Unit 6 Measurement 3 Proportion

Section 1 Presentation
1. Look and read :

Plan of a building

The ratio between the length and width of Room A is 5 : 3 (five to three).
The ratio between the length and width of Room B is 3 : 1 (three to one).
Room B is wider than Room A, but its width is less in proportion to its
length.
relatively narrow
Therefore Room B is 
 proportionately narrower

Now look at these diagrams showing the relation between size and supporting
strength:

Answer these questions:

a) Which tower carries a relatively heavy load?
b) Which building carries a relatively light load?
c) Which part of the block of flats supports its weight?
d) Which part of the tower supports its weight?

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 e) What is the approximate ratio between the length of the columns of the
block of flats and the height of the building?
f) What is the approximate ratio between the length of the columns of the
tropical house and the height of the building?
g) Which building has longer columns in proportion to its size?
h) What is the approximate ratio between the length and thickness of the
columns of the block of flats? (This ratio is called the slenderness
ratio).
i) What is the approximate ratio between the length and thickness of the
columns of the tropical house?
j) Which building has proportionately thicker columns?

2. Make sentences from this table :

water tower, water tower
In comparison with micro-wave tower, micro-wave tower
a a
Compared with block of flats, block of flats
tropical house tropical house

heavy a
supports a relatively load and has
light -

thicker
columns.
thinner
proportionately
longer
tower structure.
shorter

3. Now read these two paragraphs and add the missing words:

a) If we compare the columns supporting the two buildings, we can see that
the columns of the block of flats are relatively short and thick in
proportion to its size, while those of the tropical house …………………..
We can conclude that the heavier building needs proportionately shorter
and thicker columns, whereas ………………………
b) The explanation for this is that short thick columns are stronger than long
thin ones since the strength of the column depends on its thickness and its
length. Supporting strength is directly proportional to _________ and
inversely proportional to _________. Consequently, the heavier the
building, the _________ and _________ its columns, and conversely, the
lighter the building …………………………

4. Use the words in italics from exercise 3 to write two similar paragraphs
comparing the two towers shown in exercise 1.

Note : Substitute ‘structure’ for ‘columns’ and ‘tower’ for ‘building’, and
make any other necessary changes.

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5. Say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false
statements.

a) The ratio between the height and width of the micro-wave tower is higher
than that between the height and width of the water tower. (1 : 3 is a higher
ratio than 1 : 2).
b) The structure of the water tower has to support less weight than that of the
micro-wave tower.
c) The columns of the block of flats have greater supporting strength than
those of the tropical house.
d) The strength of a column in directly proportional to its height and
inversely proportional to its thickness.
e) Compare with a micro-wave tower, a water tower has a relatively tall
structure.
f) The lighter the load on a tower, the thicker its structure.
g) Similarly, the heavier a building, the thinner its columns.

Section 2 Development
6. Read this and follow the instructions :

Perimeter in relation to size and shape

The ratio between the perimeter and floor area of a building has an important
effect on the cost of the enclosing wall element. The perimeter/area ratio
depends on the size and shape of the plan of the building.
To show how the perimeter varies with size:
Calculate the floor areas of the buildings illustrated below.
Calculate their perimeters.
Find the ratio between the perimeter and the floor area for each building.
6 m

3 m
6 m
3 m

Bu ild in g A Bu ild in g B

a) Floor area = d) Floor are =

b) Perimeter = e) Perimeter =
c) Perimeter/area ratio = f) Perimeter/area ratio =

Now complete these statements:

g) By comparing the ratio of perimeter to floor area for the two
buildings we can see that the __________ building has a higher
perimeter/area ratio.

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 h) We can conclude that smaller buildings have a __________ (longer or
shorter) perimeter in proportion to floor area than larger buildings.

7. Now read and complete these :

To show how perimeter also varies with shape

a) These floor plans have the same area but they differ in shape. Do they
have the same perimeter? Calculate the perimeters of the square and
rectangular buildings.

Floor Perimeter
area 49.6 m
196 m2 ………
196 m2 ………
196 m2
28 m

14 m

14 m 7 m

b) The circular building, which has the most compact shape, has the
smallest perimeter in proportion to area, whereas the……….. which
has the least ………… has the __________ perimeter in proportion to
area.
c) If we ___________ the perimeters of buildings with the same floor
area but different shapes, we will ___________ that the more compact
the shape…………..
d) We can __________ that …… ratio depends on _________ as well as
__________.

