AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL USING LDR

A seminor report submitted in practical fullfiliment for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Engineering. In Electrical and Electronics Engineering in

VSM COLLEEGE OF ENGINEERING

Submitted by

DOLA.KOTESWARARAO

PIN NO: 183B5A0205.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VSM College of Engineering

Ramachandrapuram
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wish to thank all my respected teachers and friends for their excellentcontribution and
support for the completion of this mini project. Specially verymuch thankful lto Dr. Sandeep
Singh Sengar Electronics System Design teacherfortheir efforts to facilitate and provide us most
suitable environment for this miniproject development.
 ABSTRACT
This project Automatic Street Light Control System aims at designing and executing
theadvanced development in embedded systems for energy saving of street lights by using
lightdependent resistor (LDR). Nowadays, human has become too busy and he is unable to find
timeeven to switch the lights on or off. This can be seen more effectively in the case of street
lights.The present system is like, the street lights will be switched on in the evening before
the sun setsand they are switched off the next day morning after there is sufficient light on the
roads. Butthe actual timing for these street lights to be switched on are when there is absolute
darkness onthe roads. This project gives the best solution for electrical power wastage. Also the
manualoperation of lighting system is completely eliminated. In my project using LDR, which
variesaccording to the amount of light falling on its surface; this gives an indication for me
whether itis a day/night time. This project can be configured by using transistors, IC 555.
Here, I implement this project by using IC 555. The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit
(chip)used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be
used toprovide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip flop element. Derivative provide up to
fourtiming circuits in one package. Also I have using relay. A relay is an electrically controllable
switchwidely used in industrial controls, automobiles and appliances. The relay allows the
isolation oftwo separate sections of a system with two different voltage sources i.e., a small
amount ofvoltage/current on one side can handle a large amount of voltage/current on the other
side butthere is no chance that these two voltages mix up. I can be using Light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) inthis project instead of a bulb. Light-emitting diodes are elements for light signalization
inelectronics. By using this project as the basic principle I can design centralized intelligent
systemfor the perfect usage of streetlights in any place.
 I.INTRODUCTION
Street lighting provides a safe night time environment for all road users including
pedestrians.Research indicates that night-time vehicular accidents are significantly reduced by
provision ofstreet lighting. It also helps to reduce the fear of crime, and encourages social
inclusion byproviding an environment in which people feel they can walk in hours of darkness.
Providingstreet lighting is one of the most important and expensive responsibilities of a city.
Lighting canaccount for 10-38% of the total energy bill in typical cities worldwide. Street
lighting is aparticularly critical concern for public authorities in developing countries because of
its strategicimportance for economic and social stability. Inefficient lighting wastes significant
financialresources each year, and poor lighting creates unsafe conditions. Energy efficient
technologiesand design can cut street lighting costs dramatically (often by 25-60%).
The main consideration in the present field technologies are Automation,
Powerconsumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man power with the
helpof intelligent systems. Power saving is the main consideration forever as the sources of the
powerare getting diminished due to various reasons.The main aim of this project is Automatic
Street power saving system with LDR this is to savethe power. Iwant to save power
automatically instead of doing manual. So it’s easy to costeffectiveness. This saved power can be
used in some other cases. So in villages, towns etc. wecan design intelligent systems for the
usage of street lights.This project Automatic Street Light Control System can be implemented by
four different ways:by using transistors, using IC555 timer [1]. Here, we will implement this
project by using 555timers IC. Other basic components which we used are power supply, Light
Dependent Resistor(LDR), Relay and Light emitting diodes (LEDs) which we are using in place
of a light bulb.
 A. 555 Timer IC

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer,

pulse generation, andoscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an
oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one
package. The IC was designedin 1971 by Hans R. Camenzind under contract to Signetics, which
was later acquired by Philips.Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes
25 transistors, 2 diodes and15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line
package. Variants availableinclude the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two 555s on one chip), and
the two 558 & 559s (both a16-pin DIP combining four slightly modified 555s with Discharge &
Threshold connected internally, Trigger is falling edge sensitive instead of level sensitive). It has
been hypothesizedthat the 555 got its name from the three 5 kΩ resistors used within, but Hans
Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary.

Figure 1. Functional Diagram of 555 timer IC

The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows:

Pin no. Purpose

1. Ground reference voltage, low level (0V)

2. The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input falls below ½ of
CTRLvoltage.
3. This output is driven to approximately 1.7V below +VCC , or GND.
4. A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the timing does not
begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7 volts. Overrides
TRIG whichoverrides THR.
5. Provides “control” access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3VCC ).
6. The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than that
atCTRL.
7. Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between intervals. In phase
withoutput.
8. Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V depending on the
variation.Pin 5 is also sometimes called the CONTROL VOLTAGE pin. By applying a
voltage to the CONTROLVOLTAGE input one can alter the timing characteristics of the
device. TheCONTROL VOLTAGEinput can be used to build a stable with a frequency
modulated output [2].The 555 has three operating modes:

Monostable mode:

In this mode, the 555 functions as a “one-shot” pulse generator.

Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touchswitches,
frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse width modulation (PWM)and so on.

Astable mode:

Free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses includeLED and lamp
flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms,pulse position
modulation and so on.

Bistable mode:

In this mode, the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is notconnected and no
capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched switches.

555 timers are very easy to use in the circuits. Now, it has been used in everything from
toys tospacecraft. Due to its versatility, availability, and low cost it remains a hobbyist favorite.
One ofthe secret to its success is it a true black box, its symbolized schematic is simple and
accurate enough that designs using this simplification as a reference tend to work first time. You
don’t need to understand every transistor in the base schematic to make it work [3].
 B. Power Supply

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The A.C input i.e.,
230Vfrom the main supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The
outputobtained from the rectifier is a pulsating D.C voltage. So in order to get a pure D.C
voltage, theoutput voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any A.C components
present evenafter rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure
constant D.Cvoltage [4].In this project, we are using bridge rectifier, capacitive filter and
potentiometer as a regulator.

C. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is a device which has a resistance which varies according
tothe amount of light falling on its surface. There are two basic circuits using LDR the first
isactivated by darkness, and the second is activated by light. The two circuits are similar and
justrequire an LDR, some standard resistors, a variable resistor and any small signal transistor.
LightDependent Resistor contains cadmium sulphide track [5].Figure 3: Light Dependent
Resistor.
 D. Relay
A Relay is a kind of automatic switching components with isolation function, which is
widelyused in remote control, remote measuring, telecom automatic control, integration of
machinery and electrification, electric and electronic equipment’s. It’s one of the most important
controlling components [6].
 Figure 4 and 5: SPDT RELAY AND CIRCUIT SYMBOLS OF RELAY

On the basis of the magnetic system and operation, the different types of relays
are:Mechanical Relays, Solid State Relays, Neutral Relays, Biased Relays, Polarized Relays,
MagneticStick Relays or Perm Polarized Relays, Slow Release Relays and Relay for AC.
Choosing of suitablerelay for specific purposes depends on the physical size and pin
arrangement, coil voltage andresistance, switch rating (voltage and current) and switch contact
arrangement [7].

The following designations are commonly encountered for switch contact arrangement:

SPST –

Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or
disconnected.Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total.

SPDT -
Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others.
Including two forthe coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.

DPST –
 Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two
SPST switches orrelays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay
has six terminals in total.

DPDT –

Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals.
Equivalent to twoSPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has
eight terminals, including the coil

In this mini project, I am using SPDT relay which have a common terminal connects to
either of two others. Includingtwo for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.

II. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Automatic Street Light Control System can be implemented by using four different
methods. The first diagramshows how the circuit can be configured using transistors, this project
can be implemented by using the 555 timerIC. so I will explain here the circuit implemented by
using 555 timer IC.
Figure 6 and 7: Circuit Diagram by using 555 ICs and Transistors
 The first circuit diagram shows the use of a couple of transistors in association with a few
other components likeresistors for the construction of proposed design.

I explain the circuit diagram implemented by using 555 timers IC. First, I can give AC
power 220 or 230V to atransformer which gives us 12V because we are using a step down
transformer, after that this AC voltage passthrough a full-wave bridge rectifier which convert AC
voltage to DC voltage. We used rectifier because we need DCvoltage not AC to run this project.
The output of the full-wave rectifier will be a rippled DC voltage. In order to obtaina constant
DC output voltage, a capacitor is connected across the output of the full-wave rectifier.

In this mini project, I am going to switch off the street lights automatically as the day
starts. Theduration of the day differs from season to season, accordingly our module works based
upon thelight intensity so as to when to start or stop. For this I am using Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR)as the light sensor, which communicates with the required information to the 555
timer IC.Here I am using 555 timer IC, LDR and relay. By using the LDR I can operate the
lights, so whenthe light is available then it will be in the OFF state and when it is dark then the
light will be in ONstate, it means LDR is inversely proportional to light. When the light falls on
the LDR its resistanceis very high, so it remains in an OFF state and when the darkness appears
its resistance isimmediately falls and its work in an ON state and communicates with the
required informationto the 555 timer IC. When the LDR is in the ON state then its output pass to
555 times IC. Inbetween this we are using a potentiometer which adjusts the light intensity on
which lights ONor OFF. When the timer is in the quiescent state, the internal transistor is
conducting andrepresents a short circuit across timing capacitor C. The level of the output
terminal in this stateis low. In practical circuits voltage at pin-2 is kept above the trigger point by
a resistor connectedto VCC. When a negative going trigger pulse on pin-2 is applied, it causes
the potential at thispoint to fall below 1/3VCC and thus the trigger comparator RESETs the flip-
flop. Now, internaltransistor is cut-off and thus the output level of the IC goes high. Due to this
external transistorwork and output goes to relay which is in the normally open state but when the
output goes torelay it triggers and switch changes to normally closed and LEDs which we are
using as load glowsand show the output. When darkness appears then reverse process occurs.
III.FINAL RESULTS
The main objective of this project was to reduce the power consumption of street lights
byavoiding inefficient lighting which wastes significant financial resources each year. This is
doneby using Automatic Street Light Control System. So, the ambiance of light is checked and
lightsare turned ON when it is dark and turned OFF during the day. This project is implemented
byusing 555 timers IC, LDR and relay. So when light is present LDR detects and circuit is in the
OFF state. LEDs which we are used as load don’t show any output. But in reverse when darkness
appears LDR works in ON state and complete circuit work. LEDs shows output which are attachedwith the
relay.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
This mini project is aimed at designing and implementation of an automatic system in
thestreets. This project can be implemented on large scale. It requires the initial cost only
fordesigning and installation and not for utilization. Hence, such systems are very useful for
thegovernment to reduce the utilization of electric power. Therefore, such systems are
onceimplemented on a large scale can bring significant reduction of the power consumption
causedby street lights. This initiative will help the government to save this energy and meet
the domesticand industrial needs.
V. REFERENCES
1.http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.com/2012/01/how-to-make-light-activated-day-
night.html2.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/555_timer_IC3.

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_6/chpt_8/1.html4.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/115004345/Qa-00177-Automatic-Street-Light-Control5.

http://www.reuk.co.uk/Light-Dependent-Resistor.html6.

http://www.tianbo-relay.com/relaysInfo.asp7.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay