GEN 003: SCIENCE REVIEWER
 SCIENCE- set of complex theories and ideas based
on observing, testing, analyzing, and then
presenting phenomena.
Without modern science, there would be:
 No way to use electricity
From Ben Franklin’s studies of static and lightning
in 1700s, to Alessandro Volta’s first battery, to the key
discovery of the relationship between electricity and
magnetism, science has steadily built up our
understanding of electricity, which today carries our
voices over telephone lines, brings entertainment to our
televisions, and keeps the lights on.
 No plastic
The first completely synthetic plastic was made by a
chemist in the early 1900s, and since then, chemistry
has developed a wide variety of plastics suited for all
sorts of jobs, from blocking bullets to making slicker
dental floss...
 No modern agriculture
Science has transformed the way we eat today. In
the 1940s, biologist began developing high-yield
varieties of corn, wheat, and rice, which, when paired
with new fertilizers and pesticides developed by chemist.
 No modern medicine
In the late 1700s, Edward Jenner first convincingly
showed that vaccination worked. In the 1800s, scientists
and doctors established the theory that many diseases
are caused by germs. And in the 1920s, a biologist
discovered the first antibiotic.
 SCIENTIFIC METHOD -logical process adopted by
scientists to develop knowledge of nature and
present it as acceptable fact.
-Based on gathering empirical data trough
observation and experimentation and the formulation
and testing of hypothesis.
Steps of Scientific Method:
1. Make an Observation
2. Ask a Question
3. Do a Background Research
4. Form a Hypothesis
Hypothesis- statement of what you think the answer to
your question is. A good hypothesis should be falsifiable,
meaning that it’s possible to prove it wrong.
5. Conduct an Experiment
6. Analyze Results and draw a conclusion.
7. Report your results.-it is something that nobody
else in the world knows.
-Scientists generally report their results in
scientific journals, where each report has been
checked over and verified by the other scientists in a
process called peer review.
The Human Condition before Common Era
 Homo Erectus- have been using fire to cook,
through chipping one flint over the other to produce
a spark, all the while without realizing laws of friction
and heat.
 Tools from stones and flints marked the Era of
Stone age.
 Homo sapiens and humans begun to sharpen
stones as one would a knife; an example of this is
the simple machine called wedge.
The Human condition in the Common Era
 Notable comparisons then and now:
1. Mortality Rate -Lesser women and children die
during birth, assuring robust population and strong
workforce. Medical care for premature infants allows
them to survive and develop normally, while proper
maternal care ensures that mothers can fully
recover and remain empowered.
2. Average lifespan - People engaged less in combat
and are less likely to die in treatable diseases now
as opposed to then. Science is able to prolong lives
by enhancing living status and discovering different
remedies to most diseases. Distribution of
medicines is also made easier and faster.
3. Literacy rate- Access to education provided to
more individuals generally creates a more informed
public that could determine a more just society.
4. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - used to
determine the value of the country’s goods and
services produced within the territory given a certain
time period. Higher country income is brought upon
by high productivity, often an indicator of presence
of technology.
 Aristotle- Philosophical giant.
 Nicomachean Ethics- philosophical inquiry into the
nature of the Good life for a human being.
 Happiness- Supreme good.
 Common people equate happiness with sensual
pleasure: this may be sufficient for animals, but
human life has higher ends.
 Nicomachean Ethics - book written by Aristotle
named for Nicomachus, which in keeping with the
Greek practice of boys being named after their
grandfathers, was the name of both Aristotle’s father
and his son.
-Aristotle begins Nicomachean Ethics by
asserting that there is some ultimate good which is
both final and self-sufficient, and he defines this
good as happiness.
 If man is virtuous, then his scientific discoveries and
inventions will also aim in the attainment of Good life
and Happiness
VIRTUES
 Aristotle sees virtues as character traits and
tendencies to act in a practical way. We gain them
through practice and by copying ‘moral exemplars’
until we manage to internalize the virtue.
11 VIRTUES
1. Courage- The midpoint between cowardice and
recklessness. The courageous person is aware of
the anger but goes any way.
2. Temperance- the virtue between overindulgence
and insensitivity. Aristotle would view the person
who never drinks just as the one who drinks too
much.
3. Generosity- the virtue of charity, this is the golden
mean between miserliness and giving more than
you can afford.
4. Magnificence - the virtue living extravagantly. It
rests between stinginess and vulgarity. Aristotle
sees no reason to be ascetic but also warns against
being flashy.
5. Magnanimity- The virtue relating to pride. It is the
midpoint between not giving yourself enough credit
and having delusions of grandeur. It is given that
you also have to act on this sense of self-worth and
strive for greatness.
