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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The following literatures or studies were gathered by the researchers as being relevant to the study:

Impacts of tourism on the environment

With the rise of the sustainability debate, the connection between tourism and the environment has
been highlighted as one that is becoming increasingly important (Page 2009:492). After the 1992 Rio
Earth Summit, the tourism industry's environmental and social effects have been at the center of global
debate (Graci 2009:39). The deterioration of the world's natural resources prompted world leaders to
agree that sustainable development should be the primary goal of governments and businesses.

The literature shows that waste and sewage waste materials are dumped directly in lakes, rivers and
seas without preliminary treatment in many parts of the world, creating health risks and an aesthetically
unpleasant environment (Timothy & Teye 2009:82). The hospitality sector, as a part of tourism, has
played an important part in environmental deterioration, even if it has not had as strong effects as
automobiles, airlines and cruise ships (Timothy & Teye 2009:81). An increased waste burden is a further
major environmental impact of hotel operations (Taylor et al. 1994:173). Thus it is a feature of good
ecological management that hotels should take measures in this respect in order to green the local
environment (Timothy & Teye 2009:81).

The hotels play a major role in hospitality as the primary accommodation and have significant economic,
environmental and social impacts (Taylor et al. 1994:169). Given the negative impact of hotels on the
environment, hotel management must take action to alleviate environmental impact. Many studies have
focused on environmental management measures in hotels to deal with environmental issues resulting
from their activities efficiently. Environmental management (Alvarez, Burgos & Cespedes 2001:458;
Bansal 2005:209; Bohdanowicz et al.2011:798; Hsieh 2012:98; Timothy & Teye 2009:84). These studies
have developed strategic measures to effectively tackle environmental problems hotels can use, for
example, waste recycling and clean air supply as well as energy and water conservation, environmental
health and environmental health care for both employees and customers (Hsieh 2012:98). A study by Du
Plessis, Van der Merwe and Saayman, 2012 suggests the supply of environmentally friendly
accommodation with organic soap and detergents. They also suggest that paperless communication and
billing systems should be used where possible and maps or other information on recycled paper should
be provided where aesthetically acceptable.
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Preservation of energy

A new energy sustainability policy has been adopted by many hotels. Many hotels have a card system
that automatically shuts off the lights and the air-conditioning when guests leave the room of the hotel.
In most hotels, compact fluorescent lamps are nearly in full use. Green design and excellent construction
orientation are key considerations that influence hotel guests' energy efficiency and comfort. Some
hotels offer eco- and hybrid vehicles that guide guests to close places. They also run programs for
donations. The use of local materials is a green practice for the building of hotels. The destruction of
forests for a resort has, however, a negative impact on the ecosystem. Again, it is not environmentally
sound to build a hotel in the heart of the forest. In the hospitality industry, the treatment and
management of the collection of waste of chemical and toxic substances are also of the utmost concern
today.

2014, B. (n.d.). Green hotels are the latest trends. Retrieved September 04, 2016, from

http://www.hotelresortinsider.com/news_story.php?news_id=134745

Greening trends in the hotel industry

The areas of concern for the hotel industry are as follows: Pollution of the atmosphere includes both
solid and liquid pollution. Waste, high energy usage, and rising emissions of greenhouse gases that
cause atmospheric changes as a result, policies such as waste collection and waste reduction have
become commonplace. Management, as well as the provision of clean air, electricity, and water
conservation, environmental protection, and implementing a buying policy are only a few of the issues
that need to be addressed policy and environmental education are being considered in various hotels in
mitigation of the negative impacts on the environment (Mensah 2006:415). In this respect, the hotel
industry employs a variety of best practices. This will make the industry more environmentally friendly
and competitive. Given that 85 per cent of leisure travellers consider themselves environmentally
conscious, or green' consumers (Miller, Mayer, & Baloglu 2012:395), some hotels have embraced the
principles of sustainable development to reflect customer concerns and have thus attempted to
minimize the energy consumed during the customers' stay by implementing minor measures such as
reusing linen (Page 2009:287). Hotels have also taken significant measures, conducting environmental
audits to determine the environmental costs of their operations in terms of energy use, transportation,
waste, buying, health, and the local environment (Page) 288 (2009). One of the most important factors
to consider is environmental protection aspects to remember in terms of overall sustainability (Page
2009:287); Jetter 2009:9. Demands from governments or regulators require hotels to supplement green
practices (Kim & Choi 2013:159). (Kim & Choi 2013:159). Green practices are ways to use products and
methods that would pollution does not have a negative effect on the atmosphere or by natural resource
degradation (Smith & Perks) 3) in 2010 Sustainable management is one of these green practices water
conservation, energy conservation, and waste management.