Gas Turbine

REMEMBER !!
• Compilation of available information
• Factoring-in a little bit of Experience
• More practical and less theory
• Discussion, yr right to challenge
• Ask Qs freely
• Add your views and knowledge
 GT History
• 1st Combustion Turbine - Late 18th Century
• Economically Practical - 1930
• 1st Sizable GT for Power Gen - 1939 by Brown Boveri (S/by
power only)
• Much of development for Aircraft Propulsion
• 2nd World War - Jet Aircraft
• 1950 to 1960 - GT use in Marine, Airplanes, Loco, Automobiles
• 1963 - 1st CCPP by GE (250MW)
• Initially applications for peaking power
• Effi - Increase basically by Pr Ratio and TIT increase.
Which Cycle ?
1 2 3 4
Practical Cycle Irreversibilities
and In-efficiencies
 Working Parameters
10 bar,
1060 degC

10.2 bar,
315 degC Exh T - 580
degC
Atm +
Back pr.

1” dP ~
Inlet - 0.48 % Power loss
Amb T - 28 degC
Outlet - 0.15 % Power loss
Atm - Filter Drop
• AMBIENT 1 degF UP - 0.3 TO 0.5 % POWER
DOWN.
• ALTITUDE 1000 ft UP - 3 TO 4 % POWER DOWN
• TIT 100 degF UP - 10 % WORK UP & 1.5 % EFFI
UP
• COMP TIP CLEA 1 % MORE - 1 % EFFI DOWN
AND 1 % POWER DOWN
• TUR TIP CLEA 1 % MORE - 1 - 2 % STAGE EFFI
DOWN
 Let us now take each
important component or
part of a Gas Turbine
 GT Important Parts
3
1
Filter

5
2 4
 Intake Air Filter & Inlet Plenum
• Main Types
– Static - Surface loading
– Pulse Jet Cleaning - Depth loading
• Filtration Grading as per EN779. What is our grade?
• Media
– Depends on environmental conditions
– Paper / Synthetic / Mix
• Inlet Plenum
– Damper - Blow-in Door!
– Designed to offer least resistance
 Filter design criteria
• Air velocity
• Surface area
• DP
 Intake Air Filter & Inlet Plenum
• Heating during shutdown
• Proper painting (prevent Corr)
Data as per EN779
 2.3 m

12m x 10m
0.65 m
Compressor
 Combustion Chamber
• Efficient Combustion
• Design for Gas and Liquid
• Technology driven by Low NOx
requirement
• CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
• CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
• 16 Kg + 64 Kg = 44 Kg + 36 Kg
• 64 Kg O2 means 305 Kg of AIR
• At GPEC
– Base load needs 7.8 Kg/sec Gas
– Air reqd - 148 Kg/sec
– Supplied - 450 Kg/sec
– Seconday air = 3 x Air reqd
Burner
Silo CC
Two Silo type CC (as at GPEC)
Can Annular Type CC
Turbine
~ 50%
Reaction
 Can you tell ?
• How much power is being drawn
by Compressor ignoring Cp
changes and Mass flow changes
given that
– Net Power Output is 140 MW.
– Consider efficiency as 100 %
Turbine power
• 50 - 60 % is to run the compressor
Losses due to
• FRICTION
• TUR TIP CLEA 1 % MORE - 1 - 2 %
STAGE EFFI DOWN
 Development Aim - increase
EFFICIENCY
• Increase TIT
– TIT 100 degF (55.5 degC) UP - Approx. 10 %
WORK UP & 1.5 % EFFI UP
– Latest as high as 1300+ degC industrial GT and
1700+ degC Jet Engines.
• Increase Pr. Ratio
– Not economical after certain limit
– Latest as high as 24
 Designed for high temp
• High temp resistant Ni based alloys
• Corrosion / Erosion resistant coatings.
• Thermal Barrier Coatings
• Internal Cooling
• Internal Coating
IND. GT ROTORs
- Complex design
- Three main types
> Welded
> Centrally bolted
> Peripheral studs
EXHAUST Exhaust Temp
Measurement

Diffuser
 Most Critical Controls
• Start-up
– Push start by Diesel Engine or Motor or Gen
running as Motor
– Avoid surging
• Fuel control based on TIT
– TIT can not be reliably measured
– TIT derived from Exhaust Temp and CPD
• Droop control
Latest GT Technology Driven by
• Environmental Norms
– Single Digit Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
– Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
• High efficiency
– In excess of 40 % in Simple Cycle
– In excess of 60 % in Combined Cycle
– Main thrust on TIT increase
Turbojet with afterburner
Turbofan Engine
Turbofan Engine
Turboprop
Engine
 Industrial GT

