Machine Guarding

MACHINE GUARDING
CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING

29 CFR 1910.211-222
WELCOME
COURSE OBJECTIVES
(Continued)
 Accident Prevention.
 Introduce Machine Guarding and Establish Its
Role in Today’s Industry.
 Introduce Basic Concepts and Techniques of
Machine Safeguarding.
 Provide Machine Safeguarding Skills for
Maintenance Workers and Floor Supervisors.
APPLICABLE REGULATIONS
29CFR - Safety and Health Standards

1910 - Industrial Safety
212 - General Requirements for All Machines
213 - Woodworking Machinery
214 - Cooperage Machinery
215 - Abrasive Wheel Machinery
216 - Mills and Calenders in the Rubber Industry
217 - Mechanical Power Presses
218 - Forging Machines
219 - Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus
INDUSTRY CONSENSUS STANDARDS
ANSI - B11.2 Hydraulic presses

B11.3 Power Press Brakes
B11.10 Metal Sawing Machines
B11.11 Gear Cutting Machines
B11.12 Roll-Forming and Bending Machines
B11.14 Coil Slitting Machines
B11.15 Pipe, Tube, and Shape Bending
B11.16 Metal Powder Compacting Presses
B11.17 Horizontal Hydraulic Extrusion
B11.18 Coiled Steel Processing
INDUSTRY CONSENSUS STANDARDS
ANSI - B11.19 Machine Tools, Safeguarding

B11.20 Manufacturing Systems/Cells
PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS
ALL EMPLOYERS MUST:
 Install Machine Safeguards

 Review Job Specific Hazards
 Implement Corrective Actions
 Conduct Hazard Assessments
 Conduct Accident Investigations
 Provide Training to All Required Employees
 Control Workplace Hazards Using PPE As a Last Resort
MACHINE GUARDING IS
IMPORTANT
A GOOD PROGRAM WILL HELP:
 Improve Quality.
 Improve Absenteeism.
 Maintain a Healthier Work Force.
 Reduce Injury and Illness Rates.
 Acceptance of High-Turnover Jobs.
 Workers Feel Good About Their Work.
 Reduce Workers’ Compensation Costs.
 Elevate SAFETY to a Higher Level of Awareness.
PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
IMPLEMENTATION OF A MACHINE GUARDING

PROGRAM REQUIRES:
 DEDICATION
 PERSONAL INTEREST
 MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT
NOTE:
UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM THE WORK FORCE
IS ESSENTIAL, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL FAIL!
MANAGEMENT’S ROLE
 Considerations:
1. Support the Machine Guarding Effort.
2. Ensure Your Support Is Visible.
3. Get Involved.
4. Attend the Same Training As Your Workers.
5. Insist on Periodic Follow-up & Program Review.
6. Implement Ways to Measure Effectiveness.
THE SUPERVISOR’S ROLE
 Considerations:
1. Treat All “Near-Misses” As an Accident.
2. Get Involved in the Guarding of Machines.
3. Complete the Paperwork (Work Orders, Policy
Changes, Etc.) To Make Guarding Improvements.
4. Get Your Workers Involved.
5. Never Ridicule Any Injury or Near Miss.
6. Be Professional - You Could Save a Life Today.
7. Attend the Same Training As Your Workers.
8. Follow-up on the Actions You Took.
THE EMPLOYEE’S ROLE
 Considerations:
1. Report All Accidents and Near-Misses Immediately.
2. Contribute to Make Corrective Actions.
3. Always Provide Complete and Accurate Information.
4. Report All Machine Guarding Problems or Deficiencies
5. Follow-up With Any Additional Information.
SAFETY COMMITTEE
 Safety Committees Should:
✓ Hold Regular Guarding Accident Review Meetings.
✓ Document Meetings.
✓ Encourage Employee Involvement.
✓ Bring Employee Guarding Complaints, Suggestions,
or Concerns to the Attention of Management.
✓ Provide Feedback Without Fear of Reprisal.
✓ Analyze Statistical Data Concerning Accidents, and
Make Recommendations for Corrective Action.
✓ Follow-up Is Critical.
REMEMBER
Any machine part, function, or process

which may cause injury must be
safeguarded. When the operation of a
machine or accidental contact with it can
injure the operator or others in the vicinity,
the hazards must be either controlled or
eliminated.
BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING
Where Mechanical Hazards Occur
 The Point of Operation:

 Power Transmission Apparatus:
 Other Moving Parts:

