Chap 9 Development, Anchorage, and Splicing of Reinforcement

Faculty Of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Chap 9 Development,
Anchorage, and Splicing of
Reinforcement
CIE450 Reinforced Concrete II
Dr. Hussein Mouzannar
Spring 2022
CHAPTER OUTCOMES
1. Understand the mechanism of bond stress transfer
2. Compute the development length for tension and compression steel
3. Understand the meaning of hooked anchorage and compute it
4. Compute the positions of bar Cutoff
5. Determine and compute the bar splices
It is highly recommended to take a look at ACI Chapters 9 and 25 for steel detailing.
CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 2

8-1 INTRODUCTION
• In a reinforced concrete beam, the flexural compressive forces are resisted by concrete, while
the flexural tensile forces are provided by reinforcement.
• There must be a force transfer, or bond, between concrete and steel to achieve this process.
• Bond stresses must be present whenever the stress or force in a reinforcing bar changes from
point to point along the length of the bar.
• Bond stresses provide mechanism of force transfer between concrete and reinforcement.

8-2 MECHANISM OF BOND TRANSFER
• A basic assumption made for reinforced concrete design is that there must be absolutely no
slippage of the bars in relation to the surrounding concrete.
• The steel and the concrete should stick together, or bond, so that they will act as a unit.
• If there is no bonding between the two materials and if the bars are not anchored at their ends,
they will pull loose from the concrete. As a result, the concrete beam will act as an unreinforced
member.
• Sources of Bond Transfer:

1. Adhesion between concrete & reinforcement
2. Friction
3. Mechanical Interlock.


• Splitting cracks result in loss of bond transfer:

Reinforcement can be used to restrain the opening of
the splitting cracks.
• Splitting Load is Affected by:
1. The minimum distance from the bar to the surface

of the concrete or to the next bar (the smaller
distance)
2. The tensile strength of the concrete
3. The average bond stress

8-3 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
• ACI Code uses the concept of development length rather than bond stress.
• The development length, 𝑙𝑑 , is the shortest length of bar in which the bar stress can increase
from zero to the yield strength, 𝑓𝑦 .
• If the distance from a point where the bar stress equals 𝑓𝑦 to the end of the bar is less than the
development length, the bar will pull out of the concrete.
• The bar stresses must be transferred to the concrete by bond between the steel and the concrete
before the bars can be cut off.
• The minimum length of embedment of bars that is necessary to permit them to be stressed to
their yield point plus some extra distance to ensure member toughness.

The bars must be extended some distance back into the support and out into the beam to anchor
them or develop their strength. This distance, called the development length 𝑙𝑑

A- TENSION DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
• It is the length of the steel bars that should be embedded inside the concrete and which is able
to resist the developed tensile force in the steel bars.
3 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑠
𝑙𝑑 = 𝑑 US system
40 𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐶𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟 𝑏
𝑑𝑏
9 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑠
𝑙𝑑 = 𝑑𝑏 (SI system)
10 𝜆 𝑓𝑐 𝑏
′ 𝐶 + 𝐾 𝑡𝑟
𝑑𝑏

A- TENSION DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
• 𝑑𝑏 is the bar diameter.
• 𝜓𝑡 is a bar-location factor given in ACI Code section 25.4.2.4.
• 𝜓𝑒 is an epoxy-coating factor given in ACI Code Section 25.4.2.4.
• 𝜓𝑠 is a bar-size factor given in ACI Code Section 25.4.2.4.
• 𝜆 is the lightweight concrete factor defined in ACI Code Section 25.4.2.4.
• 𝐶𝑏 is the smaller of
(a) the smallest distance measured from the surface of the concrete to the center of a bar being developed,
(b) one-half of the center-to-center spacing of the bars or wires being developed.
• 𝐾𝑡𝑟 is a transverse reinforcement factor given in ACI Code Section 25.4.2.3.

B- SIMPLIFIED TENSION DEVELOPMENT-LENGTH EQUATIONS



C- EQUATION FACTORS

C- EQUATION FACTORS

C- EQUATION FACTORS
𝑲𝒕𝒓 is a transverse index:
40𝐴𝑡𝑟
𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 𝑈𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝐼 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑠𝑛
• 𝐴𝑡𝑟 = total cross-sectional area of all transverse reinforcement within the spacing s
• s = maximum center-to-center spacing of transverse reinforcement within 𝑙𝑑
• n = number of bars or wires being developed or spliced along the plane of splitting
ACI Code Section 25.4.2.3 allows 𝑲𝒕𝒓 to be taken equal to zero to simplify the calculations, even if there is
transverse reinforcement.

