INTRODUCTION:

The contribution and importance of education are inevitable. Education is required for all for a
better society. Education is light. Education starts from childhood, but persist till old age.
Children’s education affects the overall quality of life in their society and employment.

Thus, education is an essential and essential requirement for survival in the modern world.
Because of this national significance, governments around the world spend a lot of funds for
it.They encourage people to study by providing good universities, scholarships, housing and
other allowances.

A precious childhood is spent for him in the future so that he can lead a better life in the future.
Parents are also interested in educating their children

Demand for education is so high that it involves a reasonable level of business around it.
A person’s studies start at school, then go to college and end with a degree.

This enables them to take on some professional work-related in the future.

Education empowers the mind to be able to have good thoughts and ideas. Education enables
students to analyze when making life decisions. Life challenges people to survive. But
education guides humans to fight failure and achieve success in life.

DISCUSSIONS

Psychological Foundations of Education

Psychological Foundations of Education presents some of the principles of psychology that

are relevant to learning and teaching. It presents an alternative answer to the problem of the
bifurcation of general and educational psychology in the curriculum of teacher preparation.
While the solution is provisional and has obvious imperfections, it is offered in the hope that it
may stimulate discussion of the problem and other solutions and/or explicit justifications for
past practice.
Key concepts discussed include teachers’ attitudes and behavior, different types of learning,
technology in education, forgetting and extinction, child development and intelligence
measurements. Also covered are the assessment of educational achievement, the social
psychology of the classroom, and education in urban schools. This text should have a variety
of uses in classes where students are preparing for teaching.
What is Psychology?
The word, ‘Psychology’ is derived from two Greek words, ‘Psyche’ and ‘Logos’. Psyche
means ‘soul’ and ‘Logos’ means ‘science’. Thus psychology was first defined as the ‘science
of soul”.
Psychology as the Science of Soul.
In ancient days, the Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle interpreted Psychology as the
science of the soul and studied it as a branch of Philosophy. But soul is something
metaphysical. It cannot be seen, observed and touched and we cannot make scientific
experiments on soul.
Psychology as the Science of the Mind.
It was the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant who defined Psychology as the science of the
mind. William James (1892) defined psychology as the science of mental processes. But the
word ‘mind’ is also quite ambiguous as there was confusion regarding the nature and functions
of mind.
Psychology as the Science of Consciousness.
Modern psychologists defined psychology as the “Science of Consciousness”. James Sully
(1884) defined psychology as the “Science of the Inner World”. Wilhelm Wundt (1892)
defined psychology as the science which studies the “internal experiences’. But there are
three levels of consciousness – conscious, subconscious and the unconscious and so
this definition also was not accepted by some.
Psychology as the Science of Behaviour.
At the beginning of the 20th century, when psychologists attempted to develop psychology
into a pure science, it came to be defined as the science of behaviour. The term behaviour
was popularized by J.B. Watson. Other exponents are William McDugall and W.B. Pillsbury.
According to R.S. Woodworth, “First Psychology lost its soul, then it lost its mind, then lost its
consciousness. It still has behaviour of a sort.”

Meaning of Educational psychology

It is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning. The study
of learning processes, from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives, allows researchers to
understand individual differences in intelligence, cognitive development, affect, motivation,
self-regulation, and self-concept, as well as their role in learning. The field of educational
psychology relies heavily on quantitative methods, including testing and measurement, to
enhance educational activities related to instructional design, classroom management, and
assessment, which serve to facilitate learning processes in various educational settings
across the lifespan.[1]

Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other
disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline
analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. It is also informed
by neuroscience. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialties within
educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum
development, organizational learning, special education, classroom management, and
student motivation. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive
science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are
usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation
of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks.
Understanding Educational Psychology

Today’s educational system is highly complex. There is no single learning approach that works
for everyone.
That’s why psychologists working in the field of education are focused on identifying and
studying learning methods to better understand how people absorb and retain new
information.

Educational psychologists apply theories of human development to understand individual

learning and inform the instructional process. While interaction with teachers and students in
school settings is an important part of their work, it isn’t the only facet of the job.
Learning is a lifelong endeavor. People don’t only learn at school, they learn at work, in social
situations and even doing simple tasks like household chores or running errands.
Psychologists working in this subfield examine how people learn in a variety of settings to
identify approaches and strategies to make learning more effective.

Educational Psychology Applied

Psychologists working in education study the social, emotional and cognitive processes
involved in learning and apply their findings to improve the learning process. Some specialize
in the educational development of a specific group of people such as children, adolescents or
adults, while others focus on specific learning challenges such as attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) or dyslexia.

No matter the population they are studying, these professionals are interested in teaching
methods, the instructional process and different learning outcomes.
How much does the time of day when new information is introduced influence whether a
person retains that information? What does culture have to do with how we process new
ideas? How does age affect our ability to develop new skills, like language? How is in-person
learning different from remote learning using technology? How does the choice of a media
platform make a difference in learning?
These are all questions that educational psychologists are asking — and answering — in
settings as diverse as government research centers, schools, community organizations and
learning center.
When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the
debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different
schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology
lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for
dominance in psychology.
In the past, psychologists often identified themselves exclusively with one single school of
thought. Today, most psychologists have an eclectic outlook on psychology. They often draw
on ideas and theories from different schools rather than holding to any singular perspective.
The following are some of the major schools of thought that have
influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology:

When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy,
the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The first
school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab,
Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance
in psychology.

Structuralism vs. Functionalism: Structuralism was the first school of psychology, and
focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Major
structuralist thinkers include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. Functionalism formed as
a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought and was heavily influenced by
the work of William James. Major functionalist thinkers included John Dewey and Harvey Carr.

Behaviorism: Behaviorism became the dominant school of thought during the 1950s. Based
upon the work of thinkers such as John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. F. Skinner,
behaviorism holds that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes, rather than by
internal forces. Behaviorism is focused on observable behavior. Theories of learning including
classical conditioning and operant conditioning were the focus of a great deal of research.

Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud was the found of psychodynamic approach. This school of
thought emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Freud believed that
the human mind was composed of three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego. Other
major psychodynamic thinkers include Anna Freud, Carl Jung, and Erik Erikson.

Humanistic Psychology: Humanistic psychology developed as a response to

psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology instead focused on individual free
will, personal growth, and selfactualization. Major humanist thinkers included Abraham
Maslow and Carl Rogers.

Gestalt Psychology: Gestalt psychology is based upon the idea that we experience things
as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late
19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Rather that breaking
down thoughts and behavior to their smallest element, the gestalt psychologists believed that
you must look at the whole of experience. According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is
greater than the sum of its parts.

Cognitive Psychology: Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental
processes including how people think, perceive, remember, and learn. As part of the larger
field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including
neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics. One of the most influential theories from this school
of thought was the stages of cognitive development theory proposed by Jean Piaget.