8. Now use exercise 7 to help your show how surface area varies with shape.
Calculate the surface areas of a sphere, a cube and a rectangular prism
which all have the same volume.

Section 3 Reading
9. Read this passage and look at the diagrams :

The effects of the surface area/volume ratio in architecture

The relation between surface area and volume has many effects on the
performance of buildings. For example, the rate at which a building gains or
loses heat through its walls depends on its surface area/volume ratio. Heat
transfer is directly proportional to surface area and inversely proportional to
volume. Thus a building with a proportionately large surface area, such as a

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 one room house, will lose or gain heat relatively rapidly. Conversely, a
building with a large volume in relation to its surface area, such as a block of
flats, will retain more heat.
Heat losses from a building are reduced by using insulating materials such
as expanded polystyrene. Thickness of insulation is in inverse proportion to
heat transfer.

Make true statements from these tables:

Heat transfer air temperature gradient.

Heat loss is directly proportional thickness of insulation.
Heat gain inversely to surface area.
Heat retention volume.

The higher the ratio between the more quickly it gains or loses
surface area and volume, heat
The lower the ratio between surface the more it retains heat.
area and volume, the faster the rate of heat transfer.
The smaller the size of the building, the less it retains heat.
The larger the size of the building, the more slowly it gains or loses heat.
The thicker the insulation of a the slower the rate of transfer.
building,
The more compact the shape of a
building,
The less compact the shape of a
building,

Unit 6: Measurement 3 Proportion Page 5 of 12

10. Now read this passage :

We can conclude that the more compact the shape of the plan of a building for
a given area the less the heat loss. It can also be shown that for a given
required total floor area in a two or more storey building, the higher the
building the greater the heat loss. However, buildings gain heat from the sun
as well as losing heat to the cold. The more directly the face of a building is at
right angles to the sun the greater the heat gain.

The following examples illustrate the effects of the perimeter/area ratio, the
surface area/volume ratio and orientation of the building on heat transfer. Explain
them by answering the questions:

a) Igloos are built by Eskimos in the Arctic where the cold is very
intense. Why do they build them this shape?

b) Mud houses are built by people in the tropics where the heat is very
intense. Why do they build the walls so thick?

c) Why are some houses in tropical climates built with plans shaped like
this?

d) These two buildings have identical floor areas. Which of them loses
the greater amount of heat? Why?

e) Why do radiators have fins?

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 f) Which of these two south-facing elevations will receive the greater
amount of solar radiation? Why? Will the solar radiation be greater in
summer or winter?

B ui l d i n g A B ui l d i n g B

g) Both these buildings have the same floor area and the same height.
Which one will be more expensive to heat?

Unit 6: Measurement 3 Proportion Page 7 of 12

Section 4 Revision
11. Look at the diagrams and the table:

Concrete blocks

Dimensions of
Thickness and Thermal
face Block weight
type of block resistance (r)
(length x width)
in mm in kg m2 oC/w
75 mm solid,
tongued and 400 x 200 6.3 0.26
grooved

100 mm cellular,
plain ends 450 x 225 9.5 0.50

140 mm cellular,
tongued and 450 x 225 10.9 0.36
grooved

Now answer these questions:

a) What is the ratio of the length to width to thickness of each block?

b) Which block is proportionately thickest?
c) Compare the three blocks with regard to their thickness, width, weight
and thermal resistance.
d) What do you think is the function of the tongue and groove?
e) Why do you think the two largest blocks have a cellular structure?
f) What do you think are the advantages of concrete blocks over bricks
with regard to cost, speed of building and the amount of mortar used?

b) Read this :

Stability of concrete block walls

Block walls should be designed so that they have stability against overturning.
Walls may be divided into a series of panels and stability provided by
connecting the edges of the panels to supports what are capable of transmitting
the lateral forces to the structure. The length or height of the panel in relation

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 to the thickness of the wall has to be limited. The limits for three different
design situations are described below and may not be exceeded.