 The Point of Operation: Where work is performed
on the material, such as:
✓ Cutting
✓ Shaping
✓ Boring
✓ Forming of stock
LATHE

 Power Transmission Apparatus: All components
of the mechanical system which transmit energy
to the part of the machine performing the work.
300 RPM

 Other Moving Parts: Any part of the machine
which moves while the machine is working.
✓
✓
Rotating parts
Feed mechanisms 

✓ Reciprocating parts
✓ Transverse moving parts

✓ Auxiliary parts of the machine
Hazardous Mechanical Motions and Actions

A wide variety of mechanical motions and actions
may present hazards to the worker:
 Rotating members
 Reciprocating arms 
 Moving belts 


Meshing gears
Cutting teeth

 Any parts that impact or shear
Hazardous Mechanical Motions and Actions
Recognition of these hazards is the first step

toward protecting workers from the danger
they present.
Hazardous Mechanical Motions

Motions
 Rotating
 Reciprocating
 Transversing NIP POINT
Hazardous Mechanical Actions

Actions
 Cutting
 Punching SHEARITE
 Shearing CUTTING BLADES
 Bending

 Rotating Motions
- Collars - Couplings - Cams
- Clutches - Flywheels - Shaft ends
- Spindles - Meshing gears - Horizontal shafts
- Vertical shafts

Rotating motions can grip clothing, and through

mere skin contact force a limb into a dangerous
position. The danger increases when projections
such as set screws, bolts, nicks, abrasions, and
projecting keys or set screws are exposed on
rotating parts.
 Reciprocating Motions
NIP POINT NIP POINT
RECIPROCATING MOTION

 Reciprocating Motions
RECIPROCATING MOTION
CAUGHT “IN-BETWEEN”
OR “STRUCK-BY”

 Transversing Motions
TRAVEL
IN-RUNNING NIP POINTS



NIP POINTS


 Cutting Actions
- Rotating motions
- Reciprocating motions
- Transversing motions
The danger of cutting action exists at the point of
operation where finger, arm and bodily injuries can
occur and where flying chips or scrap material can
strike the head, particularly in the area of the eyes or
face.

 Cutting Actions
✓ Bandsaws
✓ Circular saws
✓ Boring machines
✓ Drilling machines
✓ Turning machines (lathes)
✓ Milling machines

 Punching Actions
✓ Power presses 20 TON
✓ Iron workers
 The principle hazard occurs PRESS
ACME
PRESS
at the point of operation PRESSES

where stock is inserted, held
or withdrawn.

 Shearing/Bending Actions
DANGER
✓ Mechanical shears CUTTING EDGE
✓ Hydraulic shears
✓ Pneumatic shears PRESS PRESS
SHEARITE
 The principle hazard occurs POWER SHEARS
at the point of operation
where stock is inserted, held
or withdrawn.
SHEAR TERROR
 Requirements for Safeguards

✓ Be securely attached
✓ Create no new hazards
✓ Withstand operational conditions
✓ Allow for safe routine maintenance
✓ Allow for safe operator adjustments
✓ Withstand environmental conditions
✓ Provide protection from falling objects
✓ Prevent contact with hazardous conditions
✓ Create no interference in the conduct of work
 Nonmechanical Hazard Considerations:

✓ Power sources are potential sources of danger
✓ How will guarding affect equipment operation?
✓ Ensure proper grounding of systems
✓ Replace frayed, exposed , or old wiring
✓ Consider effects of - High pressure systems
- Extreme temp. conditions
- Pulsation, vibration, or leaks
- Noise or unwanted sounds
- Cutting fluids and coolants
HOT SURFACE
 Operator Training Considerations:

✓ Provide instruction and or hands-on training
✓ Discuss the purpose of safeguards
✓ Cover associated hazards thoroughly
✓ Involve guard designers in the training
✓ Describe how to properly use safeguards
✓ Describe how safeguards provide protection
✓ Describe circumstances for safeguard removal
✓ Explain what to do if safeguards are damaged
✓ Explain what to do if safeguards are missing
 Operator Training Considerations:
Defeating, altering, or removing safeguards

can cause injury to co-workers and can leave
the person performing such actions liable
under the OSHA Act of 1970.
 Protective Clothing and Equipment Considerations:

 ENGINEERING CONTROLS → FIRST CHOICE
✓ Work Station Design ✓ Tool Selection and Design
✓ Process Modification ✓ Mechanical Assist
 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS → SECOND CHOICE

