Nigerian Journal of Genetics, Vol. 34: No. 1. 2020. pp.

1 -63 ISSN: 0189-9686

EFFECTS OF GENOTYPE AND POTASSIUM NUTRITION ON QUALITY

AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF COTTON CROSSES

Isah, H.¹, Mohammed, M.S.¹, Alhassan, U.¹, Yahaya M.A. ¹ , Saidu G.¹ and
Abdurrasheed, N.¹
Department of Plant Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Nigeria¹

ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to assess the genetic variation in three crosses of cotton and their
parents for yield and fiber quality, and the impact of three potassium levels on yield and fibre
quality. The crosses were developed via bi-parental mating design and field evaluated alongside
parents and checks in 2018 in a randomized complete block design of three replications. Data
were taken on plant height (cm), days to 50% flowering, boll/plant, seeds/boll, seed index (%),
lint index (%), seed cotton yield/plant, lint yield/plant, boll weight, ginning-out-turn, and fiber
length (mm) and micronaire (  g/inch).Three levels of Potassium muriate was adopted (0, 30
and 45kgK/ha) and imposed 3 weeks after sowing (3 WAS). Results showed a highly significant
(P<0.01) genetic variation for plant height, seed cotton yield/plant, lint yield/plant, fiber length
and micronaire. Days to 50% flowering and boll weight were significantly different at P<0.05.
Genotypes LST-6 and cross MA13*LST6 showed high performance for traits like yield, boll
weight and fiber length. However parents MA13 (4.18), Samcot 8 (4.05) and Samcot 11 (4.09)
had micronaire within the acceptable range of 3.8-4.3. Fiber length showed the highest GCV.
Potassium Treatment 30 was found to perform better for parents, crosses and checks in days to
50% flowering, boll/plant, boll weight, length and micronaire. CL07 was found to be high
yielding, while Cross Ma13*LST6 and Samcot 8 *CL07 also show long length and acceptable
micronaire. However, parent Lst 6 was found with the least number of days to 50% flowering
(86 days), Boll/plant (33), heaviest boll weight, longest length 35.7 and finest fiber under the
optimum K fertilization hence should be adopted.
Keywords: Cotton, Fiber Quality, Genetic Variation, K Fertilization, Yield
INTRODUCTION result of this demand for improved fibre
The cotton crop has been used as a fiber for quality, the cotton marketing system
more than 7000 years (Wendell, 2003). imposed premiums and discounts for fibre
Surprisingly, it remains the best alternative length and other related qualities (Jost,
fibre in spite competitions from synthetic 2002). However, yield and these quality
fibres (Zhang et al., 2017). From the 24.7 properties are affected by genetics and
million tons of cotton grown globally in environmental factors (Richard et al, 2006).
2017, (ICAC, 2017) Nigeria ranked the 23rd To maximize fiber quality, assessing high
largest cotton producer in the world and the quality parent is paramount. More so, proper
6th in Africa, producing only 1.5% of the management and ideal growing conditions
global output (FAOSTAT, 2017). Over the must be available during the elongation
years, high demand and preference pricing phase of fibre development. Fibre elongation
placed on high quality cotton by textiles and takes place in the first 16 to 25 days of boll
the international market has led to incessant development (Lubbers and Peng, 2009).
effort to improve cotton fiber quality, During this time, high temperatures, water
particularly length and micronaire. As a stress, and potassium deficiency can result
in shorter fibres if not duly addressed (IPNI
2011; Oosterhuis et al., 2015) Consequently
yielding low price penalties (USDA, 2018).
Similarly, micronaire values that are either
very low or very high (outside the 3.5 to 4.9
range) are undesirable and subject to price
penalties (USDA, 2018).
Traditionally, staple lengths are reported to
the nearest 32nd of an inch or to the nearest
millimeter while short fibre content is the
percentage of fibre less than 12.7 mm (half
an inch) (Bradow and Davidonis, 2000).
Longer fibre lengths beyond 32mm are
preferred by textile mills, as it improves
spinning efficiency during yarn production,
as well as yarn strength and fineness of the
fabric. Finer mature fibres (3.5 to 4.9 
g/inch) can be spun into yarns with more
fibres per cross-section, resulting in not only
stronger and better quality yarns but also
less time in the spinning process (USDA,
2018). Since potassium (K) plays a major
role in metabolism, growth, development,
yield and fiber quality (Oosterhuis et al.,
2015) of cotton, assessing optimum
requirement for the crop cannot be
overemphasized. The knowledge and
magnitude of variability among genotypes
for economically desired traits in cotton is a
very important prerequisite for making
simultaneous selection for high yields and
fiber quality.
The aims of this study are to assess the
effects of genotype on the yield and quality
of three cotton crosses and to evaluate the
impact of Potassium (K) fertilization on
yield and quality of three cotton crosses.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The research was conducted at the Institute
of Agricultural Research (IAR) farm, A.B.U
Samaru, Zaria. Samaru is located on latiude
11°11´N and longitude 7° 38´ E, at an
altitude of 686m above sea level in the
Northern Guinea Savannah ecological zone
of Nigeria.
Genetic Materials
Three exotic lines; LST-6, MA-13 and CL-
07 (from Texas A & M and Egypt,
respectively) and a premium quality cotton
variety (SAMCOT-8) released by IAR, were
crossed via Bi-Parental mating design in
2017, then evaluated alongside Parents and
2 Check varieties (SAMCOT 10 and
SAMCOT 11). The trial was set in triplicate
using a randomized complete block design
in rows of 5 meter for each genotype with
75 cm row to row and 30 cm plant to plant
distance during 2018 cropping season.
Standard agronomic and plant protection
practices were followed throughout to
ensure growth and health of plant. Three
levels of Potassium fertilizer (Muriate of
Potash) were adopted (0, 30 and 45kgK/ha)
and imposed 3 weeks after sowing (3 WAS).
Data Collection and Analysis
Data was taken on Plant height, Days to
50% flowering, Bolls/Plant, Boll Weight,
Seeds/Boll, Seedcotton Yield per plant, Lint
Yield per plant, Fiber Length and
Micronaire. In April 2019, mature
SeedCotton was handpicked by
row/genotype, hand-ginned, weighed and
analyzed for Length (following the British
standard, BS 4044, 1966). Length and
micronaire were measured using the Comb
Baer Sorter and Wira Cotton Fineness
meter, respectively. The fibers were
arranged in the descending order of fiber
length to form an array diagram of which
various properties related to fiber length
were determined. The Wira Cotton Fineness
meter used the air-flow method to determine
micronaire. A test specimen of 5g of fiber
was compressed to a fixed volume in an air
permeameter. A current air was then drawn
through the specimen and the diameter is
obtained from the flow meter. The SAS
(2009) statistical software was used to run
analysis for soil descriptive statistics. Soil
nutrients were classified following the least variable, nutrients with CV value 15-
method described by Wilding (1985). Soil 35% were moderately variable while
nutrients with CV<15% were grouped as nutrients with CV value >35%

