not an integer
2) If “a” is an integer and a ≠0 then a ÷ 𝑎 =1.
Example:
(i) ((14)÷ (14)) = 1
(ii) ((-5)÷ (−5))= 1
3) If “a” is an integer and a ≠0 then (0 ÷ 𝑎 = 0) but (a ÷ 0) is not meaningful.
Examples:
(i) (0 ÷ 5) =0
(ii) (0) ÷ (-5) = 0
(iii) 15 ÷ 0 = Undefined
4) If “a” is an integer and a ≠0 then a ÷ 1 =a.
(i) 14 ÷1=14
(ii) (-5) ÷ 1= -5
5) If “a”, “b” and “c” are nonzero integers and a > b
(i) (a ÷ c ) > (b ÷ c) if “c” is positive
(ii) (a ÷ c ) < (b ÷ c) if “c” is negative
Example:
(i) (25 ÷ 5 ) > (15 ÷ 5) as 25>15 and 5 is a positive.
(ii) (25 ÷ (-5) ) < (15 ÷ (-5)) as 25>15 , (-5) is a negative integer and (-
5)<(-3)

EXERCISE
1. Divide:
(i) 75 by (-15)
(ii) (-49) by 7
(iii) (-45) by (-3)
(iv) 0 by (-3)
(v) (-4) by 0
(vi) (– 17) by (-17)
2. Fill in the blanks:
(i) (44) ÷ (…..) = - 4
(ii) (…..) ÷ (-6) = -6
(iii) (1) ÷ (…..) = - 1
(iv) (-1) ÷ (…..) = 1
(v) (….)÷ (- 56) = 0
(vi) (….) ÷ (1) = - 23
3. Write T for True and F for False in each of the following cases:
(i) (-5)÷ (-5) = 1
(ii) (-4)÷ (0) = 0
(iii) (-5)÷ (0) = -5
(iv) (-2)÷ (-2) = 1
(v) (-9)÷ (3) = -3
(vi) (0)÷ (45) = 0
4. Simplify: {(-9) ÷ (3)} ÷{(-123) ÷ (123)}

Answers:
1. (i) -3,(ii) -7,(iii) 15,(iv) 0,(v) No meaning,(vi) 1
2. (i) -11,(ii) 36,(iii) -1,(iv) -1,(v) 0,(vi) -23
3. (i) T,(ii) F,(iii) F,(iv) T,(v) T,(vi) T
4. 3
 Miscellaneous Questions:

1) (-65)+14
2) 49+(-60)+15
3)Simplify: -(-1001)+202-111+20
4)Fill in the blanks:
a) {45+__}+(-15)= 45+{-78+(-15)}
b) -80+{23+(-60)}= {-80+23}+__
5) -90-(-63)-56
6) 19×24
7) (-23)×13
8) 22× (-19) × 31
9) (-14)× (-29) × 0
10) 8×{12+(-4)}
11) Verify: 23×(6+10)=(23×6)+(23×10)
12) 83×{(-24) ×30}
13) (46×23)+(14×46)
14) verify: {(-16)-72)}-(-19) ≠ -16-{72-(-19)}
15) i) 65÷(-13),
ii) -46÷23
iii)1331÷(-13+2)
16) 0÷1011
17) (-455) ÷(-5)
18) 100114 ÷0
19) [-4+{62-56÷ (13×2+2)]
20) [15-{(-53+22-16)-(-3)}÷{9+(-5-2)}]
21) [{56÷ (23×19×0)}+{(23×9)-(0÷1001)}]
22) {(28÷14×12)-(-15+23×4-2)}
23) (28÷14×12)-[{16×2+18÷9-(-4+2)}]
24) 10000÷1000×101+45-(-15+10)
25) 225÷(15×15)