Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
National Guard
Black Belt Training
Module 21
Intro to Minitab
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
TOOLS
•Process Mapping
ACTIVITIES
• Map Current Process / Go & See •Process Cycle Efficiency/TOC
• Identify Key Input, Process, Output Metrics •Little’s Law
• Develop Operational Definitions •Operational Definitions
• Develop Data Collection Plan •Data Collection Plan
• Validate Measurement System •Statistical Sampling
• Collect Baseline Data •Measurement System Analysis
• Identify Performance Gaps •TPM
• Estimate Financial/Operational Benefits •Generic Pull
• Determine Process Stability/Capability •Setup Reduction
• Complete Measure Tollgate •Control Charts
•Histograms
•Constraint Identification
•Process Capability
Note: Activities and tools vary by project. Lists provided here are not necessarily all-inclusive. UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Learning Objectives
Become familiar with the Minitab statistical software
Learn some of the most widely used tools within
Minitab
Learn how to navigate within Minitab
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 3
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Overview
FEAR NOT!
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 5
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Minitab Layout
The overall lay out of Minitab is similar to Excel, with
some key differences:
The worksheet looks similar to a spreadsheet, but
Minitab prefers data to be in columns. An easy way
to think of it is to think of each column as a variable:
Time, speed, date, etc.
The Session Window is a dialog window. It is where
the non-graphical results of your calculations will be
displayed.
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 6
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Session Window
Worksheet
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 7
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Minitab Characteristics
Although not a Microsoft product, Minitab shares
some characteristics of other programs running on
the Windows platform. In particular, the menu bar
running across the top of the page, and the button
bar below that. We will briefly go through some of
the key functionality in the menu bar. The button bar
contains shortcuts to many of the same functions.
Also, you can cut and paste data from Excel. You can
do this by simply using the Ctrl-C and Ctrl-V functions
you might already be familiar with.
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 8
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Minitab Characteristics
One of the key differences in Minitab is the distinction
between a Project and a Worksheet
Worksheets contain your data and nothing else. It is
where you can manipulate the data and store your
data. Minitab will let you have several worksheets
open simultaneously. In addition, worksheets can be
saved independently and shared between projects.
Projects are more like an entire notebook, containing
not only one or more worksheets, but also your
session window (containing any analysis you have
already performed) and any graphs you have created
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 9
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
File Menu
Select File
Project
Commands
Worksheet
Commands
Recently
Opened
Worksheets
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 10
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Edit Menu
Select Edit The most frequently used feature
found under the Edit drop down
menu is the Edit Last Dialog
which can (and should) be quickly
accessed by using the Control-E
quick key combination.
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 11
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Data Menu
Select Data
The Data menu contains several
Column manipulation features.
Two examples are the Column
Select Stack and Unstack features.
Unstack Columns
These features allow you to
or Stack Columns combine multiple columns (or
rows) into one, or break one
column (or row) into multiple
columns (or rows).
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 12
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Pizza Example
Let‟s work through an example of this. Open the
Minitab worksheet called Pizza Exercise.mtw.
We are going to stack the columns with the different
defect types so that we can make a Pareto chart
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 13
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Step One:
Open data set
Pizza Exercise.mtw
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 14
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 15
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Step 2:
Type in the two
new column
headers
C11 = Defect Type
C12 = Count
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 16
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 17
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Step 3:
Select Data,
choose Stack
and finally,
select Columns
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 18
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 19
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Step 5
We want the data
stored in the current
worksheet, so select
this Radio Button,
enter data and
click on OK
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 20
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 21
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Your
Stacked Data
are now
in columns
C11-T & C12
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 22
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Calc Menu
The Calc menu contains a wealth of tools that you will be using
on a regular basis. We will touch on them only briefly here.
Two such items are the Column Statistics and Row
Statistics features. These items allow you to run simple
calculations such as the sum, mean, median, and standard
deviation on a row or column of data. The result will be
displayed in the session window.
Two other commonly used items are the Make Patterned
Data, and Random Data functions
Make Patterned Data will allow creating series, such as
1,2,3,1,2,3 etc. This is good for coding items such as days of
the week.
Random Data can do a couple of things for you. Not only can
you create a set of random numbers, but this function can also
be used to randomize a column of data.
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 23
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Select Calc
To Get The
Following
Drop-Down Menu
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 24
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 25
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
The Calculator
The Calculator
Dialog Box
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 26
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 27
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 28
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 29
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Tell Minitab
where to store the
results
C10 or Total
Defects
Put the formula
to use here:
Late
+ Wrong Ingr.
+ Wrong Order
+ Wrong Address
+ Damaged
Click On OK
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 31
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Voila!
Column C10 (Total Defects) is now populated with
the data you wanted
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 32
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 33
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Stat Menu
The Stat menu is where the majority of Minitab‟s
functionality resides (such as Basic Statistics,
Regression, and Control Charts)
We are not going to get into a lot of this at this time,
but we will be coming back to visit Basic Statistics and
Pareto charts shortly
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 34
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Select Stat
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 35
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Graph Menu
The Graph menu contains many, many graphs that
can be quite helpful, including Time Series plots,
Histograms, and Boxplots. It should be noted
however, that these graphs are also available in other
places while you are using other tools.
After selecting a graph type, for many of the graphs,
you will get a Dialog Box which illustrates the various
styles available for the specific graph you have
chosen. (There are some types of graphs that have
only a single style.)
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 36
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Select Cancel
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 37
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Editor Menu
The Editor menu contains many features you might
already be familiar with due to your exposure with
Excel and other related products. Such features
include Find and Replace.