Figure 1a: Kaduna showing Sabon-Gari LGA Figure 1b: Landsat Image of study area

Table 1: Genetic materials involved in the study

Cotton Lines Source Description Crosses
SAMCOT8 IAR, Samaru Medium staple (G. hirsutum) 1.3-3.3 cm, Samcot 8*Cl07
female
medium maturity, 130-150 days. High yield 500-
2000kg/ha, good bacterial blight resistance. Leaf
shape-lobed. Premium cotton
LST-6 m ale Texas A&M Long staple (G. barbadense) medium maturity MA13*LST-6
130-150, drought tolerant, Leaf shape- Lobed
CLO-7 m ale Egypt Medium staple (G. hirsutum) Okra leaf shaped,
short, resistant to insects, early maturing and
drought tolerant
MA-13 female Texas A&M Medium staple (G. hirsutum), early maturing MA13*CL07
120-135 days, plant height range 1.5-1.8m with.
Leaf shape-Lobed

were grouped as highly variable. The data √

were subjected to analysis of variance (Steel
et al., 1997). Genotypic and phenotypic
correlation coefficients were calculated by √
using the formulae given by Kown and
Torrie (1964). Genotypic and phenotypic
coefficients of variance were estimated √
following Burton and Devane (1953). Broad
sense Heritability was calculated according
Where;
to Honson et al. (1956) and genetic advance GCV%: genotypic coefficient of variation; Vg:
by Johnson et al (1955). genotypic variance; PCV%: phenotypic coefficient of
variation; Vp: phenotypic variance; ECV%:
( ) environmental coefficient of variation; Ve:
environmental variance. GA: expected genetic
( ) advance; x=grand mean, K: 1.40 at 20% selection
⁄ intensity for trait; Vp: phenotypic variance for trait;
H2: broad sense heritability of the trait. GCV and
PCV values were classified as low (<10%), moderate (11-
20%) and high (>20%) as indicated by Siva-Subramanian
and Menon (1973).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the influence of three
potassium levels on 9 traits of 3 cotton
crosses/parents/checks are presented in
Table 2. The influence of potassium levels
were highly significant at (P≤0.01) for
genotype in the traits plant height , boll
weight, seed index, lint index, seed cotton
yield/plant, lint yield/plant, fiber length(mm)
and micronaire. Days to 50% flowering was
significant at (P<0.05), and no significance
was seen for bolls/plant and seeds/boll. The
high significant at (P≤0.01) difference
observed in Trt*Genotype effect for only
micronaire suggests that micronaire
variations exists among genotypes with
respect to potassium treatments. This results
are similar to those of Oosterhuis et al,
(2013 & 2016); Morgan et al (2015) and
Lokhande and Reddy (2015) who also
reported fiber length, strength, micronaire,
and uniformity declined linearly with
decrease in leaf K content.
Mean performance for the effect of 3
potassium levels on yield and fiber traits on
yield and fiber quality traits of 3 cotton
crosses is presented in Table 3. The number
of days to 50% flowering showed significant
differences among the parental genotypes as
well as among the hybrids under the three K
levels. It ranged from 87 days to 95 days, 86
days to 98 days and 87 days to 95 days
under 0kgK, 30Kg and 45KgK conditions,
respectively under 0kgK, the parent CL07
took the highest (95) number of days to 50%
flower and the parent LST6, Ma13 and the
cross Ma13*LST6 was the earliest. Under
30KgK, the parent Samcot 8 (98days) took
