TRG Module PPT - Tempr Measurements

Cairn India – 2007
TEMPRATURE MEASUREMENT
MODULE
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT - CONTENTS
¾ BASIC PRINCIPLE
¾ TYPES OF SYSTEMS
¾ DEVICE SELECTION CRITERIA
¾ SWITCHES / TRANSMITTERS
DEFINITIONS
¾ Temperature is defined as a measure of the level of thermal energy .

( Indicates Hotness or Coldness of a body as determined by the
body’s ability to transfer heat to surroundings )
¾ Heat –Energy flow to a body to increase its temperature melt, boil ,
expand etc.
¾ BTU- BTU is the amount of thermal energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 lb of water 1◦ F at atmospheric pressure.
1 BTU # 1055 J
¾ Calorie – is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1
gm of water 1◦ C at atmospheric pressure.
¾ Specific heat – It is the ratio of heat to raise the temp of unit weight
of a substance to the same weight of water to raise 1 deg F
BASIC PRINCIPLE
¾ Temperature measurement is used in virtually all oil and gas

production facilities. Even the simplest facilities include
thermometers to monitor the temperatures of well-streams and
separators.
¾ The amount of heat in a body cannot be directly measured, but the

temperature of the body can be measured and the amount of heat
calculated from the mass. As heat is applied to a mass/process
several changes that can be observed and used to measure the
temperature of the mass or process occur. Changes of primary
interest are change of state (liquid to vapor, etc.), expansion and
contraction, and changes in electrical characteristics. Sensors that
are based on these characteristics include filled system elements,
bimetallic elements, RTDs, thermocouples, and pyrometers.
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
¾ Filled Systems
¾ Bimetallic Elements
¾ RTD
¾ Thermocouples
¾ Pyrometers
RANGES OF TEMPR INSTRUMENTS
Ranges of tempr measuring instruments Ranges & accuracies of various

thermometers
FILLED SYSTEMS
Ranges of four Tempr scale
¾ A filled system is one in which a fixed
mass of fluid is sealed in a volume that
varies relatively little with temperature.
The pressure variations with
temperature within the system are
sensed to measure the temperature. The
fluid can be one that remains gaseous,
stays liquid, or changes state over the
temperature range of interest.
¾ The simplest form of filled system is the
ordinary alcohol or mercury
thermometer
¾ Filled systems can also consist of a
bulb, a capillary tube, and a bourdon
tube Or a bellows element
¾ Three types – Liquid filled , Gas filled
and Vapor pressure
FILLED SYSTEMS
¾ Liquid – filled systems

¾ Filled with an inert
chemical ( toluene or
xylene)
¾ Mercury is also used
¾ Dis advantage –
Erroneous readings due
to capillary sensing etc
FILLED SYSTEMS
¾ Gas filled systems –

pressure of a confined
gas varies directly with
absolute temperature ,
p = kT
¾ Vapor Pressure
systems – In a vapor
pressure system some
liquid vaporizes during
operation.
¾ Methyl chloride
¾ Ether alcohol
¾ Toluene
BIMETTALIC ELEMENTS
¾ Most substances expand

when the temperature
increases and contract
when the temperature
decreases, but different
substances expand and
contract at different rates.
If two metals with
different coefficients of
thermal expansion are
bonded together an
increase in temperature
will cause the free end to
bend toward the material
with the lower coefficient
of thermal expansion.
RTD VS THERMISTORS
¾ RTD’s increase in resistance as

temperature increases. ( connected
thro Wheatstone bridge )
¾ Should have high Coeff of resistance
¾ Materials used – Platinum, Copper . Or
nickel ( Iron , Silver , Alumel)
¾ Thin film RTD
¾ Adv- Accuracy ,linearity, stability
¾ Dis adv- Expensive , External power
reqd,
¾ Thermistors –semiconductors made of
metal oxides (mn-ni, mn-ni-co, mn-ni-
fe) both +ve & -ve Coeff. Used in
overload protections
¾ Adv- Less expensive to RTD’s
,ruggedness , and sensitivity
¾ Dis adv- don’t have accuracy , stability
,repeatability, limited temp range
¾ Resistance Vs Temperature relation is
exponential & non linear.
RTD AND THERMISTORS

