HEALTH SAVER

INSECTICIDE

Researchers: Gail Ezra Loryn S. Torrefiel Aquiles Manuel Amirson C. Fontelar

Ella B. Bigota Jessabel S. Albao

Katrina Bianca A. Aguilar Maria Mae N. Arado

 Chapter I

THE SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM

Introduction

According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), pesticide is any substance or

mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or controlling any pest, including

vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals, causing harm during

or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport, or marketing of food,

agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances that may

be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids, or other pests in or on their

bodies. The most commonly applied pesticides are insecticides to kill insects, herbicides to kill

weeds, rodenticides to kill rodents, and fungicides to control fungi, mold, and mildew.

According to NPIC (National Pesticide Information Center), insecticides are pesticides

that are formulated to kill, harm, repel or mitigate one or more species of insect. Insecticides

work in different ways. Some insecticides disrupt the nervous system, whereas others may

damage their exoskeletons, repel them or control them by some other means. They can also be

packaged in various forms including sprays, dusts, gels, and baits. Because of these factors, each

insecticide can pose a different level of risk to non-target insects, people, pets and the

environment.

Farmers, gardeners, housekeepers, etc. have problems about insects. These insects are

destroying their plants. This problem made the researchers decide to conduct this study and the

research title is "Health Saver's Insecticide". The study is important not only because it is a

solution to the problem but also in a way that this study makes hard become easy. Farmers,
gardeners, house keepers and others can save money and time. The product is very easy to make

and affordable and will be a big help especially for poor people. This also good to health and

plants unlike other commercial insecticides because of not having chemicals.

In making our product, the researchers used garlic, onion, black pepper, mahogany seeds,

madre de cacao leaves and water. The researchers decided to combine all the ingredients because

each is feasible as an insecticide and this will make a more effective insecticide. The researchers

make sure that the product will not be harmful to plants and also to health.

The objectives of this study are to help farmers, gardeners, house keepers, etc. on their

problems about insects in an easier, safe and affordable way.

Statement of the Problem

This study is to determine the effectiveness of the product as an alternative insecticide

without any harms to health and plants. The test subject are the different kinds of insects.

The study will specifically answer the following questions?

1. Is the mixture good as an insecticide?

2. Is the insecticide safe for the health and plants?

3. Can it be compared to commercial insectides?

Assumption

The Health Saver Insecticide is good as an insecticide or to kill insects.

Scope and Delimitation

 The study focused just on the effectiveness of the product to kill different kinds of insects

without any harms to both health and plants. The researchers combined chopped garlic and

onion, fine powdered mahogany seeds, madre de cacao leaf extract, black pepper and water to

make the product. The product is usable for farm, garden, and home use. It is only limited to

apply on flies, mosquitoes, and crickets. The researchers collected crickets on a farm at Cayabon,

Milagros, Masbate. The flies and mosquitoes were gathered in a house also at Cayabon. The

researchers gathered 11 for each insect with a total of 33 insects.

Significance of the Study

The importance of this study is to have an alternative solution for the problem about

insects especially at farms and homes.

Community. The community will benefit from this study. They can make their own insecticide

at home. This product is very easy to make and don't waste a lot of time. It will also save money

and no hassle in buying at the store. This is also good to use because unlike from other

commercial insecticide this product doesn't have chemicals so it is not bad to health.

Farmers. Farmers will benefit from this study. They can use it to kill insects destroying their

plants. This will also save money and time. Aside from these, it will not be bad for their health

and plants because it doesn't contain chemicals.

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

Garlic (Allium sativum) has long been known to have uses in pest control for it repellent

effects. Garlic’s primary use is in flavoring foods. There is strong evidence to show it has great

medicinal value for its antibiotic, antibacterial, anticoagulant, and antiseptic properties (it was

called Russian penicillin in World Wars I and II) and it is often used as a cold, sore throat, and

flu remedy. Used as pesticide garlic has a non-toxic mode of action. Garlic is not persistent in the

environment since it degrades rapidly, and has had no adverse effects on humans. Formulated as

a powder, distilled extract from garlic cloves, or as an oil spray, garlic may be useful for pest

control in some situations; however, it should not be used as a general use pesticide, since it may

have adverse effects on beneficial insects.(www.ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com)

Farmers around the world provides a pesticide that can be used to exclude the number of

pests and insects. Pepper (annum) as organic pesticides has a feasibility to control the highest

quantity of pests and to have a highest rate of crop production. Consequently, it can help to the

quickly growth of fibers and plants. Today, chili pepper (capsicum annum) grow widely in many

parts of the world as an important commercial crops that can be tested to produce an organic

pesticide without bad effect to the health of the people and also that is eco-friendly (Meyer et. al.,

2007).
 A study conducted by Pedro Sangatamon, concluded that the onion is not only an

ingredient in foods, but also an effective fungicide which can kill or control the increasing

number of pests and decreases in the plant to develop a good harvest in the fields of farmers and

gardeners (scribd.com)

The efficacy of the mahogany seed is as an insect repellent. When the mahogany seed is

made into a powder, it can serve as an insect spray for those who live in the tropics or where

there are enough insects, can use mahogany powder as an additional intake to help strengthen the

body against diseases caused by insects or transmitted by insects.(http://steemit.com)