Selecting Editor
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 38
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Window Menu
The Window menu covers several features that are
common to other Windows-based programs, such as
Tile, and Cascade
Selecting Window
This area
shows currently
open Windows
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 39
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Help Menu
The Help menu is similar to other help menus you
have probably seen
The main difference is that (as you may have noticed)
Help is also available from all the dialog boxes
In addition, Minitab has a built in Stat Guide. The
Stat Guide is more centered around the how and why
you use a particular tool and assistance in interpreting
the results.
The traditional Help menu is more centered around
how to use the software
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 40
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Selecting Help
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 41
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Basic Statistics
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 42
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 43
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
We want the
Graphical Summary
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 44
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 45
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Double Click on
“Total Defects”
to add it to
the Variables Box
Click on OK
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 46
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 47
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Median
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 48
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 49
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
The right side of the page contains some detail about our process
as well. For example:
The Mean (or average) number of defects on a given day is 10.7 defects, but the
standard deviation is over 6 defects. In other words, on average we create over 10
defects per day, and the variation (as measured by the Standard Deviation) further
amplifies the problem.
Our Median (the middle value in our data set) is 8.5 defects and the range of our
data (another measure of variation calculated as Max - Min) is a whopping 20
defects!
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 50
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 51
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Select
Display Descriptive Statistics
for data analysis without the
graphs
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 52
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Stat>Basic Statistics>
Display Descriptive Statistics
Click on OK to get
your analysis in
the Session Window
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 53
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 54
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Select Cancel
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 55
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 56
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Click On OK
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 57
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 58
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 59
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 60
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Note: Remember, you get to choose what statistics are included in this analysis
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 61
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Boxplots
Another useful item that we can have Minitab create
are Boxplots
In addition to being a part of several of Minitab's other
tools, you can find Boxplots under the Graph menu
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 62
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Boxplot Terminology
4.5 Whisker shows range for the
top 25% of the data points.
Outlier
3.5 Third Quartile Line
Median Line
2.5
Inter Quartile Range (IQR) = The distance between the Third Quartile Line and the
First Quartile Line. This includes 50% of your data. Simply stated: IQR = Q3 – Q1.
Outlier = A data point is considered an outlier if it is more than 1.5 x IQR above the
Third Quartile Line or below the First Quartile Line
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 63
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Boxplots (Cont.)
Once again, Boxplot is an area with lots of bells and
whistles, we are just going to create a simple boxplot
We do this by first selecting Graph>Boxplot
For the type of Boxplot, select One Y and With Groups,
since we have three groups (or boxes) on the same Y axis
In the final dialog box select “Total Defects” for the
Graph Variable and choose “Pizza Stylist” for the
By Variable
Click OK when done
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 64
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Boxplots (Cont.)
Select Graph
Select Boxplot
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 65
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Boxplots (Cont.)
Click On OK
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 66
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Boxplots (Cont.)
Click On OK
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 67
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Boxplots (Cont.)
Boxplots (Cont.)
A boxplot is a very good tool for graphically representing
variation between items you are trying to compare
The Box Portion of the graph represents where 50% of the
data for that item lies, with the line in the box representing the
median for that item
The lines on either side of the box are called Whiskers, and
represent the range for the Upper 25% and Lower 25% of
the data. An asterisk outside of the whiskers is commonly
referred to as an Outlier. An outlier is a data point flagged as
unusual, usually because it is significantly outside the range that
Minitab would be expecting to see your data.
As we can see from these boxplots, stylists Sally and Frank have
significantly more variation in their process, as well as a larger
median
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 69
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 70
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Select
Time Series Plot
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 71
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 72
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 73
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
4. Click on Time/Scale
to add Dates and then
click on OK
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 74
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
6. Add “Date” to
Stamp Columns box
and click on OK
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 75
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 76
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 77
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 78
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Pareto Charts
Another useful tool for deciding what areas for
improvement should be addressed first are Pareto
Charts
We can find this tool under Stat>Quality
Tools>Pareto Chart
The steps needed to do a Pareto Chart for the pizza
data are shown on the next few slides
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 79
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
1. Select Stat>
Quality Tools>
Pareto Chart
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 80
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 81
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 82
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 83
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 84
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Takeaways
Minitab is a powerful tool that, with just a few simple
mouse clicks, can tell you a great deal about your
data including:
Numerical Graphical
Mean Histogram
Median Box Plots
Minimum Time Series Plots
Maximum Run Charts
Range Pareto Charts
Standard Variation
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 86
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
APPENDIX
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Minitab Exercise
This exercise concerns a Customer Service Center. It utilizes the basic Minitab
tools that you have learned and allows you to play with some basic options.
AHT = Average Handle Time (The average number of seconds required to
complete a call)
Occupancy = The percentage of time that Customer Service Reps are on the
phone or completing after call work relative to the amount of time they are
logged into the system. Generally the target is 80-85%.
Speed of Answer = The average number of seconds it takes to answer an
inbound call. Targets vary depending on the required service level but
generally 30 seconds is standard.
Call Quality Score = “Your call may be recorded for quality purposes.” This
really happens. Calls are recorded for each rep (usually 10-15 per month) and
scored by a dedicated call monitoring team. It is a critical measure for
individual reps.
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 89
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
Minitab Exercise
Using the dataset Call Center Data.xls:
1.Copy the data into Minitab
2.Display the distribution of AHT (Average Handle Time) for the
business. What is the mean?
3.On a single graph, display the AHT for sites A, B, and C.
Which site has the least variation?
4.Create the appropriate graph which shows the frequency of
call types. Which call type occurs most often and what
percentage of the overall call volume does it represent?
5.Display the relationship between Occupancy (X) and Speed Of
Answer (Y). What is the nature of the relationship?
6.On a single graph, display the monthly Average Call Quality
Score for Sites A, B, and C. Overall, which site has the
highest scores?
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 90