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EQUATIONS
1 1
frequency = f =
time period T
work done W
power = P=
time taken t
energy transferred W
power = P=
time taken t
2π × orbital radius 2× π× r
orbital speed = v=
time period T
change in momentum
force =
time taken
1 1
frequency = f=
time period T
work done W
power = P=
time taken t
energy transferred W
power = P=
time taken t
2π × orbital radius 2×π×r
orbital speed = v=
time period T
pressure p1 p2
= constant =
temperature T1 T2
change in momentum ( mv − mu )
force = F=
time taken t
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Table 1
Name of
Disadvantages
power station
Complete table 2 by placing one tick ( ) in each row to show the type of each power station.
(4)
Table 2
Dinorwig
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Drax
Fullabrook
Torness
(a) State the main type of energy lost as the girl travels from A to B.
(1)
(b) As the girl slides down, she becomes charged and her hair stands on end.
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Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
(3)
As the girl travels down the slide, the slide loses ............................................................................................. .
When the girl reaches point B, the slide has a ............................................................................................. charge.
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(c) The girl grabs hold of a metal post and her hair falls back down.
Explain why her hair falls back down.
40 35
60 29
80 24
100 19
120 16
140 13
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(i) Plot a graph to show how the count rate changes with time, and draw the
curve of best fit.
(5)
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half-life = ................................................ s
4 A student heats a liquid in a beaker and measures the highest temperature reached
when the liquid becomes a gas.
(ii) Describe the changes in the arrangement and movement of molecules when
a liquid becomes a gas.
(3)
(ii) Complete the graph to show how the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules
changes as the temperature of the gas increases.
(2)
Average
kinetic energy
of molecules
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0
0
Temperature in kelvin
(b) A student makes a sound by blowing over the top of a bottle containing water.
The student uses a microphone and an oscilloscope to display the sound wave produced.
The diagram shows the trace on the oscilloscope screen.
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1V
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0.005 s
frequency = ............................................................ Hz
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(ii) The student empties some water from the bottle and blows over the top.
The sound she produces has the same loudness but a lower pitch.
On the diagram, draw a trace for this new sound.
[assume the oscilloscope settings remain the same]
(2)
(b) Describe how the student could find the density of the cannonball.
You should include details of any further measurements he would need to make.
(3)
direction of cannonball
direction of cannon
Using ideas about momentum, explain why the cannon moves in the opposite
direction to the cannonball.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
reflective layer
transparent layer
Light is emitted from the laser. It is then reflected from the reflective layer of the CD
and received at the detector.
The equation linking average speed, distance moved and time taken is
distance moved
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average speed =
time taken
The distance between the reflective layer and the laser is 2.1 mm.
The laser light travels at an average speed of 2.8 × 108 m/s between the laser
and the detector.
Calculate the time taken for the laser light to be received at the detector after it is
emitted from the laser.
(4)
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paper tube
N circular
magnet
coiled
N copper wire
loudspeaker
cone
steam
water
(ii) Which stage of the power station transfers energy from a chemical store to a
thermal store?
(1)
A condenser
B furnace and boiler
C generator
D turbines
(iii) Which stage of the power station transfers energy electrically from a kinetic
(1)
A condenser
B furnace and boiler
C generator
D turbines
The solar farm uses photovoltaic cells to transfer this energy electrically.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of generating electricity using solar farms.
(4)
(b) The speed of sound in liquids is greater than the speed of sound in gases.
(i) Describe the arrangement of particles in liquids and in gases.
You may use diagrams to help your answer.
(2)
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(ii) Suggest why the speed of sound in liquids is greater than the speed of sound
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in gases.
(2)
(iii) Two students use this method to investigate sound from a moving source.
Student A connects a piece of string to the buzzer.
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She spins round so that the buzzer moves in a horizontal circular path.
● she spins round at a slow speed
● she then spins round at a high speed
Student B stands several metres away from student A.
student A student B
buzzer
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(ii) Describe how the student could demonstrate that the rod is charged.
(2)
(b) The student has several other rods made from different kinds of plastic.
Some rods can be charged positively and some can be charged negatively.
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Describe an experiment to show that different rods have different types of charge.
You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(3)
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0
red giants
main sequence
Absolute +5
magnitude
+10
The diagram shows three stages of evolution for stars of similar mass to the Sun.
Describe the evolution of stars of similar mass to the Sun.
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You should refer to the temperature and brightness of the stars in your answer.
(6)
80
60
Temperature
in °C 40
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time in s
time = ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . s
(ii) The stearic acid gains 39 kJ of energy during the time it is heated to its melting point.
primary coil
secondary coil
core
(b) The student investigates the effect of changing the number of turns in the secondary coil.
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(iii) Suggest how the student could improve the precision of his voltage measurement.
(1)
(c) The student plots this graph to show the results of his investigation.
8.0
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6.0
Output
voltage in V 4.0
2.0
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
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7 A game is played on a table with balls of different colours.
(a) The diagram shows the white ball moving across a flat surface.
white ball
v = 5.2 m/s v v = 5.0 m/s
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(ii) During the collision, the white ball exerts a force of 80 N on the black ball.
The direction of this force is to the right.
State the magnitude and direction of the force the black ball exerts on the
white ball during the collision.
(2)
cylinder
combustible
material
(ii) Calculate the work done on the trapped air when the piston is quickly pushed down.
(2)
(iii) State the maximum amount of energy that could be transferred to the
trapped air.
(1)
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(iv) Using ideas about molecules, explain why the trapped air heats up.
(2)
(b) Suggest why the trapped air does not reach a high enough temperature to ignite
the combustible material if the piston is slowly pushed into the cylinder.
(1)
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atoms attract electrons friction
negatively positively protons repel
A student combs her hair with a plastic comb. Her hair and the comb become charged.
and the comb. The comb becomes positively charged so her hair becomes
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When the student moves the comb through her hair, she can hear a crackling sound.
2 The photograph shows a machine used to crush metal cans.
crusher bar
crushed
metal cans
275 kN force
crusher bar
275 kN force
crusher bar
0.8 cm
before after
(a) State the equation linking work done, force and distance moved in the direction
of the force.
(1)
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(b) Calculate the work done on the metal can by the force.
Give the unit.
(3)
3 (a) Control rods and moderators are important parts of nuclear reactors.
Draw straight lines linking each part of the reactor with its correct function.
releases neutrons
The diagram shows the magnet after it has been removed from the tray.
N S
pin Y
pin X
(iii) The student repeats his investigation, using soft iron pins instead of steel pins.
State what difference the student would observe.
(1)
(iii) Describe a method that the student could use to perform this investigation.
You should include a circuit diagram.
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(6)
(i) State what happens to the amplitude, wavelength and speed of the radio wave
as it travels in free space towards the Earth.
(3)
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) When the probe was near Ceres, it was difficult to steer the probe by remote control
from Earth.
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B
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D
(b) The space probe has some solar cells to provide electrical energy.
The total area of the solar cells is 36.4 m2.
(c) The probe is propelled by an ion thruster which produces a force of 91 mN.
Calculate the change in momentum that this force produces in 25 minutes.
(3)
coil of wire
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direction of rotation
N S
slip rings
axle contacts
Use the grid to sketch how the measured voltage varies as the coil of wire rotates.
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(4)
voltage
time
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steel bar
moveable
weight not to
scale
basket of
bananas
(c) The support for the basket is 14.1 cm from the pivot.
The moveable weight is 84.6 cm from the pivot and weighs 1.25 N.
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................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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