Gliricidia is used by farmers in some Latin American countries to repel insects. The

leaves are ground up and combined with water. The animal is then bathed with the resulting

paste. According to some of the farmers, if this is repeated every 7-14 days, the number of

torsalo (tropical warble fly) infections is decreased. No published studies could be found to

substantiate this claim. However, when interviewing farmers and checking goats in Honduras, It

was found out that the goats who the farmers claimed to have bathed with Gliricidia had only 2-3

torsalos, while others had 10 or more. Also, one study did indicate that the heartwood of

Gliricidia contains compounds that attract and are toxic to certain insects (e.g., southern army

worm, cabbage looper, yellow woolly bear, and Glyptotermes dilatatus, a termite). Other study,

Gliricidia was found to inhibit the growth of various strains of Neisseria gonorrhoea in vitro

tests. Tinctures made from the leaves were used for these tests.

(http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/medicinal/gliricid.html)

Related Studies
 The study at iluvmysuperhuman.blogspot.com (2009) aims to know if garlic (Allium

sativum L.) is feasible in making pesticide. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a species in the onion

family alliacease. The leaves, stems and flowers (bulbils) on the head (spathe) are also edible and

are most often consumed while immature and still tender. In making the pesticide, the methods

used are concentrating all the ingredients in making the pesticide. First, allow 3 ounces of finely

chopped garlic to soak in 2 teaspoons of mineral oil for 24 hours. Add 1 pint of water and 1⁄4

ounce of liquid dish soap. Stir well and strain into a glass jar for storage. Upon making the spray,

combine 1-2 tablespoons of concentrate in 1 pint of water to make the spray. Results showed that

the pesticide produced is yellowish brown. In testing and evaluating the effectiveness of the

pesticide from garlic, the product was applied on cockroaches and observes after 10 minutes.

After observing, the cockroaches were found dead. Therefore, garlic is feasible in making

pesticide. This pesticide cannot harm humans and it is environment friendly.

In the study of Javier P. A., et. al. (1986), the insecticidal activity of extracts of ground

black pepper (Piper nigrum) was tested against 4 species of Coleoptera, 3 of Lepidoptera and 1

each of Hemiptera and Diptera. Both crude and semi-purified extracts, applied topically, were

more toxic than malathion to larvae of Plutella xylostella and adults of Musca domestica. The

semi-purified extract was generally more toxic than the crude one, and its toxicity was greatest to

M. domestica and Dysdercus cingulatus and least to Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium

castaneum. Black pepper mixed with maize grain was more toxic than malathion to Sitophilus

zeamais, both as a residual contact poison and as a stomach poison, and it also inhibited growth

in survivors. For the treatment of grain to be stored for at least 2 months, the use of ground

pepper is preferable to the extracts as it requires less preparation. Attention is drawn to the
advantages of using the easily available product of a locally grown crop as a potential

insecticide.

According to the study of Katsaruware R. D., et. al. (2014), cultural methods can be

implemented to reduce the problems that have been caused by indiscriminate use of insecticides.

An experiment was carried out in Makonde District, Zimbabwe to determine the ability of onion

and garlic to reduce pest problem when intercropped with cabbages. A randomized complete

block design was used with five treatments replicated three times. The treatments were (1)

cabbage intercropped with garlic within rows, (2) cabbage intercropped with onion within rows

(3) Cabbage and onion intercropped within rows (4) Cabbage and garlic intercropped within

rows and (5) Sole cabbage. Data collected were on pest prevalence at physiological maturity,

cabbage plants that survived at three weeks after planting (WAP), number of cabbage leaves

damaged by insect pests at 6 (WAP), cabbage head diameter and yield of cabbages at

physiological maturity. Intercropping cabbage significantly reduced pest prevalence, plant death

after transplanting, leaf damage and increased cabbage yield compared to sole cabbage crop.

However, there were generally more benefits when intercropping with either garlic or onions

between the rows than within the rows though not statistically different from intercropping

within the cabbage rows at p<0.05.

In the study of Anulacion C. A., et. al. (2018), the fungi growing termites (Macrotermes

gilvus) is a damaging insect and are known to be a pest all over the world. Utilization of plant

materials as insecticide is considered necessary because it is biodegradable and relatively safe for

humans and animals. This study uses mahogany leaves, barks, and seeds as botanical insecticide.

The effectiveness of six (6) extracts from mahogany; T1 (50ml seed hot extract + 50ml distilled

water), T2 (100ml seed hot extract), T3 (50 ml leaves hot extract + 50 ml distilled water), T4
(100 ml leaves hot extract), T5 (50 ml barks hot extract + 50 ml distilled water), and T6 (100 ml

barks hot extract), against termites were compared to a commercial pesticide, Solignum. The

treatments were administered by spraying 5ml each to the termites. Phytochemical analysis

showed the presence of essential oils, triterpenes, steroids, phenols, coumarines, tannins,

alkaloids, flavonoids, anthrones, anthraquinones, fatty acids. Results showed that the use of

extracts of mahogany leaves, barks, and seeds as an insecticide against M. gilvus was found

effective. The most effective treatment is T4 (100 ml leaves hot extract) with mortality rate of

100% after 30-seconds of application.