✓ Training Programs ✓ Job Rotation/Enlargement
✓ Pacing ✓ Policy and Procedures
 PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT → LAST CHOICE

✓ Gloves ✓ Wraps
✓ Shields ✓ Eye Protection
✓ Non-Slip Shoes ✓ Aprons
 Protective Clothing and Equipment Considerations:

✓ Appropriate for the particular hazard(s)
✓ Maintained in good condition
✓ Properly stored when not in use
✓ Kept clean, fully functional, and sanitary
METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING
 Guarding Method Dependant on:

✓ Type of material
✓ Type of operation
✓ Method of handling
✓ Size or shape of stock
✓ Physical layout of the work area
✓ Production requirements or limitations
 Manufacturers Recommendation:
Before beginning the process of guard

procurement, design, or installation, the
equipment manufacturer should be
consulted for advice.
 Generally:
✓ Power transmission apparatus is best protected
by fixed guards that enclose the danger areas
✓ Point of operation hazard guarding will vary
 Safeguards Are Grouped Under 5 Classifications:

✓ Guards
✓ Devices
✓ Locations/Distance
✓ Feeding and ejection methods
✓ Miscellaneous aids
GUARDS
 Guards:
✓ Guards are barriers which prevent access to
danger areas, there are four general types:
 Fixed guards
 Interlocked guards
 Adjustable guards
 Self-Adjusting guards
 Fixed Guards:
✓ Fixed guards are a permanent part of the
machine and not dependent upon moving parts
to perform its intended function.
 Fixed Guards:
ADVANTAGES
✓ Can be constructed to suit many different applications

✓ In-plant construction is often possible
✓ Can provide maximum protection
✓ Usually requires minimum maintenance
✓ Can be suitable to high production operations
✓ Can be suitable to high repetition operations
 Fixed Guards:
LIMITATIONS
✓ May interfere with visibility

✓ Can be limited to specific operations
✓ Machine adjustments and repair often require guard
removal, thereby necessitating other means of protection
for maintenance personnel
 Interlocked Guards:
✓ Interlocked guards are designed to automatically
shut off or disengage the machine if the guard is
opened or removed
AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC
VISUAL ALARM AUDIBLE ALARM
✓ Interlocked guards may use:
 Electrical power
 Mechanical power
 Hydraulic power
 Pneumatic power
OR ANY COMBINATION OF POWER SOURCES

✓ Interlocks should not prevent “inching” by
remote control if required
✓ Replacing guards should not automatically
restart the machine
IMPORTANT
ADVANTAGES
✓ Can provide maximum protection
✓ Allows access to machine for removing jams without time
consuming removal of fixed guards
LIMITATIONS
✓ Requires careful adjustment and maintenance
✓ May be easy to disengage jams
 Adjustable Guards:
✓ Typically adjusted by the operator
✓ Accommodate various sizes of stock
✓ May require additional operator training
✓ Adjustable guards are typically used on:
 Bandsaws
 Tablesaws
 Power presses
 Routers
 Similar equipment
 Adjustable Guards:
ADVANTAGES
✓ Can be constructed to suit many specific applications
✓ Can be adjusted to admit varying sizes of stock
LIMITATIONS
✓ Hands may enter danger area
✓ Protection may not be complete at all times
✓ May require frequent maintenance and or adjustment
✓ The guard can be defeated by the operator
 Self-Adjusting Guards:
✓ Adjusts automatically to the work
✓ Accommodate various sizes of stock
✓ May require additional operator training
✓ Self-Adjusting guards are typically used on:
 Radial arm saws
 Tablesaws
 Circular saws
 Routers
 Jointers
 Similar equipment
 Self-Adjusting Guards:
ADVANTAGES
✓ Off-the-shelf guards are often commercially available
LIMITATIONS
✓ Protection may not be complete at all times
✓ May require frequent maintenance and or adjustment
DEVICES
 Devices:
✓ Devices fall into four general types:
 Presence-Sensing devices
 Pullback devices
 Restraint devices
 Safety trip controls
 Devices:
✓ Devices may perform one of several function:
 Stop a machine if a body part is in danger
 Restrain or withdraw a hand if it is in danger
 Require activation by the use of both hands
 Provide a barrier synchronized to the operation
 Presence-Sensing:
✓ Photoelectric
✓ Radiofrequency
✓ Electromechanical
PRESS PRESS
ACME
PRESSES
Before beginning the process of

procurement, design, or installation, the
equipment manufacturer should be
consulted for advice.
✓ Photoelectric
✓ Radiofrequency
✓ Electromechanical
20 TON
PRESS PRESS
ACME
PRESSES
 Pullback Devices:
✓ Attached to Wrists
✓ Positioning Critical
✓ Adjustment Critical
✓ Maintenance Critical
✓ Training Critical
✓ Must Stop Machine
Immediately!
NYLON PULLBACK STRAPS ATTACHED

