1 

Chlorine can be manufactured by using the reversible reaction between hydrogen chloride and
oxygen.
4HCl(g) + O2(g)   2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g)          ∆H is negative
A mixture in dynamic equilibrium is present at 450 oC.
Which change to the mixture will increase the amount of chlorine at equilibrium?
[ANS]
A             adding a catalyst
B            adding more HCl(g)
C            decreasing the pressure
D            increasing the temperature
2  Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is a dark brown gas that decomposes as shown by the equilibrium
equation.
2NO2(g)             2NO(g)      +     O2(g)
dark brown             colourless
The diagram shows a glass flask containing a mixture of the three gases.
The mixture is pale brown.

More oxygen is forced into the flask.

What colour change is seen in the mixture?
A               there is no change
B              it turns colourless
C              it becomes darker brown
D              it becomes a paler brown
3  Nitrogen reacts with oxygen.
N2(g) + O2(g) ↔ 2NO(g)   H = +170 kJ / mol
At equilibrium, which statement is true?
[ANS]
A                    The concentration of nitrogen present will change with time.
B                    The forward and backward reaction are taking place at the same rate.
C                    The forward reaction releases heat energy.
D                    There are more molecules on the left hand side of the equation than on the right.

4  The equation shows a reaction in the Contact process.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ↔  2SO3(g)          rH = –98 kJ / mol
Which change would move the position of equilibrium to the left?
[ANS]
A                    adding more O2
B                    increasing the pressure
C                    increasing the temperature
D                    removing SO3 from the reacting mixture
5 At 400 oC the reaction between hydrogen and iodine reaches an equilibrium.
H2(g) + I2(g) ↔  2HI (g) ∆ H = –13 kJ /mol
Which change in conditions would increase the percentage of hydrogen iodide in the equilibrium
mixture?
A           A decrease in pressure
B           A decrease in temperature
C           An increase in pressure
D           An increase in temperature

Q1 W1821 8(f) Adding dilute acid to yellow CrO4 2–(aq) forms orange Cr2O7 2–(aq). The ionic
equation for this reaction is shown.
 2CrO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) ↔ Cr2O72–(aq) + H2O(l)
yellow orange
(i) Describe and explain what you would observe when a few drops of concentrated aqueous
sodium hydroxide are added to the orange solution.
ANS goes yellow (1)
OH− ions react with H+ ions / equilibrium shifts to the left / more CrO4
2− formed / less Cr2O7
2− / less H+ (1)
...............................................................................[2]
(ii) Suggest why a change in pressure has no effect on the reaction
shown. .......................................................................................................................................[1]
Q2. W1722
B6 At high temperatures, hydrogen reacts with iodine to form hydrogen iodide.
H2(g) + I2(g) ↔ 2HI(g) ∆H = + 53.0 kJ/mol
(a) Describe and explain the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium when
(i) the pressure is increased,

ANS No effect (1)

Equal number of moles (of gases) on each side of the equation / each volumes (of gases) on each
side of the equation (1) [2]

(ii) the temperature is decreased.

ANS Equilibrium moves to the left (1)

The (forward) reaction is endothermic / backward reaction exothermic / goes in the direction of
the exothermic reaction (1) .[2]

Q3 w1721 B6 Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. (a) What is meant by the term weak
acid? ..................................................................................................................................................
. ...............................................................................................................................................[1] (b)
Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol to form ethyl ethanoate. The reaction is exothermic.
CH3COOH + C2H5OH ↔ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Describe and explain the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium when
(i) the concentration of ethanol is increased,

ANS equilibrium shifts to the right (1)

to reduce the amount of ethanol added (1) [2]

(ii) the temperature is increased

d
ANS equilibrium moves to the left (1)
the (forward) reaction is exothermic / backward reaction is endothermic / moves in the direction
of the endothermic reaction (1) [2]

Q3 w1522 B10
At 200 °C and 200 atmospheres pressure, phosphorus(V) chloride forms an equilibrium mixture
with phosphorus(III) chloride and chlorine.
PCl5(g) ↔ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
phosphorus(V)chloride phosphorus(III) chloride
(a) Predict and explain the effect of decreasing the pressure on the position of this equilibrium.
The temperature remains constant.
ANS
position of equilibrium moves to the right/moves in forward direction/moves to
the product side/moves to make more PCl3 / moves to make more Cl2 (1)

(if pressure decreases) reaction goes in direction of increasing number of moles

(in stoichiometric) equation)/ goes in direction of more moles of products /
products have larger (gas) volume than reactants (1) [2]

(b) Predict and explain the effect of increasing the concentration of chlorine on the position of
this equilibrium.
ANS
position of equilibrium moves to left moves in backward direction (1)
to reduce the concentration of added substance/ to reduce the concentration of
chlorine (1)

(c) The table shows the percentage of phosphorus(III) chloride in the equilibrium mixture at
different temperatures. The pressure is the same in each case.

(i) Describe how the composition of this equilibrium mixture changes with temperature.

ANS
increasing temperature increases the % of PCl3 (or reverse argument) (1)
[1]

(ii) Explain what this tells you about the energy change in this reaction.

ANS
reaction is endothermic (because as temperature increases the amount of product
increases) (1)
.[1]
d) How is the position of equilibrium affected by the presence of a catalyst?
ANS
no effect/ position of equilibrium remains the same (1) [1]

(e) The rate of this reaction increases with increase in temperature.

