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VCC101 

 Realism and Perspective:  
From Renaissance Painting to 
Digital Media

Class 5
lisa.peden@utoronto.ca

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


VCC101 Return to in-person 
• WELCOME BACK!!
• Beginning Friday, February 11th, VCC101 will return to in-person lectures and 
tutorials
• Lecture is held in IB110
• For information on where your tutorial will be held, please go to the UTM 
Timetable and search VCC101 for the room numbers:  
https://student.utm.utoronto.ca/timetable/
• Lecture and tutorial office hours will still be held virtually, via Zoom
• Please check your utoronto email regularly and make sure you have your 
utoronto email synced with VCC101 course announcements in case there are any 
issues that arise
• If you require an extension, you must submit a Special Consideration request, as 
outlined in the Syllabus.  Please do not email the teaching team with these 
requests.  
• In terms of masks,  you must remain masked throughout the entire lecture 
period.  You are permitted to remove your mask for a quick sip of a drink if you 
choose to bring one, but you must then immediately put the mask back on. 
• If you require an accommodation, you must contact and register with Accessibility 
Services.

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


REMEMBER…
What we can do to keep us all 
safe.

January 27, 2022

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


COVID-19: IN-CLASS GUIDELINES

GENERAL MEASURES
Community Check-In
• Self-screen – How are you feeling? Remember: do not come to campus if you have a fever, sore throat, cough, difficulty 
breathing, runny nose, or feeling unwell. For more information: https://www.utoronto.ca/utogether/ucheck. 
• Vaccination  - The University of Toronto require that all those intending to be present on our campuses be fully 
vaccinated against COVID-19, in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations. For more information: 
https://www.utoronto.ca/utogether/vaccines 
• Hygiene – Wash hands regularly, avoid touching face, sneeze or cough into your arm, no shared surfaces or tools
• Masks – Wear a mask while in-class unless given permission to remove it by the instructor or have an 
accommodation/exemption. For more information, please refer to the Policy on Face Masks: 
https://governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/secretariat/policies/face-masks-policy and the Joint Provostial Guidelines on Face 
Masks: https://www.provost.utoronto.ca/planning-policy/joint-provostial-and-human-resources-guideline-on-facemasks-at-
the-university-of-toronto/.  Medical masks are recommended for all employees, students, visitors and contractors in 
common use areas of University buildings and locations on where to pick up medical masks are available on the 
Utogether website: https://www.utoronto.ca/utogether/masks 
• Traffic Flow – Follow  the designated traffic flow for entering, moving through, and exiting room
• Physical distancing outside of the classroom/non-instructional spaces – Follow physical distancing outside of the 
January 27, 2022
classroom.
• Furniture Placement – Use designated furniture, do not move furniture without permission

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


COVID-19: IN-CLASS GUIDELINES

WHAT TO DO IF UNWELL?
Non- Urgent:
1. Report your sickness to your course instructor 
2. Go home 
3. Email U of T’s Occupational Health Nurse 
(ehs.occhealth@utoronto.ca) who will conduct 
assessment and  contact tracing, and will provide further 
direction
NOTE: The University has suspended the need for a doctor’s note or
medical certificate for absences if experiencing COVID-19 symptoms.

January 27, 2022

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


IMPORTANT CHANGES
1. No Journal Post due for February 18th class.  
• Instead, I will provide an image in next week’s class 
for a Journal Post that is due in Week 7: March 4, 
2022, based on that week’s reading in Practices of
Looking, “Media in Everyday Life,” 219-247 

2. Visual Analysis Revision:
• New due date:  Sunday, February 20th by 11:59 p.m. 
through Quercus

Visual Analysis Revision:
• Why revise something that’s already done?
• Instructions posted to Quercus along with a Rubric

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Realism
• Realism: style of representation understood to 
accurately represent the real 
– definition changes depending on episteme 
– sometimes tied to ethical ideas about accuracy

• Social Realism: a 19th-century photographic style 
documenting true conditions of immigrants and 
working class to prompt reform
– fine art realism also often associated with political 
movements and social reform

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Fish and loaves fresco, Chapel of the Good Shepherd, Catacombs of San Calisto, Rome, 
Italy, after 150 CE.
Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.
Symbols over reproduction

• Elements of early 
Christian paintings 
used as symbolic 
communication among 
members of marginal 
religious sects
– concern with 
symbols 
overshadowed 
concern with 
reproduction
Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.
Types of Realism
• Definition of realism in given time and place subject 
to contestation, often levied powerfully in visual 
expression of political movements
– episteme: accepted, dominant mode of acquiring and 
organizing knowledge in given historical period

• Constructivism: geometric abstraction that 
represented changing social life of modernizing 
Soviet state
– valued industrial materials
– took multiple forms
– displayed in public spaces
– rejected by Stalin as too abstract for majority of populace

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Screen shot from film Man with a Movie Camera, dir. Dziga Vertov, 1929

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Types of Realism

• Man with a Movie Camera


– uses cameraman as figure 
through whom spectator 
sees urban life
– reproduces real rhythm and 
pace of Soviet life in 
physical and material forms
– inspired artists to 
incorporate movement into 
their work

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Types of Realism
• Socialist Realism: classical pictorialist realism used in 
USSR to promote government ideologies
– citizens depicted as happy in cheerful color palettes
– other views and styles seen as disservice to state
– despite danger, Constructivists continued their practices

• Poetic Realism: French film style influenced by 
Surrealism that dramatized social conditions of 
working class, often by focusing on tragic antiheroes 

• Neorealism: Italian film style that captured untrained 
actors in urban ghettoes of Rome on grainy, black-
and-white film
Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.
Perspective
• Perspective: set of techniques for depicting spatial 
depth within two-dimensional pictorial space
– signifier of realism across different periods
– suggesting physical depth not inherently more realist 
approach to organizing image field
– single, fixed spectator position
– signifying scientific progress rather than new ways of 
seeing

• Filippo Brunelleschi: picture as window through which 
sight is organized
– first used instruments to measure distances accurately

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Illustration from Leon Battista Alberti, De Pictura, 1435

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Perspective
• Leon Battista Alberti: linear 
perspective as geometric 
system
– perspective derived from 
nature itself

• Rationalism: knowledge of 
world derives from reason
– space knowable through 
measuring with tools 
that correct human 
perception
– perspective system 
displaces individual with 
mechanical device
Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.
Perspective and the Body
• Techniques for rendering space advanced at different 
pace from those for rendering body as dimensional

• Anatomical foreshortening: technique used to make 
the body appear to recede in space

• Potentially distorting or deceptive aspects of viewing 
systems have been understood differently over time

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Andrea Mantegna, The Lamentation over the Dead Christ, c. 1480

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Albrecht Dürer, Draftsman Drawing a Nude, illustration from The Painter’s Manual, 1525

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Perspective and the Body

• Draftsman Drawing a Nude


– could be critique of 
perspective as form of 
looking
– perspectival grid better 
for depicting 
architectural space than 
human body 

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


The Camera Obscura

• Camera Obscura: 
darkened chamber in 
which light rays 
bouncing off well-lit 
object or scene create 
an inverted projection on 
surface inside chamber
– affirms empiricism’s 
basic tenets
– found in artists’ 
studios as drawing 
instrument
Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.
Johannes Vermeer, Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman (The Music Lesson), 1662–1666, 
oil on canvas, 28 3⁄34 x 25⁄15"
Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.
The Camera Obscura

What is one theory behind


Johannes Vermeer’s lifelike
paintings?

How have some used


Virginals with a Gentleman 
(The Music Lesson) to
support this idea?

Why is this view


controversial?

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Challenges to Perspective
• Human vision more complex than world organized 
around system of lines
– eyes in constant motion when we look
– sight is composite of different views and glances

• Many modern artists working after invention of 
photography defied perspective
– Impressionism: painting style that depicts same scene 
many times to evoke changes in light over time
– Cubism: painting style in which bent perspective lines 
and fragmented spatial planes suggest movement over 
time 
– perspective as source of metaphor and symbolism

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Challenges to Perspective

• Giorgio de Chirico’s 
Melancholy and Mystery of
a Street
– uses perspective to 
suggest anxiety about 
what may unfold in 
Italy’s civic spaces 
– refuses nostalgia and 
heroism associated with 
urban spaces and 
monuments 
– suggests foreboding

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Challenges to Perspective

• Many modern artists questioned organization around 
Cartesian subject as fixed center of pictorial world
– abstract expressionism: artistic style that records the 
artist’s emotions and physicality during painting process
– conceptual art: artistic practice in which concept is more 
important than visual product

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Perspective in Digital Media
• “Player” connotes embodiment, interaction with active 
world beyond limited experience of looking 

• Digital imaging presents multiplicity of perspectives in 
multiplicity of virtual worlds within same screen
– isometric perspective: technique that renders forms as 
flattened and scenes without vanishing points
– virtual: breaking with conventions of representing what is 
seen
– virtual reality: a simulation of reality in which users feel 
physically incorporated into the world on all sensory 
levels

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


Perspective in Digital Media

• Cartesian space: a 
physical, three-dimensional 
space that can be 
mathematically measured

• Virtual space: an 
electronically constituted 
space that resembles 
physical space but cannot 
be measured

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


TERMS
• Anatomical foreshortening
• Camera obscura 
• Cartesian space
• Constructivism
• Cubism
• Episteme
• Impressionism
• Isometric perspective
• Neorealism 
• Perspective
• Poetic Realism
• Rationalism
• Realism
• Social realism
• Socialist Realism
• Virtual
• Virtual reality
• Virtual space

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


IMPORTANT CHANGES
1. No Journal Post due for February 18th class.  
• Instead, I will provide an image in next week’s class 
for a Journal Post that is due in Week 7: March 4, 
2022, based on that week’s reading in Practices of
Looking, “Media in Everyday Life,” 219-247 

2. Visual Analysis Revision:
• New due date:  Sunday, February 20th by 11:59 p.m. 
through Quercus

Visual Analysis Revision:
• Why revise something that’s already done?
• Instructions posted to Quercus along with a Rubric

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.


DVS EMBEDDED COUNSELOR

• Support is here if you need it
• https://www.utm.utoronto.ca/dvs/dvs-hcc-personal-
counselling-service

Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.

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