Gen
 Time for a quick test ;
• 30 Qs
• Two Qs - 30 secs

Here we go ;
Tick only one answer
 Here we go ;
Tick only one answer
1) Can a Gas Turbine run on liquid fuel
– YES / NO
2) To increase GT efficiency ;
a) increase turbine inlet temp
b) decrease turbine inlet temp
c) increase pressure ratio
d) decrease pressure ratio
e) a) & d) above
f) a) & c) above
g) b) & c) above
3) One of the most critical, high-tech & costliest
component in a Gas Turbine is ;
a) Compressor blade
b) Turbine Blade
c) Rotor
d) Exhaust diffuser
4) Industrial Gas turbine is designed to suck air
without filteration ;
– Right / Wrong
5) Aircraft engine is designed to suck air withour
filteration ;
– Right / Wrong
6) Limitation on increasing Turbine Inlet
Temperature is due to ;
a) Compressor blade mettalurgy
b) Turbine Blade mettalurgy
c) Comubstion Chamber mettalurgy
d) Exhaust plenum mettalurgy
7) The constant pressure lines on a T – S diagram ;
a) are parallel
b) converge as T & S increases
c) diverge as T & S increases
d) initially diverge and then converge
8) Combined Cycle is a marriage of ;
a) Joule and Brayton cycle
b) Rankine and Carnot cycle
c) Rankine and Brayton cycle
d) Joule and Otto cycle
9) The efficiency expression of Brayton cycle in terms of
temperatures is same as ;
a) Otto cycle
b) Diesel cycle
c) Carnot cycle
d) Atkinson cycle
10) A Gas Turbine works on ;
a) Carnot cycle
b) Otto cycle
c) Brayton cycle
d) Rankine cycle
11) A steam cycle (Boiler + Steam Turbine) works on ;
a) Carnot cycle
b) Otto cycle
c) Brayton cycle
d) Rankine cycle
12) In theory, the most efficient cycle is
a) Carnot cycle
b) Otto cycle
c) Brayton cycle
d) Diesel cycle
13) Cost per MW of a Combined Cycle power station is in the
range of ;
a) 3 to 4 crores per MW
b) 1 to 2 crores per MW
c) 8 to 10 crores per MW
d) > 10 crores per MW
14) In Brayton cycle, heat addition is at ;
a) Constant volume
b) Constant pressure
c) Constant entropy
d) Constant temperature
15) What is the efficiency if Heat Rate is 1950 kCal/kWhr.
a) 44.10 %
b) 22.67 %
c) 16.77 %
d) 43.58 %
16) What is the efficiency of a GT with cycle temperatures
T1-28 degC, T2-335 degC, T3-1035 degC and T4-528
degC.
a) 65.1 % b) 34.9 %
c) 33.3 % d) 40.0 %
17)What is combined cycle efficiency if GT effi – 33 %, Boiler
effi – 80 % and Steam Turbine effi – 35 %.
a) 9.24 %
b) 51.76 %
c) 148 %
d) 42.24 %
18) Unit of Heat Rate is ;
a) Kcal / Kg
b) kWhr
c) Kcal / kWhr
d) Kg / kWhr
19) In a Gas Turbine, the Compressor approx. consumes
how much %age of total power produced by the Turbine.
a) 30 %b) 60 %
c) 80% d) 100 %
20) The modern materials used in High Temp Turbine
Blades are ;
a) Alloy steels with Co and Mo
b) Aluminium alloys
c) Nickle Alloys
d) Alloy steels with Cr and Ni
21) The Turbine Inlet Temperatures in modern Gas Turbines
for Aircraft Jet Engines are as high as ;
a) 1000 to 1200 degC b) 1300 to 1400 degC
c) 1700 to 1800 degC d) 2000 to 2100 degC
22) For Turbine blades to withstand high temperatures,
following methods are adopted ;
a) External Coating
b) Internal Cooling
c) Thermal barrier coating
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
23)GT development history is as old as
a) 16th Century
b) 17th Century
c) 18th Century
d) 19th Century
24) A GT engine is most used in
a) Marine propulsion
b) Aircraft Engines
c) Power Generation
d) Automobiles
25) Major advances in Gas Turbine have taken place in;
a) Marine Propulsion
b) Aircraft Engines
c) Power Generation
d) All of the above
26) The efficiency in a power station is generally expressed in
terms of ;
a) % age
b) Heat Rate
c) None of the above
d) Any one of the above
27) Surging in a compressor is ;
a) Beneficial to the machine
b) Increases Efficiency of the machine
c) Induces heavy vibrations and can damage the machine
d) Increases air flow in the machine
28) Surging of a compressor is characterised by ;
a) Rapid pressure fluctuations and noise
b) Silent operation of the machine
c) No vibrations
d) Steady pressure operation
29) Two of the very important controls of a GT are ;
a) Start-up and Inlet Air Flow
b) Inlet Air Flow and Fuel Flow
c) Start-up and Fuel Flow
d) Fuel Flow and TIT
30) Write down four possible reasons for losses in
efficiency in GT ;
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
 Thanx for your
time
Questions ??