Explain why.
ANS
molecules move faster/ molecules have more energy (1)
more molecules have energy greater than activation energy (1)
[2]

(f) Phosphorus(V) chloride reacts with water. Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, and
hydrogen chloride
are formed.
Construct the equation for this reaction.
ANS PCl5 + 4H2O → H3PO4 + 5HCl...........[1]
[Total: 10]
Q4 w1422 B9 Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process.
The table below shows how the percentage yield of ammonia at equilibrium varies
with both temperature and pressure.

(a) Describe how, and explain why, the percentage yield of ammonia at equilibrium
changes with temperature.
ANS
decreases with increase in temperature (1)
reaction is exothermic / increasing temperature favours reaction which
absorbs
heat (1)
[2]
(b) Describe how, and explain why, the percentage yield of ammonia at
equilibrium changes with pressure.
ANS
increases with increasing pressure (1)
increasing pressure causes reaction to go in direction of decreasing number of
moles / smaller volume (1)
[2]
(c) Explain why the conditions for the synthesis of ammonia in most chemical
plants are between 350–450 °C and 200–300 atmospheres pressure.
ANS
ANY ONE FROM
• low(er) temperature makes reaction rate too slow (1)
• high(er) temperature decreases percentage yield (1)
• low(er) temperature increases percentage yield (1)
• this temperature (i.e. 350–450) gives a (relatively) high rate and low yield (1)
ANY ONE FROM
• low(er) pressure gives poor yield (1)
• high(er) pressure increases yield (1)
• high(er) pressure expends too much energy (1)
• high a pressure too expensive (1)
• high(er) pressure gives a higher rate (1)
• high pressure a safety risk (1)
• this pressure (i.e. 200–300) gives a high yield and high rate (1)
................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Explain how using a catalyst in the Haber process has an economic advantage.
ANS
speeds up the reaction/ lowers the activation energy (1)
lowers energy costs / less energy used (1)
............................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) Ammonia is used to make fertilisers such as ammonium phosphate,
(NH4)3PO4.
Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium phosphate.

ANS
molar mass of (NH4)3PO4 = 149 (1)

42/149 × 100 = 28.19%/ 28.2% (1)

[2]
[Total: 10]
Q5 [w2000 B11]
Ammonia is manufactured in the Haber Process.
The following graph shows the amount of ammonia present in the equilibrium
mixture under different conditions of temperature and pressure.
 

(a)            Use the graph to deduce the effect of increasing the pressure on the
percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture.
ANS higher the pressure, higher the yield
[1]
(b)            An industrial process uses conditions of 450 oC and 200 atm.
i)                Use the graph to find the percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium
mixture.
ANS 33%

ii)              Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using 450 oC rather than
350 oC as the working temperature.
ANS speed of reaction increases
% yield of ammonia decreases

[3]
(c)             A catalyst is used in the Haber Process.  Give one other industrial
process which uses a catalyst, and name the catalyst.  Explain why expensive
metals are economical to use as catalyst.
ANS aluminium oxide or silicon dioxide , used in production of hydrogen in
the cracking process
speeds up the reaction/ lowers the activation energy
lowers energy costs / less energy used

[3]
(d)            A student has three test-tubes of gas.  One tube contains ammonia, one
contains hydrogen and one contains nitrogen.  Describe tests the student could do
to identify the three gases.

[3]
Q6 [s2005 B9]     Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process. Ammonia is
used to manufacture nitrogenous fertilisers such as ammonium nitrate.
[ANS]
(a)        The graphs below give information about the percentage of ammonia
present in the equilibrium mixture at different temperatures and pressures.

The reaction requires the use of a catalyst, which operates most efficiently within
the temperature range 280 – 450 °C.
 
(i)         Name the catalyst used in the Haber process.
(ii)        Write a balanced equation for the formation of ammonia in
the Haber process.
(iii)       Which conditions of temperature and pressure give the highest percentage
of ammonia at equilibrium within the catalyst operating temperature range?
(iv)      Suggest why the normal working temperature used in the Haber process is
often over 400 °C.                   [5]
(b)       Describe and explain the effect of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction.
Explain how the use of a catalyst can reduce the overall energy requirement for
the Haber process.                         [3]
(c)        A farmer spreads a fertiliser containing ammonium nitrate onto his land.
The farmer then spreads calcium hydroxide on his land to reduce its acidity.
Write an equation for the reaction between ammonium nitrate and calcium
hydroxide.
Use this equation to explain why the nitrogen content of the fertiliser will be
lowered.                                                          [2]
ANS

Q7 [s2001 B10].       Ethanol is manufactured by the reversible reaction between

ethene and steam.
C2H4 (g)  +  H2O (g)  ↔  CH3CH2OH (g)
The position of the equilibrium is affected by changes in pressure and temperature.
In an experiment, one mole of ethene was allowed to react with excess steam.  The
table shows the amount of ethanol in the equilibrium mixture under five different
sets of conditions.
Temperature Pressure Amount of
/oC /atm ethanol at
equilibrium /
mol
300 50 0.40
300 60 0.46
300 70 0.55
250 50 0.42
350 50 0.38
 
(a)            i)    Describe the effect of increasing the pressure on the amount of
ethanol at
equilibrium.
ANS increases the amount of ethanol
ii)     Is the reaction between ethene and steam endothermic or exothermic? 
ANS exothermic
reaction is exothermic (because as temperature increases the amount of product
decreases)

Explain your answer.

iii)   Which set of conditions (temperature and pressure) will give
the lowest rate of reaction?
ANS 50 atm and 250 C

 [4]