A study of Giner G. O., et. al. (2013) showed that commercial fungicides are

environmentally harmful and biologically invasive. Thus organic fungicides are essential. The

study was conducted to evaluate the potential of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate) leaf extract in

controlling the radial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 causing

Fusarium wilt of banana and compare it with commercial treatment – 33% Formalin. A

Complete Randomized Design was used, having six treatments: T0 – PDA with SDW, T1 – 25%

G. sepium leaf extract, T2 – 50% G. sepium leaf extract, T3 – 75% G. sepium leaf extract, T4 –

100% G. sepium leaf extract and T5 – 33% Formalin, replicated thrice per treatment. The

experiment employed poisoned food technique and was observed for seven days. Data for radial

growth and percent of inhibition were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and

Tukey’s test. Results showed that G. sepium leaf extract is an effective organic-based fungicide

against the radial growth of Foc TR4. 25% and 50% concentrations of G. sepium leaf extract has

significantly decreased the radial growth and percent of inhibition of Foc TR4 while the 75% and

100% concentrations having the most potent results, on par with the T5 – 33% Formalin. G.
sepium yielded far promising results to combat Foc TR4 and is a viable substitute to commercial

fungicides because it has antifungal properties that outpaces the growth of Foc TR4.

Synthesis of the State of the Art

The review of related literature showed that garlic, black pepper, onion, mahogany

leaves, barks, seeds, and madre de cacao leaves are good and effective as pesticide or insect

repellent.

The review of related studies focused on pesticides. The study at

iluvmysuperhuman.blogspot.com (2009) studied on garlic which is feasible in making pesticide

that are safe for humans and environment friendly. Javier P. A., et. al. (1986) focused on ground

black pepper that can be a potential insecticide. Katsaruware R. D., et. al. (2014) studied on

onion and garlic which can reduce pest problem when intercropped with cabbages. Anulacion C.

A., et. al. (2018) focused on the extract of mahogany leaves, barks and seeds that were effective

as an insecticide against M. Gilvus. Giner G. O., et. al. (2013) studied on kakawate leaf extract

resulted to be an effective organic-based fungicide against the radial growth of Foc TR4.

The reviewed literature and studies are similar to the present study because it focused on

pesticides. The review of literature and studies are different to the present study because the

ingredients used in the present study were individually tested.

Gap Bridged by the Study

The literature and studies are similar to the present study because it focused on pesticides

and its kind; and are different because it was individually tested/studied with different test

subjects. The researchers combined garlic, black pepper, onion, mahogany seeds, and madre de
cacao leaves. The researchers decided to make it to be more effective. And also the product will

be tested using insects and the researchers called the product as an "insecticide". This is the gap

bridged by the study.

Definition of Terms

Insecticide: are pesticides that are formulated to kill, harm, repel or mitigate one or more species

of insect

Commercial insecticides: insecticides that are found in the market and intended for large

businesses wherein it requires large production

Effectiveness: the degree to which something is successful in producing a desired result

Insects: any small invertebrate animal, especially one with several pairs of legs

Mixture: a product of mixing

Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This research is a quantitative experimental design. The researchers used the method

which is the experiment. These are to determine the effectiveness of the product as an insecticide

without any harms to health and plants.

Test Subject
 The test subjects of this study are the different kinds of insects. This is to test how

effective the insecticide is.

Materials

The following are the materials that the researchers used to conduct the study with its

purpose.

Making the mixture

 Water- used in combining the ingredients

 Mahogany seeds (powdered)- used as the ingredient in making the insecticide

 Madre Cacao leaf extract- used as ingredient in making the product or insecticide

 Garlic- used as ingredient in making the insecticide

 Onion- used as ingredient in making the product

 Black pepper- used as the ingredient in making the product

Holding the mixture

 Bottle- used as the first holder of the mixture

 Sprinkler- used as the final holder of the mixture

Data Gathering Procedures

1. Prepare all the materials needed.

2. Mix the materials together in a bottle first.

3. Soak it for 2 days (also depends on you).

 4. Then, put the mixture on the sprinkler.

5. Apply it to the insects.

Experimental Setup/Area

Table 1: Number of Insects per Treatment

Treatment No. of Flies No. of Mosquitoes No. of Crickets

(Amount of

insecticide for

Duration of exposure)

5 ml for 3 mins. 4 4 4

10 ml for 3 mins. 7 7 7

Total 11 11 11

The researchers collected 11 for each insect. Each 5 ml for 3 minutes, there are 4 for each

insect. And there are 7 for each insect in each 10 ml for 3 minutes. Overall, there are 33 insects

used by the researchers.

Statistical Tool

The researchers used Likert Scale to interpret the mean of effectiveness and acceptability

of our product.
Range Interpretation

81%-100% - very much effective and accepted

61%-80% - much effective and accepted

41%-60% - average

21%-40% - lowly effective and accepted

1%-20% - very lowly effective and accepted