Fifth annual Electrical Engineering Exhibition

Design and implementation of three dimensional CNC machine

Ahram Canadian university , Electrical Engineering Dept.

Hajar abd el Aziz & Kariman Mahmoud

Supervised by : eng _ Noha Gamal el-din

1. ABSTRACT : by which is done . for example some of CNC

machines cut solid materials like metal by using
With the development of numerical control
LASER , We also see that CNC machines can be
technology , the processing efficiency and
used in many fields commonly used in
automation level of CNC machine have been
automotive industry , Aerospace industry ,
greatly improved and the processing
machinery , electrically and instrumentation
performance are becoming more perfect , we
industries for many applications such as drilling ,
suggest to develop CNC machines automatically
milling , welding , spinning , gluing and sewing ,
with the help of the artificial intelligence of CAD
also has applications in power industries and it
,so that the machine is safe, Accurate and time
can be used in proto typing . Here we will use it
efficient, so the machine can do without the help
for writing and drawing , It is based on three
of the experts .the system will use CAD/CAM
main elements that can be summarized as
system which uses NSGA-II multi-objective
following microcontroller frame work which
optimization . It will consist of a prediction and
Arduino based on in implementation , so that it
evaluation module , So the machine can be
can send and get data . The driver frame work to
automatically programmed . Our target of this
run the machine. Mechanical frame work which
paper is to design a CNC machine for writing or
contains two NEMA 17 stepper motors controls
drawing things with low cost . The machine will
X , Y axes , and micro servo motor control upward
move in three dimensions X , Y , Z and we used
and downward of writing pin ( Z axis ) . This
different types of motors ( stepper motor and
project covers more one system , such solar ,
servo motor ) and with the help of the battery
charging control of batteries and programming
the solar panel can run the CNC machine ,
systems , so that the weight of gantry can be
However the panel is able to run the machine but
supported during the movement or setting
we prefer using battery to avoid the change in
without moving , in addition to the heaviness of
power caused by the shadow on the solar panel
the connected apparatus heads . This paper
, so that the machine get a fixed current and
handles or relevant materials which the machine
voltage .
is based on and also studies the mathematical
Keywords : CNC shield ; Solar panel ; Drivers ; models for the CNC which uses Dc motors in the
Stepper motor ; micro servo motor ; GRBL ; feed drive .
Implementation
3. Components of Projects:
2. Introduction
1- Mechanical and control system
There are many types of CNC machine and what (Hardware)
determines the type of the machine is the work
Mechanical: In This section there are two
available movement, X, Y axis using stepper
motors, and Z axes using 90 degree up and down
servo motor. The left or right motion by X axis
stepper motor, front or back motion by Y axis
stepper motor, and the pen goes up or down by
Z axis servo motor. The total work of CNC plotter
machine decided as 380 mm for X axis, 350 mm
for Y axis an 15 mm up or down for Z axis.
Stepper Motor
The stepper motor is a brushless motor that
distributes full rotation in several equal steps
[200 steps]. The stepper motor is defined by the
property of converting several drives to a specific
increase in the position of the column. Each
pulse moves the column through a fixed angle.
This machine has used three stepper motors
with a lead screw and two belts.
The motor will rotate and move the motion
system (this system which used in aluminum
windows movement system) with respect to the
X, Y axes.
NEMA 17 Steeper Motor and general
specifications.
Servo Motor
The function of the servo motor to control Z axis
by receive a control signal that represents a
desired output position of the servo shaft and
apply power to its DC motor until its shaft turns
to that position (UP or DOWN by angle of 90).
A servo motor consists of three wires- a brown
wire connected to ground, a white/yellow wire
connected to control unit and a red wire
connected to power supply.
Control : This section will discuss the electronic
parts and wiring which is needed for designing
and building our CNC plotter machine. So, the
main electronic component required are one
Arduino UNO R3, one CNC V3 Shield with A4988
Driver Module with Heatsink for Arduino,
stepper motors, D.C. power supply (12v, 7.2A
battery, solar panel, and charging controller),
pen holder, some wires and USB to serial
adapter.
Arduino Uno R3
Arduino Uno is microcontroller based on
ATmega328P Atmel AVR family microcontroller
(MCU). It is an open source software and
hardware design and manufacture a single of
microcontroller. It has 14 digital Input/output
pins and 6 Analogue input can be sampled using
on-chip ADC. By using open source can be
programming Arduino Uno. It also has 6 PWM
outputs multiplexed on to the digital IO pins. The
dimensions of Arduino Uno measured are [68.6 supply which provided for suppling power to
mm x 53.4 mm] . components of overall system.

Arduino Uno circuit.