D- SIMPLIFIED TABLE FOR 𝑙𝑑
• 𝑙𝑑 in cm
• For 𝑓𝑐′ = 28𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 420MPa
28
• If 𝑓𝑐′ ≠ 28𝑀𝑃𝑎 multiply by 𝑓𝑐′
• Multiply the table values by:
o 𝜓𝑡 = 1.3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

o 𝜓𝑒 =
 1.5 for epoxy coated bars with c≤3d
 1.2 for other epoxy coated bars
 1.0 for no coated bars
o 𝜆 = 0.75 for lightweight concrete

PROBLEM – EXAMPLE 7.3 PAGE 195, DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE, 9TH EDITION, J.C MCCORMAC



F – COMPRESSION-DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
• Compression-development lengths are considerably shorter than tension-development
lengths.
• Basic example of compression bars, as would normally be the case at the base of
columns.
𝜓𝑟 𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑑𝑐 = ≥ 0.0003𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦 but not less than 8in US system
50𝜆 𝑓𝑐′
0.24𝜓𝑟 𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑑𝑐 = ≥ 0.043𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦 but not less than 200𝑚𝑚 SI system
𝜆 𝑓𝑐′
• 𝜓𝑟 is taken = 1

G-PROBLEM – EXAMPLE 7.7 PAGE 205, DESIGN OF REINFORCED

G-PROBLEM – EXAMPLE 7.7 PAGE 205, DESIGN OF REINFORCED

8-4 HOOKED ANCHORAGES
A- BEHAVIOR OF HOOKED ANCHORAGES
• When sufficient space is not available to anchor tension bars by running them
straight for their required development lengths, hooks may be used.

B- DEVELOPMENT OF HOOKED BARS IN TENSION
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑐 𝜓𝑟
𝑙𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑏 US system
50𝜆 𝑓𝑐′
0.24𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑐 𝜓𝑟
𝑙𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑏 SI system
𝜆 𝑓𝑐′
• 𝑙𝑑ℎ should be not less than 8𝑑𝑏 or 6in (150mm)

C- EXAMPLE 8-1M ANCHORAGE OF STRAIGHT BAR

#13mm @300mm
3 #25mm
450mm
385mm
1.5m 400mm

3 #25mm






8-7 BAR CUTOFFS AND DEVELOPMENT OF BARS IN
FLEXURAL MEMBERS
A- WHY BARS ARE CUTOFF
• The beams are designed on the basis of maximum moments. These moments have occurred at or near span
centerlines for positive moments and at the faces of supports for negative moments. At other points in the
beams, the moments were less.
• Reinforcing steel is quite expensive, and cutting it off where possible may appreciably reduce costs.
Should the bending moment fall off 50% from its maximum, approximately 50% of the bars can be cut off
or perhaps bent up or down to the other face of the beam and made continuous with the reinforcing in the
other face.

FLEXURAL MEMBERS
B- LOCATION OF FLEXURAL CUTOFF POINTS
• For economical reasons, we can decrease section dimensions, decrease number of bars or decrease bars
section. To achieve that compute the nominal moment ∅𝑀𝑛 corresponds to one of these changes then find
the position on beam where 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛 .

FLEXURAL MEMBERS

FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Check section 8-7 page 405 for more details

8-9 SPLICES
• Splices of reinforcing bars are often necessary because of the limited bar lengths available, requirements at
construction joints, and changes from larger bars to smaller bars.
• Steel fabricators normally stock reinforcing bars in 3, 4, 5m lengths, it is often convenient to work in the
field with bars of shorter lengths, thus necessitating the use of rather frequent splices for long spans.
• The most common method of splicing #11 or smaller bars (< 36mm) is simply to lap the bars one over the
other. Lapped bars may be either separated from each other or placed in contact, with the contact splices
being much preferred since the bars can be wired together.

8-9 SPLICES
A- TENSION LAP SPLICES
• In a lapped splice, the force in one bar is transferred to the concrete,
which transfers it to the adjacent bar
• Splices should be located away from points of maximum tensile

stress.
• Not all of the bars should be spliced at the same locations—that is,
the splices should be staggered.
• Should two bars of different diameters be lap spliced, the lap length
used shall be the splice length required for the smaller bar or the
development length required for the larger bar, whichever is greater
(ACI Code 12.15.3).