the highest number of days to 50% flower
and the parent LST6 was the earliest (86).
Under 45KgK, the parent CL07 (93) took
the highest number of days to 50%flower
and the crosses Ma13*LST6 (85) and
Sam8*CL07 (89) were the earliest. Bolls
weigh significantly different under the 3
Potassium levels (0kgK, 30kgK and 45kgK)
with a range of 2.23g to 4.80g. In Parent
Samcot 8 (2.27g) and cross CL07*Ma13
(2.23g) had the least boll weights under
0KgK while parent Ma13 (3.20g) and cross
Ma13*LST6 (3.23g) had the highest boll
weights respectively. A similar pattern is
seen for K level 30, where-in Parent Samcot
8 (2.87g) and cross Sam8*CL07 (2.90g) had
the least boll weights. While parent LST6
(3.97g) and cross Ma13*LST6 (4.80g) hold
the highest boll weights. As for k level 45,
Samcot 8 (3.17g) and cross Ma13*CL07
(2.30g) had the least boll weights and parent
LST6 (4.53g) and cross Ma13*LST6 (4.37g)
had the highest boll weights respectively.
Fiber Length showed high statistical
difference among genotypes, and the
parental genotype with CL07 having the
shortest length under 0KgK level
(25.72mm), while parent LST6 (33.22mm)
and cross Ma13*LST6 (29.74mm) had the
better lengths than other genotypes. At
30KgK level, parent Ma13 (25.02mm) and
cross Sam8*Clo7 (25.82mm) showed the
shortest length while parent LST6 (35.77)
and cross Ma13*LST6 (31.37mm) had
better fiber lengths. Under the 45KgK level,
the parent and cross with shortest length
were Ma13 (23.11mm) and Ma13*Clo7
(25.53mm). Parent LST6 (35.78) and cross
Ma13*LST6 (29.49) had better length than
other genotypes. All the genotypes showed
high significant variation for micronaire
across the 3 potassium levels ranging from
2.74 to 5.72  g/inch. Parent /cross with the
least (finest) micronaire value under the
0KgK level was LST6 (2.74  g/inch) which
was followed by cross Ma13*LST6 (3.78).
Parent Samcot 8 (4.68  g/inch) and cross
CL07*Ma13 (4.66  g/inch) had a coarse
micronaire texture. Under the 30KgK level,
parent LST6 (3.10  g/inch) and cross
Sam8*CL07 (3.77  g/inch) had a fine to
fairly fine micronaire quality. While parent
Ma13 (5.24 g/inch) and cross Mai3*LST6
(4.03 g/inch) had micronaire values that are
fairly coarse to fairly fine, respectively. A
somewhat similar pattern is observed for
45KgK wherein parent LST6 (3.53  g/inch)
and cross Sam8*CL07 (3.09  g/inch)
exhibited fine fibers while parent CL07
(5.72  g/inch) and cross CL07*Ma13 (3.60
 g/inch) had coarse to fairly fine fibers,
respectively. This fiber length result is
similar to that of Ahmad et al (2018), who
report their study on the effect of varying
levels of foliar applied potassium on fibre
quality, water relations and yield of two
cotton cultivars (FH-942 and FH-113) by
applying They found significant differences
for fibre quality and yield parameters and
for yield related traits due to foliar applied K
levels.
The results of the range of genetic,
phenotypic, environmental variance, broad
sense heritability and genetic advance for
the studied traits are presented in Table 4.
The highest genotypic (gV) variance and
phenotypic (pV) were observed for seed
cotton yield/lint yield (152693.26,
173518.34), followed by plant height
(507.64, 579.59). The trait with least gV and
pV is boll weight with the values 2.04 and
1.83, respectively.