TO WRISTBANDS
 Restraint Devices:
✓ Uses Cables or Straps
✓ Affixes to Hands
✓ May Need Feeding Tools
✓ Must Restrain Body Part
From Hazard!
 Safety Trip Controls:

✓ Body Trip Bars
✓ Hand/Arm Trip Bars
✓ Tripwire Cables
✓ Manual Reset Needed
✓ Must Stop Machine
Immediately!
 Two-Hand Control:
✓ Needs Constant Pressure
✓ Needs Concurrent Pressure
✓ Positioning Critical 20 TON
PRESS PRESS
✓ Training Important ACME
✓ Must Stop Machine PRESSES
Immediately!
 Location/Distance Safeguarding:
✓ Position Dangerous Areas of Machines So That They Are
Not Assessable During Normal Operations. Examples
Include:
❖ Position Hazard Areas Against a Wall

❖ Locate Hazards Out of Reach of Operators
❖ Add Enclosures or Fences to Restrict Access
❖ Design Stock Feeding Openings Away From Hazards
❖ Position the Operators Control Station Away From Hazards
 Feeding and Ejection Methods:

✓ Automatic Feeds - Fed From Rolls, Indexed by Machine
✓ Semiautomatic Feeds - Fed by Chutes, Movable Dies, Dial

Feed, Plungers, or Sliding Bolsters
✓ Automatic Ejection - Air or Mechanical Ejection
✓ Semiautomatic Ejection - Air or Mechanical Ejection Initiated

by The Operator
✓ Robotics - Perform Work Usually Performed by Operator

 Feeding and Ejection Methods:

✓ Manufacturers Should Be Consulted to Determine:
❖ Feeding and Ejection Add-on Options
❖ Latest Technology Available
❖ Best Available Technology
❖ Operator Training Requirements
❖ Maintenance Staff Training Requirements
❖ Cost Estimates for Upgrades
❖ Feasibility Assessment Information
 Miscellaneous Aids:
✓ Examples of Possible Applications:
❖ Awareness Barriers - (Not adequate for continuous hazards)
❖ Color coding of hazard areas
❖ Signage
❖ Shields (i.e. splash, eye protective, thermal etc.)
❖ Holding and Positioning Tools
 Guard Construction:
✓ Many Machines Come With Safeguards
✓ Many Older Machines Now Have Safeguards Available
✓ Manufacturers Are Increasingly More Concerned With Liability
✓ Companies Not Specialized in Guarding Issues
 Builder Designed and Installed Guards:

✓ Usually Conform to Design and Function of Machine Better
✓ Can Be Designed to Strengthen the Machine in Some Way or
to Serve Some Additional Functional Purposes
 User Designed and Installed Guards:

✓ Often the Only Practical Solution for Older Equipment
✓ Can Be Designed and Built to Fit Unique & Changing Situations
✓ Can Be Installed on Individual Dies and Feeding Mechanisms
✓ Can Help Promote Safety Consciousness in the Workplace
✓ Sometimes Do Not Conform As Well As “Builder Designed”
✓ Depending on Talent and Resources May Be Poorly Designed
 Point-of-Operations Guards :
Defined as: “The area on a machine where work is actually
performed upon the material being processed.”
✓ Complicated by the Number and Complexity of Machines in Use
✓ Must Fully Safeguard the Employee
✓ Must Allow Production to Continue
✓ Hazard Analysis Is Usually Required
✓ If Poorly Designed, Built, or Installed Guards May Create a
Hazard Rather Than Eliminating One.
 Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus Guards:

✓ The only openings usually needed are for:
❖ Lubrication
❖ Adjustment
❖ Repair
❖ Inspection
300 RPM
 Guard Material:
✓ Under Many Circumstances, Metal Is the Best Material for
Guards. Guard Framework Is Usually Made From Structural
Shapes, Pipe, Bar, or Rod Stock. Filler Material Generally Is
Expanded or Perforated or Solid Sheet Metal or Wire Mesh.
It May Be Feasible to Use Plastic or Safety Glass Where
Visibility Is Required.
✓ Guards Made of Wood Generally Are Not Recommended