Block diagram

CNC V3 Shield with A4988 stepper Driver:

The Arduino CNC Shield makes it easy to get your

CNC projects up and running in a few hours. It
uses opensource computer code on Arduino to
control 4 stepper motors using 4 pieces of A4988
Stepper Motor driver breakout board, with this
CNC shield and Arduino Uno, can be build project
including CNC routers. The purpose of this CNC
shield to control on the three axes (X, Y and Z
axes) of CNC plotter machine, meaning control
on the stepper motors.
CNC Writing machine wiring diagram
2. Programing and designing tools
a) inkscape software Tool
To make the CNC plotter machine plote and
write we will use inkscape software tools, this
software must be setting material dimensions X
is 380 mm, Y is 350 mm, Z is 15 mm and set Bit
to 0.7 mm because Z axis is pen. Through this
software can be set positions of X, Y and Z axes,
also can be control on the speed of CNC machine
mm/min from feed rate

CNC V3 Shield with A4988 Stepper driver and

Heatsink.

Block Diagram and circuit Wiring

Arduino board is connected to connected to cnc
shield which consists of motor drivers, every
driver connected to Stepper Motor of X and Y
Inkscape software tool
axis, and directly connected to servo motor to
control Z axis, The solar panel acts as Power
b. Arduino IDE 4. FUTURE PLAN :
It is simplified C/C++ functions language- based Solar system design
programming can be download functionality
In this section of project, the structure of CNC
with a rich set of library functions. After
plotter machine power source (solar system):
download and install on pc can be write the
program by C language and from tools and port A. Solar panel:
must be choose the port connection between
computer and Arduino through USB. After this
step can be verify the program by error checking
and the message is done compiling when it
finished and no error. After this step can be
upload the program on the Arduino .

We use a 50w (18v) solar panel

50w solar panel.

B. Battery:

Arduino (IDE).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This project considered as minimum cost and

high accuracy machine.

After calibration it will has high accuracy, and has

no cost for power consumption, as we use solar
The used battery is (12v, 7.2A) Lithium Ion
power system, which fully independent on
Battery.
utilization power.

Complete CNC Plotter Machine.

 C. Charging controller: -Yellow-green wire into (-) battery terminal.

PWM charge controllers are, in essence, a switch
that acts between the solar array and the battery
and its function is to pull down the voltage of the
array to near that of the battery to ensure that
the battery is properly charged. In other words,
they lock the solar panel voltage to the battery
voltage by dragging the Vmp down to the
batteries system voltage with no change in the
current. Due to the nature of their work
mechanism, PWM charge controllers have
efficiency around 80%.
-Blue wire into (+) battery terminal.
b) Installing solar panel (connect it to charging
controller).
c) Choose mode of controller operation (-, 0, 1,
2, ….etc).
- (-) mode refers to manually on-off load
terminals.
- (0) mode refers to charging battery without
install any load.

- (1) mode refers to charging battery for one hour

and then install load……. etc.

2-Design task for machine using inkscape:

A ) Install document dimensions (File/ document

properties/ width-length)

B ) Choose task which needed to be achieved by

machine.

Advantages of solar system : C ) Choose extension of file which will be

uploaded to Arduino (.grbl).
A ) Renewable energy source.
D ) DOpen grbl controller software to upload file
B ) Reduces Electricity Bills (in case of large
(.grbl) and live preview of task .
applications).
These steps can used for pcb design purpose.
C ) Solar energy can be used to produce
electricity in areas without access to the energy
grid

D ) Solar energy systems generally don’t require

a lot of maintenance.

E ) Technology in the solar power industry is

constantly advancing and improvements will
intensify in the future.
live preview for CNC task.
5. STEPS TO RUN CNC PLOTTER MACHINE

1- Installing power source:

a) Installing battery
6. Conclusion :
In this paper a new approach to automatic
programming of the CNC machine by the use of
artificial intelligence . The proposed CAD/CAM
model is suitable for solving ( 3D ) as will as ( 2D
) machining problems , We also have got a low
cost plotter CNC machine , which is considered
an easy machine to use controlled by the
Ardunio and suddenly stopped and paused by
clicking on " the Grbl controller IDE " . This small
machine can be easily transported and
assembled everywhere as required. The board
size of this device is 40X35 cm. Stepper Motor
will run on this standard for board size. If we
have an increase in the size or length of the lead
coil, it will be free to make the large size of the
design on paper.
7. References :
1) Espalin, D., Muse, D. W., MacDonald, E.,
& Wicker, R. B. (2014). 3D Printing
multifunctionality: structures with electronics.
The International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, 72(5-8), 963-978.
2) Hashim, N. S. (2012). Design of mini
machine (Doctoral dissertation, UMP).
3) Jayachandraiah, B., Krishna, O. V., Khan,
P. A., & Reddy, R. A. (2014). Fabrication of Low
Cost 3-Axis Router. International Journal of
Engineering Science Invention, 3(6), 01-10.
4) Tunc, B. (2015). BUILDING A
HOMEMADE 3D PRINTER. Matter, 2(1), 211-214.
5) Wei, Q. (2013). Design and analysis of a
small-scale cost-effective milling machine.
6) VISHWAKRMA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
( An autonomous institute affiliated to university
of pune )
PUNE – 411 037