Table 2: Combined Analysis of Variance for 9 Traits Influenced by 3 Potassium Levels evaluated in Samaru, 2018
D D_50% BOLW MICRO
Source PHT BOL/P SDCOT/B SDCTYD/P LtYD/P LENGTH
F FL T NAIRE

Rep(TRT) 6 515.15* 79.99* 663.01** 112.67** 40691.41 2801.99 1.96** 33.72** 0.39
TRT 2 340.86 41.57 658.04** 653.79** 892738.40** 60563.25** 5.45** 3.34 0.24
Genotype 8 651.54** 68.10* 16.83 44.75 194343.43** 13035.28** 2.26** 90.93** 2.60**
TRT*Geno
16 67.18 17.67 17.25 14.96 33115.67 2311.91 0.47 4.07 1.92**
type
Error 48 229.06 28.67 15.06 23.56 38862.63 2527.33 0.45 5.66 0.81
DF=Degree of freedom, Pht=Plant heightD50%fl=days to 50% flowering, Bol/P=Boll per plant. SDOTYD/P=Seedcotton yield per plant,
Ltyd/p=Lint yield per plant, Boll_WT= Boll weight

The coefficient of genotypic variation
(GCV) ranged from 3.37 for bolls/plant to
246.06 in seed cotton yield/plant, while
estimates of phenotypic coefficient of
variation (PCV) ranged from 7.43 to 262.31.
The estimates of GCV and PCV as indicated
by Siva-Subramanian and Menon (1973),
were high (>20%) for seed cotton
yield/plant (246.06 and 262.31) and lowest
for micronaire (6.85% and 7.43%). The
results of Ahsan et al (2015) who reported
high GCV and PCV estimates for bolls, lint
yield and seed cotton yield corroborates
these findings. More so, the high GCV and
PCV observed for fiber length, seed cotton
yield, lint yield and plant height indicates
that selection can be applied on the traits to
isolate more promising line. Only fiber
length recorded a moderate estimate of GCV
and PCV (17.68% and 17.89%) indicating
vigorous selection is required in early
generation for further improvement of fiber
length. This result contrasts those of
Khokhar et al (2017) who recorded a low
GCV and PCV of 1.60% and 1.99% for fiber
length respectively. The near similarity in
PCV and GCV for the most of the observed
traits showed that these traits were less
influenced by the environment. Besides
estimates of genetic variance, a breeder
requires estimates of heritability to choose
an effective population advance scheme.
In this study, broad sense heritability was
highest for fiber length (98%), as a result of
close margins between the gV (86.81) and
pV (88.87) and relatively low environmental
variance of 6.17. The present results
confirmed earlier report ((May and Green,
1994; Khokhar et al., 2017) that high
heritability estimates were associated with
high genetic variance and low
environmental variance. Similar trend of
high heritability, high genetic advance were
observed for seedcotton yield (0.88 and
547.06%), plant height (88% and 31.40%)
respectively. The high heritability estimates
noted for fiber length, seed cotton yield, lint
yield and plant height shows the observed
variations to be due to genetic influence, as
was also indicated by the reports of Khan et
al. (2010), Raza at al. (2016) and Nizamani
et al. (2017) for high heritability estimates in
seed cotton yield and yield contributing
traits. Micronaire on the other hand, showed
low GCV (6.85%), high heritability (88%)
with low genetic advance (1.94%) which
indicates high environmental influence on
the trait. Individual plant selection coupled
with replicated trials in multiple locations in
more advanced generations could be used in
selection programs to improve this fiber
fineness trait (micronaire). Kumar and
Wehner (2013) also suggested that if
heritability is high for a trait, genetic gain
may be obtained by individual plant