8-9 SPLICES
• ACI Code Table 25.5.2.1 distinguishes between two types of tension lap splices, depending on the fraction
of the bars spliced in a given length and on the reinforcement stress at the splice. The splice lengths for
each class of splice are as follows:
o Class A splice = 𝑙𝑑 but not less than 12 in (300mm)

o Class B splice = 1.3𝑙𝑑 but not less than 12 in (300mm)
• Lap splices should always be enclosed within

stirrups, ties, or spirals, to delay or prevent the
complete loss of capacity
• Lap Splices shall not be used for bars larger than

36mm

8-9 SPLICES

8-9 SPLICES

8-9 SPLICES

8-9 SPLICES
B- COMPRESSION LAP SPLICES
• Compression bars may be spliced by lapping, by end bearing, and by welding or mechanical devices.
• The code (12.16.1) says that the minimum splice length of such bars should equal:
• 0.0005𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏 if 𝑓𝑦 ≤ 60,000psi (US system) / 0.071𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏 if 𝑓𝑦 ≤ 420MPa (SI system)
• (0.0009𝑓𝑦 − 24) 𝑑𝑏 if 𝑓𝑦  60,000psi (US syetm) / (0.13𝑓𝑦 − 24) 𝑑𝑏 if 𝑓𝑦  420MPa (SI system)
• Not less than 12 in (300mm)
• if 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 3000psi (21MPa), it is necessary to multiply the value by 4/3

8-9 SPLICES
C- WELDED, MECHANICAL, AND BUTT SPLICES
• Headed deformed bars were added to the code in the 2008 edition. Such devices
transfer force from the bar to the concrete through a combination of bearing force
at the head and bond forces along the bar.
• Bars stressed in tension or compression may be spliced by welding or by various

mechanical devices, such as sleeves filled with molten cadmium metal, sleeves
filled with grout or threaded sleeves. The use of such splices is governed by ACI
Code Section 25.5.7.

9- SKIN REINFORCEMENT
• For relatively deep beams, some reinforcement
should be placed near the vertical faces of the
tension zone to control cracking in the web.
• Without such auxiliary reinforcement, the width

of the cracks in the web may exceed the crack
widths at the level of the flexural tension
reinforcement.
• The size of the skin reinforcement is not

specified; research has indicated that the spacing
rather than bar size is of primary importance. Bar
Ø10 to Ø16, or welded wire reinforcement with
a minimum area of 210 mm2 per meter of depth,
are typically provided.

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Faculty Of Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

Dr. Hussein Mouzannar

2. Compute the development length for tension and compression steel

3. Understand the meaning of hooked anchorage and compute it

4. Compute the positions of bar Cutoff

5. Determine and compute the bar splices

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 2

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 3

• Sources of Bond Transfer:

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 4

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 5

• Splitting cracks result in loss of bond transfer:

• Splitting Load is Affected by:

1. The minimum distance from the bar to the surface

2. The tensile strength of the concrete

3. The average bond stress

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 6

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 7

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 8

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 9

• 𝜓𝑡 is a bar-location factor given in ACI Code section 25.4.2.4.

• 𝜓𝑒 is an epoxy-coating factor given in ACI Code Section 25.4.2.4.

• 𝜓𝑠 is a bar-size factor given in ACI Code Section 25.4.2.4.

• 𝜆 is the lightweight concrete factor defined in ACI Code Section 25.4.2.4.

• 𝐾𝑡𝑟 is a transverse reinforcement factor given in ACI Code Section 25.4.2.3.

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 11

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 12

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 13

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 14

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 15

• s = maximum center-to-center spacing of transverse reinforcement within 𝑙𝑑

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 16

• For 𝑓𝑐′ = 28𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 420MPa

• Multiply the table values by:

o 𝜓𝑡 = 1.3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 17

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 18

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 19

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 20

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 21

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 22

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 23

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 24

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 25

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 26

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 27

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 28

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 29

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 30

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 31

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 32

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 33

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 34

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 35

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 36

Check section 8-7 page 405 for more details

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 37

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 38

• Splices should be located away from points of maximum tensile

CIE 450 Reinforced Concrete II 39

o Class A splice = 𝑙𝑑 but not less than 12 in (300mm)

• Lap splices should always be enclosed within

• Lap Splices shall not be used for bars larger than