BOILERS
BOILERS SECOND HAND BOILER – This means a boiler or
Definition: It converts water into steam for a variety of
downstream uses and is primarily an energy converter,
converting the chemical energy of fuels or heat energy of
waste gas streams into heat energy of steam.
CLASSIFICATION OF BOILERS
WATER TUBE BOILER – It is when the water is inside
the tubes while flue gases are outside.
FIRE TUBE BOILER – It is when the flue gases pass
through the tubes while the water is outside.
TYPES OF BOILERS
POWER BOILER – All boilers with operating pressure
and temperature exceeding those of Low Pressure
boilers.
PORTABLE BOILER – It means a fired boiler which is
primarily intended for temporary location and the
construction and usage of which is obviously portable.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER – It means a boiler mounted on
a self-propelled track locomotive and used to furnish
motivating power for traveling on rails. It does not include
locomotive cranes, tractors or other self-propelled
apparatus.
MINIATURE BOILER – This applies to fired pressure
vessels, fired and unfired boilers, which do not exceed
the following limits: a.) Sixteen inch inside diameter; b.)
Five cubic feet gross volume, exclusive of the casing and
insulation; c.) Twenty square feet water heating surface;
d.) One hundred pounds per square inch gauge
maximum allowable working pressure.
LOW PRESSURE BOILER – operating steam pressure
not exceeding 1.021 atm and operating pressures of hot
water boiler not exceeding 10.893 atm and temperature
394 °K.
HOT WATER SUPPLY BOILER – It means a boiler
furnishing hot water to be used externally to itself.
UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSEL – It is any pressure
vessel that is not fired or has not been ignited. This
implies they are not exposed to combustion or flames
from a burner. There is less chance of overheating
because it is an unfired vessel.
REINSTALLED BOILER – This means a boiler or unfired
pressure vessel removed from its original setting and re-
erected at the same location or erected at a new location
without change of ownership.
unfired pressure vessel of which both the location and
ownership have been changed after primary use.
CONDEMNED BOILER – It means a boiler or unfired
pressure vessel that has been inspected and declared
unsafe or disqualified by legal requirements by an
inspector qualified to take such action who has applied a
stamping or marking designating its rejection.
BOILERS AND ITS ACCESSORIES
AIR PREHEATER – Its main function is to preheat the
air which means the temperature of the input air is
increased. This preheating process of air is done before
it enters the furnace. The air preheating process is done
with the help of hot flue gases.
BAFFLES – These are essentially a set of steel plates
that maintain the heat within the boiler for as long as
feasible while ensuring the greatest possible contact
between the water jacket and the heat produced by
combustion.
BLOWDOWN VALVE – It removes dissolved particles
from the boiler water and drains them. These valves are
installed on the boiler's drain lines. Depending on the
design and purpose of the boiler, one or more blowdown
valves are utilized.
BREECHING PIPE – It is a pipe which connects boiler to
the stack.
BURNER – This provides the heat by means of
combustion.
DRAFT FANS – It is a pressurized fan which gives off
positive pressure within the system in order to increase
boiler efficiency.
ECONOMIZER – These are heat exchangers that
transfer the heat in the flue gas to another medium‚
generally the boiler feed-water‚ although other streams
are sometimes used such as make-up water.
FEEDWATER PUMP – Its main function is for the
transportation of water into boilers using high pressure.
FURNACE – It offers enough space for the fuel to
completely burn.
FUSIBLE PLUG – Its function is to protect the boiler from
damage due to overheating of boiler tubes by low water
level.
 BOILERS

GAGE GLASS (WATER COLUMN) – It allows boiler RATED BOILER HORSEPOWER

operators to visually determine the correct water level
within the boiler using gage glass. HSA
RBHP =
PRESSURE GAGE – This indicates the steam pressure
N
inside the boiler drum. Where: HSA is the heating surface area
SAFETY VALVE – Its functions are for the protection of For HAS in (ft 2)
boiler overpressure and prevention of product damage. N = 10 for water-tube boilers
N = 12 for horizontal fire-tube boilers
SOOT BLOWER – This eliminates soot and ash from the N = 14 for vertical fire-tube
wall of the heating surface by allowing blast air.
For HSA in m 2
TEMPERATURE GAGE – It displays the temperature of N = 0.93 for water-tube boilers
the boiler. N = 1.115 for horizontal fire-tube boilers
N = 1.30 for vertical fire-tube
WATER WALLS – It is a tubing arrangement around the
furnace to extract heat from fuel to generate steam
DEVELOPED BOILER HORSEPOWER
PERFORMANCE OF STEAM GENERATORS

HEAT SUPPLIED English

Q s = Wf x HHV Ws (hs − hfw )
DBHP =
BTU /hr
Where: 33500 Bo. Hp.
W f is the fuel rate
HHV is the higher heating value of fuel
Where:
BOILER HEATING SURFACE ws = steam rate (lb/hr)
hs = enthalpy of steam generated (BTU/lb)
1 2 hfw = enthalpy of feed water (BTU/lb)
𝐻𝑆 = 2
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 3 𝐴3 − 𝐴4
A1 = πDL Metric
A2 = πd1Ln Ws (hs − hfw )
DBHP =
π𝐷2 kJ /hr
A3 =
4 35320 Bo. Hp.
π𝑑𝑜 2 𝑛 Where:
A4 = 4 ws = steam rate (kg/hr)
Where: hs = enthalpy of steam generated (kJ/kg)
hfw = enthalpy of feed water (kJ/kg)
A1 = area of shell
A2 = inside area of all tubes
A3 = area of the rear head PERCENT RATING
A4 = cross-sectional area of the tube section
DBHP
D = diameter of shell Pe. Ra =
RBHP
di = inside diameter of the tube
do = outside diameter of the tube
t = wall thickness of tube
n = no. of tubes
 BOILERS

ASME EVAPORATING UNITS OVERALL BOILER EFFICIENCY

English
Ws (hs − hfw ) KB
ASME = ( ) Ws (hs − hfw ) + Wrs (hro − hri ) + Wbo (hbo − hfw )
1000 hr 𝑒𝑜 =
Wf (HHV)

Metric
Where:
Ws (hs − hfw ) KB
ASME = ( ) W rs is the amount of steam reheated
1055 hr hro is the enthalpy of steam leaving reheater
hri is the enthalpy of steam entering reheater
Note: W bo is the amount of water blowdown at boiler
KB = kilo BTU pressure
hbo is the enthalpy of saturated liquid at boiler
pressure
FACTOR OF EVAPORATION

English NET BOILER EFFICIENCY

(hs − hfw )
FE =
970.3
(Ws − ma ) (hs − hfw )
Note: 970.3 BTU/lb = h fg at 212 °F
𝑒b𝑜.net =
Wf (HHV)

Metric Where:
(hs − hfw ) ma is the steam consumed by auxilaries
FE =
2257
Note: 2257 kJ/kg = hfg at 100 °C

EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION

EE = Ws x FE
ACTUAL SPECIFIC EVAPORATION

Ws
ASE =
Wf
EQUIVALENT SPECIFIC EVAPORATION

Ws
ESE = (FE)
Wf
Or

ESE = (ASE) (FE)