From the text complete the following sentences to match the idea in brackets :
a) Block walls ……………… (ability)
b) The height of the panel ……………….. (proportion)
c) The edges of the panels …………….(structure)
d) The panel supports …………. (ability)
And this sentence from your own experience :
e) If a wall is too thin…………. (cause and effect)

c) Continue reading :

Design situation 1
Walls with adequate lateral restraint at both ends but not at the top
(i) The panel may be of any height provide the length does not exceed 40
times the thickness; or
(ii) The panel may be of any length provided the height does not exceed
15 times the thickness; or
(iii) Where the length of the panel is over 40 times and less than 59 times
the thickness, the height plus twice the length may not exceed 133
times the thickness.

Design situation 2
Walls with adequate lateral restraint at both ends and at the top
(i) The panel may be of any height provided the length does not exceed
40 times the thickness; or
(ii) The panel may be of any length provided the height does not exceed
30 times the thickness; or
(iii) Where the length of the panel is over 40 times and less than 110 times
the thickness, the length plus three times the height should not exceed
200 times the thickness.

Design situation 3
Walls with adequate lateral restraint at the top but not at the ends.
The panel may be of any length provided the height does not exceed 30
times the thickness.

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 Now identify the three design situations in the drawings:

Work out if any of the walls are unstable because their design limits have been
exceeded and make sentences like this:

stable 
Example: The 75 mm solid block wall is   because its
unstable 
does not exceed 
length   40 times its thickness.
exceeds 

d) Read this :

The thermal resistance of a material and the thickness of that material used in
a roof determine the loss of heat through a roof. Poor insulants have high k-
values whereas good insulants have very low k-values. Increasing the
thickness of the insulation laid on a roof will increase its resistance to heat loss
in direct proportion. Thus the thermal resistance (r) of each element of the roof
structure is directly proportional to its thickness (x) and inversely proportional
to the thermal conductivity (k) of he material, i.e.

x
r=
k
If the resistance of all the elements of the roof structure are added, this gives
the total or overall thermal resistance (R)

R = r1 + r2 + r3 + r4 + ………

where r1 is the resistance of the waterproof membrane, etc.

The overall thermal conductance of the whole roof structure (U) is the
reciprocal of the overall thermal resistance (R), i.e.

U=I÷R

The U-value is a measure of the overall rate of heat loss through the total roof
structure. A well insulated roof has a low U-value. The higher the U-value, the
greater the heat loss through the roof. U-value is defined as the heat loss (w)

Unit 6: Measurement 3 Proportion Page 10 of 12

 per unit roof area (m) per degree Celsius temperature difference (oC) between
the warm interior of the building and the cold exterior.

Now complete this paragraph about thermal resistance using these words:

high, higher, low, lower, greater

The ________ the U-value of a roof, the ________ the R-value and the
________ the loss of heat through the roof. A well insulated roof has a
________ thermal resistance and a ________ U-value.

e) Look at this table :

Element of roof Material Thickness k-value

structure (x) (w/m oC)
Waterproof 3-Layer bitumen 0.01 m 0.18
membrane felt

Copper sheet 0.002 m 380

Polyurethane 0.025 m 0.023

Insulation board foam

Cellular glass 0.025 m 0.046

Vapour barrier Felt - -

Concrete slab 0.15 m 1.40

Roof deck
Wood-wool slabs 0.05 m 0.10

Dense plaster 0.016 m 0.50

Internal lining ceiling
Plasterboard 0.013 m 0.16

Now design two roofs each with five elements and using all the materials in
the table. Calculate the total thickness and the U-value for each roof.

Unit 6: Measurement 3 Proportion Page 11 of 12

f) Look and read:

One disadvantage of the direct hot-water system described in Unit 10, exercise
9 is that it is liable to “scaling’. Scaling is caused by deposits made by hard
water when it is heated. Hard water occurs in areas which have soluble salts in
the ground. Because the highest temperatures in the system occur in the boiler,
the largest amounts of scale are deposited there. Since the deposited material
is a bad conductor, heat is prevented from passing through the walls to the
water and the efficiency of the boiler is reduced. This can lead to further
trouble because the boiler walls may overheat, and in some cases the plates
may even burn out, causing leaks. Because of this, boilers often have
removable plates so that the inside can be de-scaled.

Now make statements about:

a) The effect of soluble salts in the ground

b) The cause of scaling
c) Which factor determines the amount of scaling
d) A property of scale
e) Four possible effect resulting from a property of scale
f) The function of removable plates in boilers.

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