Because of Their Flammability and Lack of Durability and
Strength. However, in Areas Where Corrosive Materials Are
Present, Wooden Guards May Be the Better Choice.
LOCKOUT TAGOUT OVERVIEW
29CFR - 1910 - 147
29CFR - SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
1910 - GENERAL INDUSTRY
147 - LOCKOUT TAGOUT STANDARD

 TITLE - CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS ENERGY
 SEPTEMBER 1, 1989 - FINAL RULE ISSUED
 JANUARY 2, 1990 - FINAL RULE TOOK EFFECT

 Authorized Employee
The Person Who Locks or Tags Out Machines To Perform Servicing

or Maintenance.
 Affected Employee
An Employee Whose Job Requires Him or Her To Operate or Use a
Machine or Piece of Equipment On Which Servicing or Maintenance
Is Being Performed.
DANGER
LOCKED
OUT
DO NOT OPERATE
This Lock/Tag may
only be removed by
NAME: _______________
DEPT : _______________
EXPECTED COMPLETION
DATE: ________________
TIME: _________________
 Normal Operations
1. Covered If an Employee Must Remove or Bypass Guards
or Devices
2. Covered Where Employees Are Required to Put A Body

Part in a Machine Process Area
3. Covered Where Employees Are Required to Put A Body

Part in a Machine Having a Danger Zone
TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS
 REMEMBER, YOU CONTROL YOUR FACILITY OR AREA!
 REVIEW THEIR PROCEDURES WITH THEM BEFORE

STARTING THE JOB!
 DETERMINE THEIR SAFETY PERFORMANCE RECORD!
 DETERMINE WHO IS IN CHARGE OF THEIR PEOPLE!
 DETERMINE HOW THEY WILL AFFECT YOUR EMPLOYEES!

Machine Guarding

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MACHINE GUARDING

CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING

29CFR - Safety and Health Standards

ANSI - B11.2 Hydraulic presses

ANSI - B11.19 Machine Tools, Safeguarding

 Install Machine Safeguards

IMPLEMENTATION OF A MACHINE GUARDING

Any machine part, function, or process

Where Mechanical Hazards Occur

 The Point of Operation:

Where Mechanical Hazards Occur

Where Mechanical Hazards Occur

Where Mechanical Hazards Occur

Hazardous Mechanical Motions and Actions

Hazardous Mechanical Motions and Actions

Recognition of these hazards is the first step

Hazardous Mechanical Motions

Hazardous Mechanical Actions

Hazardous Mechanical Motions

Hazardous Mechanical Motions

Rotating motions can grip clothing, and through

NIP POINT NIP POINT

Hazardous Mechanical Motions

Hazardous Mechanical Motions

IN-RUNNING NIP POINTS

Hazardous Mechanical Actions

Hazardous Mechanical Actions

Hazardous Mechanical Actions

at the point of operation PRESSES

Hazardous Mechanical Actions

 Requirements for Safeguards

 Nonmechanical Hazard Considerations:

 Operator Training Considerations:

 Operator Training Considerations:

Defeating, altering, or removing safeguards

 Protective Clothing and Equipment Considerations:

 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS → SECOND CHOICE

 PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT → LAST CHOICE

 Protective Clothing and Equipment Considerations:

 Guarding Method Dependant on:

Before beginning the process of guard

 Safeguards Are Grouped Under 5 Classifications:

✓ Can be constructed to suit many different applications

✓ May interfere with visibility

OR ANY COMBINATION OF POWER SOURCES

Before beginning the process of

NYLON PULLBACK STRAPS ATTACHED

 Safety Trip Controls:

❖ Position Hazard Areas Against a Wall

 Feeding and Ejection Methods:

✓ Semiautomatic Feeds - Fed by Chutes, Movable Dies, Dial

✓ Automatic Ejection - Air or Mechanical Ejection

✓ Semiautomatic Ejection - Air or Mechanical Ejection Initiated

✓ Robotics - Perform Work Usually Performed by Operator

 Feeding and Ejection Methods:

 Builder Designed and Installed Guards:

 User Designed and Installed Guards:

 Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus Guards:

✓ Guards Made of Wood Generally Are Not Recommended

29CFR - 1910 - 147

29CFR - SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS

1910 - GENERAL INDUSTRY