selection in early generations. Otherwise,
replicated trials and multiple locations
should be used
CONCLUSION
This study identified genotypes LST-6 and
cross MA13*LST6 as genotypes with high
performance for yield and fiber length.
However parents MA13 (4.18 g/inch),
Samcot 8 (4.05 g/inch) and Samcot 11 (4.09
g/inch) had micronaire within the acceptable
range (3.8-4.3 g/inch). Potassium Treatment
30kgK was found to perform better for
parents, crosses and checks in days to 50%
flowering, boll/plant, boll weight, length and
micronaire. This treatment level appears the
optimum for crosses and check varieties.
Parent Lst 6 which was found with the least
number of days to 50% flowering (86 days),
Boll/plant (33), heaviest boll weight, longest
length 35.7 and finest fiber under the
optimum K fertilization should be adopted
as a breeding material to further improve the
quality of available cotton varieties as it
possess the quality requirements of the
modern day textiles.
CL07 was found to be high yielding, while
Cross Ma13*LST6 and Samcot 8 *CL07
also showed long length and acceptable
micronaire and can be further improved
thorough selection. High significant
variations were recorded for all traits but
bolls/plant and seeds/boll in this study. Fiber
length showed the highest GCV. The near
similarity in GCV and PCV for the most of
the observed traits showed that these traits
were less influenced by the environment.
The reliability of this result was further
backed by the high heritability 98% coupled
with high genetic advance as percentage of
means (46.99%) exhibited for fiber length,
seed cotton yield (88% and 547%) and lint
yield (88% and 141%). High heritability
alongside moderate to low genetic advance
was seen for fiber length, seedcotton yield,
lint yield plant height and micronaire.
Therefore selection at later generations can
be applied in the improvement of these traits
to produce more promising lines.
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Table 3: Mean Performance for the Effects of 3 Potassium Levels on Yield and Quality Traits of 3 Cotton Crosses and Parents evaluated in Samaru (2018)
Gen D_50_FLOWER SEEDCOTYD_P BOLLWT LENGTH MICRONAIRE

Parents 0KgK 30KgK 45KgK 0KgK 30KgK 45KgK 0KgK 30KgK 45KgK 0KgK 30KgK 45KgK 0KgK 30KgK 45KgK

Clo7 95 92 93 178.95 75.05 24.06 2.43 3.83 3.57 25.72 26.32 28.08 4.52 3.48 5.72
Lst6 87 86 87 277.39 272.45 24.33 2.83 3.97 4.53 33.22 35.77 35.78 2.74 3.1 3.36
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Quality
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D_50%FLOWERN 48.27 7.27 58.19 7.98 29.75 5.71 0.83 9.73 10.65
BOLL/P 3.41 3.37 16.83 7.49 60.71 14.23 0.20 2.59 8.63
SDCOT/B 13.74 8.12 29.25 11.85 46.51 14.95 0.47 5.19 24.93
SDCOTYIELD 152693.26 246.06 173518.34 262.31 62475.26 157.40 0.88 547.06 216.93
LINTYD 10256.00 125.55 11645.64 133.79 4168.92 80.05 0.88 141.78 217.91
BOLL WT 1.83 7.60 2.04 8.02 0.65 4.53 0.90 1.89 59.74
LENGTH 86.81 17.68 88.87 17.89 6.17 4.71 0.98 13.04 46.99
MICRONAIRE 1.92 6.85 2.26 7.43 1.02 4.99 0.85 1.94 47.43
gV=genotypic variance, pV= Phenotypic, eV=environmental variance. Hb=Broad sense heritability, GCV=genotypic coefficient
of variation, PCV= phenotypic coefficient variation, Pht=Plant heightD50%fl=days to 50% flowering, Bol/P=Boll per plant.
SDOTYD/P=Seedcotton yield per plant, Ltyd/p=Lint yield per plant, Boll_WT= Boll weight

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