6. Right ambition-a disposition to aim at the
intermediate between empty vanity and undue
humility.
7. Patience- This is the virtue that controls your
temper. The patient person must neither get too
angry nor fail to get angry when they should.
8. Truthfulness- the virtue of honesty. Aristotle places
it between the vices of habitual lying and being
tactless or boastful.
9. Wittiness- at midpoint between buffoonery and
boorishness, this is the virtue of good sense of
humor.
10. Friendliness- while being friendly might not seem
like a moral virtue, Aristotle claims friendship is a
virtual part of a life well lived. This virtue lies
between not being friendly at all and being too
friendly towards too many people.
11. Justice- The virtue of dealing fairly with others. It
lies between selfishness and selflessness. This
virtue can also be applied in different situations and
has a whole chapter dedicated to the various forms
it can take.
 Man’s highest action and most complete happiness
is a life contemplation of the highest goods.
 Man’s intellectual capacity is his highest capacity,
and therefore his highest happiness resides in the
use of that capacity.
 Contemplation -the action which best fulfills all the
qualifications that the ultimate good should have,
because it is the most continuous, complete and
self-sufficient of all actions.
 Technology these days enjoys such fame and glory
because of the many different benefits it brings to
Humanity.
 Technology keeps on progressing due to not only
the changing times and environment but also to the
ever-progressing mind of mankind.
Some facts about Filipinos and their use of gadgets
and the internet:
 Mobile phone subscription is at 119 million.
 Filipinos spend approximately 3.2 hours on mobile
and 5.2 hours on desktop daily.
 Currently, The Philippines has one of the highest
digital populations in the world.
 There are now 47 million active Facebook accounts
in the Philippines.
 The Philippines is the fastest growing application
market in Southeast Asia.
Ethical/Moral Dilemmas faced by these
Technological Advancements:
 Children become lazy and unhealthy.
 Alienation, because people no longer take time to
get out of their houses and mingle with other people.
 People have the tendency to be unaware of the time
because they are so engrossed with the used of
technological device.
Possible trends when technology and humanity
cross:
 Augmenting humans with technology
 Machines replacing Humans
 Humans and machines working alongside each
other.
 Information age- defined as a “period starting in the
last quarter of the 20th century when information
became effortlessly accessible through publications
and through the management of information by
computers and computer networks”.
-The means of conveying symbolic information
(e.g. Writing, math, other codes) among humans
has evolved with increasing speed.
-Also called digital age and New Media Age
because it was associated with the development of
computers.
 According to James R. Messenger who proposed
the Theory of Information Age in 1982, “the
Information Age is a new age based upon the
interconnection of computers via
telecommunications, with these information systems
operating on both a real time and as-needed basis.
Furthermore, the primary factors driving this new
age forward are convenience and user-friendly and
user-friendliness which, in turn, will create user
dependence”.
Before:
 During Galileo’s and Newton’s time, people were
viewed as complicated mechanical machines.
 Thomas Alva Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, and
Henry Ford
 Screw and bolt in the Industrial era.
 Majority of labor force was into manufacturing of
goods.
Now:
 Today, the human mind is pictured as
complicated computer.
 Steven Jobs and William Gates.
 Microchip (inventors were awarded a Nobel Prize in
Physics in 2000).
 Majority are engaged in supply of services.
 Highly modernized, automated, data-driven, and
technologically advanced- these best describe our
society nowadays, as evidence by how information
can be transferred or shared quickly.
 Advantages
 Commonly attributed to automation include higher
production rates and increased productivity, more
efficient use of materials, better product quality,
improved safety, shorter workweeks for labor, and
reduced factory lead times.
 Higher output and increased productivity have been
two of the biggest reasons in justifying the use of
automation.
 High quality from good workmanship by humans,
automated systems typically perform the
manufacturing process with less variability that
human workers, resulting I greater control and
consistency of product quality.
 Increased process control makes more efficient use
of materials, resulting in less scrap.
 Disadvantage
 Often associated with automation, worker
displacement.
 Social benefits might result from retaining displaced
workers for other jobs, in almost all cases the worker
whose job has been taken over by a machine
undergoes a period of stress.
 The worker may be displaced geographically.
 In order to find work, an individual may have to
relocate, which is another source of stress.
 High capital expenditure required to maintenance
needed than with a manually operated machine, and
a generally lower degree of flexibility in terms of the
possible products as compared with a manual
system.
 Automation- the technique, method or system of
operating or controlling a process by highly
automatic means, as by electronic device.
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