Thin Film RTD
Bead style Thermistors
Bead style thermistors

THERMOCOUPLES
¾ A thermocouple consists of
two different types of metal
(conductors) connected
together at a point. This
connection point is called the
"hot junction" since it is the
point subjected to the heat
source. When this junction is
heated and the conductors
are connected to a measuring
device, an emf (electromotive
force) will be generated. This
force causes a current to flow
in the measuring circuit. The
current is translated into a
temperature measurement of
the heat source
THERMOCOUPLES
¾ Thermocouples are two dissimilar metals joined together in

the form of wires at both ends.
¾ Hot junction
¾ Cold Junction ( Ref junction )
¾ Measured volts are in millivolts
¾ Two classes of TC- Noble & Base metal
¾ Type S, R, & B are – Noble metal TC’s
¾ Type J , T, E, & K are base metal TC’s
¾ Extension wires / Compensating lead wire – Wire connected
to Cold junction with similar characteristics of TC.
¾ Adv of TC – Inexpensive , rugged , reasonably accurate , no
bridge circuit reqd( less complex than RTD’s ) , can measure
wide range ( -273 – 2800 deg C )
¾ Dis adv – Small change in junction voltages
THERMOCOUPLE CHART
THERMOCOUPLE REF JUNCTION DATA

PYROMETERS
¾ It’s a method of measuring

temperature without physical
contact between transducer &
heated material.
¾ Principle – based on
relationship between a hot
body and the electromagnetic
radiation it emits. Also it
measures the temperature of
entire field
¾ Two Types – Narrowband or
Broadband .
¾ Narrowband( Optical) are used
in the visible range and are
available as manual or
automatic Instruments.
¾ Braodband or Radiation
pyrometers consists of a lens
, detector , recorder or
controller.
DEVICE SELECTION –THERMOWELLS
¾ A thermowell is a sheath that protects a thermal sensor from the

process fluid.
¾ Advantages
¾ The process fluid does not contact the temperature sensor and no
corrosion or erosion from the fluid to the sensor.
¾ Does not have to withstand the process pressure.
¾ Sensor can be removed and replaced without shutting down the
process or releasing fluid.
¾ Disadvantages
¾ Decreased heat transfer rate, which increases the delay between
process temperature change and measurement;
¾ Increased cost.
¾ The advantages of using thermowells generally outweigh the
disadvantages in production facilities.
THRMOWELLS
THERMOWELL INSTALLATION
¾ The primary objective of

thermowell installation is to
place the temperature sensor
in the process at a location
where the reading will
represent the process
temperature as accurately as
possible. Other objectives are
to minimize the disturbance
caused by the protrusion of
the well and to locate the
sensor conveniently.
BIMETTALIC THERMOMETERS
¾ Bimetallic
thermometers are
relatively inexpensive
devices. Most
pressure vessels and
heat exchange
devices are equipped
with bimetallic
thermometers
GLASS TUBE THRMOMETERS
¾ Glass tube
thermometers are
sometimes called
"yellow back"
thermometers
because the
graduations are
often backed by
yellow paint for easy
reading. They are
used in laboratories
for calibration and
sometimes in
custody transfer
applications
DIGITAL THERMOMETERS
¾ The most common type is

battery-powered and hand-
held with a resistance
temperature detector (RTD)
or thermocouple probe. The
probe can be inserted into a
thermowell or other area
that is to be measured. The
resolution and accuracy of
these instruments typically
range between 0.1 and 1
degree Fahrenheit or
Celsius.
¾ The accuracy of a filled-

system thermometer is
about the same as a
bimetallic thermometer,
and filled-system
thermometers are much
more expensive.
¾ Filled-system
thermometers are not
usually used unless
remote installation of the
gauge is desired
INFRARED PYROMETERS
¾ Infrared pyrometers
are not used for
ordinary process
measurement or
control, but can be
very useful for
trouble spotting.
Defective stack,
bearings,
transformers, and
other devices where
increased
temperature is a
symptom of the
malfunction can be
spotted without
actually contacting
the location.
RTD’S
¾ Resistance temperature
detectors (RTDs) are the most
frequently used electronic
temperature sensors for
production facilities. RTDs are
not quite as rugged as
thermocouples, but they are
superior in interchangeability,
repeatability, accuracy and
linearity. They are suitable for
temperature measurements
from -240°C (-400°F) up to
650°C (1200°F).
THERMOCOUPLES
¾ Thermocouples offer
low cost, high
reliability, and good
measurement
characteristics.
Temperature ranges
are from -268°C (-
450°F) up to 2316°C
(4200°F). This wide
range makes them
suitable for
applications such as
exhaust stacks and
flare pilot monitors
TEMPERATURE SWITCH – ELECTRICAL
¾ Most mechanically
operated electric
temperature switches
use a vapor-filled system
(in which a volatile liquid
produces a varying
amount of vapor
depending on
temperature) or a liquid-
filled system to operate a
pressure switch. Gas-
filled systems generally
do not develop enough
power for switch use.
TEMPERATURE SWITCH – PNEUMATIC
¾ Switches are
manufactured with
both two-way valves
and three-way valves.
The two-way type is
designed so that a
vent port opens when
the temperature
exceeds the set point.
The three-way valve
type either connects
the receiver device to
the pressure source or
vents it, depending on
the temperature
TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER
¾ Temperature
transmitters are used
to convert the signal
from a temperature
sensor for
transmission over a
long distance or for
interfacing with other
instruments.
¾ Signal is usually 4 to
20 mA for electronic
transmission and 20
to 100 kPa ( 3 to 15
psig) for pneumatic.
CHART RECORDERS
¾ Two types - local

recorders and remote
recorders.
¾ Local recorders are
often used in
conjunction with flow
and pressure,
temperature recorders
are provided with a ink
pen over a circular
chart , chart rotates on
a 24 hour or 7 day
period by spring or
electric motor .
REMOTE RECORDER
TESTING AND CALIBRATION
¾ Temperature Instrument Maintenance & Calibration

¾ Calibration – the procedure for making adjustments to a
measurement scale on an instrument so that its readings conform to
an accepted and certified standard.
¾ Primary standard – A device designed & constructed to
specifications of fundamental unit of measurement , eg temperature
¾ Secondary Standard – A device designed & constructed from the
primary standard.
¾ Working standard – A device that is calibrated according to to the
secondary standard & used in the field ( on the job) to calibrate
instruments.
¾ Instrument Inspections – Full scale accuracy , Range ,& response
time.
¾ Dents in reservoirs ( bulbs) , gas bubbles , Cracks & leaks ,
Impurities, Wires & connections.
¾
TEMPRATURE CALIBRATORS
¾ Fluid baths
¾ Provides uniform and stable
temperatures to use as
references for calibrating
temperature measuring devices
¾ Fluidized bath – Is a chamber
partially with small dry inert
particles , Air / nitrogen flows
upward in to bath for
circulation.
¾ Portable Block calibrator
¾ Documentation
TEMPERATURE SWITCHES – Ex D

TRG Module PPT - Tempr Measurements

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRG Module PPT - Tempr Measurements

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cairn India – 2007

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT - CONTENTS

¾ DEVICE SELECTION CRITERIA

¾ Temperature is defined as a measure of the level of thermal energy .

¾ Temperature measurement is used in virtually all oil and gas

¾ The amount of heat in a body cannot be directly measured, but the

RANGES OF TEMPR INSTRUMENTS

Ranges of tempr measuring instruments Ranges & accuracies of various

¾ Liquid – filled systems

¾ Gas filled systems –

¾ Most substances expand

¾ RTD’s increase in resistance as

RTD AND THERMISTORS

Bead style thermistors

¾ Thermocouples are two dissimilar metals joined together in

THERMOCOUPLE REF JUNCTION DATA

¾ It’s a method of measuring

DEVICE SELECTION –THERMOWELLS

¾ A thermowell is a sheath that protects a thermal sensor from the

¾ The primary objective of

GLASS TUBE THRMOMETERS

¾ The most common type is

¾ The accuracy of a filled-

TEMPERATURE SWITCH – ELECTRICAL

TEMPERATURE SWITCH – PNEUMATIC

¾ Two types - local

TESTING AND CALIBRATION

¾ Temperature Instrument Maintenance & Calibration

You might also like