Week-1-7 CM MDL 3q Bmt112

Table of Contents
MODULE 7
3.5 Profit and Loss 37-38
3.6 Interest 38-42
MODULE 1 Assessment Activities 43-44
Chapter 1. FRACTIONS, DECIMALS, AND PERCENTS General Mathematics Project 45
1.1 Fractions 1-2
1.1.1 Simplifying Fractions 3 MODULE 8
1.1.2 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions 3-5 General Mathematics 3rd Semester Examination
1.1.3 Multiplication and Division of Fractions 5-6
Assessment Activities 7-8
MODULE 2
1.2 Decimals 9-10
1.2.1 Operations with Decimals 10-12
MODULE 3
1.3 Percent 15-16
MODULE 4
Chapter 2. RATIO AND PROPORTION
2.1 Ratio and Rate 19-20
2.2 Proportions 20-21
2.2.1 Direct, Inverse, and Partitive Proportions 21-22
MODULE 5
Chapter 3. BUYING AND SELLING
3.1 Mark-up and Mark-down 26-28
3.2 Gross Margin 28
Assessment Activities 30
MODULE 6
3.3 Trade Discount 31-31
3.4 Discount Series 32-34
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)
CHAPTER 1. FRACTIONS, DECIMALS, AND PERCENTS •

KEY QUESTIONS
How can we identify if two
3rd QUARTER
At the end of this module, you are expected to: fractions are equivalent of
WEEK _____
MODULE 1
• Express (a) fractions to decimal and percent forms, each other?

(b) decimal to fractions and percent forms, and • In what way and how often
(c) percent to fractions and decimal forms.
do we see fractions in real-
• Give real-life situations to illustrate fractions, decimals, and percent, and
life?
• Solve problems involving fractions, decimals, and percent.
From the table above, we can see that 48 out of 100 students prefer rice meal, 20
1.1 Fractions
out of 100 prefer pasta, 23 out of 100 prefer sandwiches, and 9 out of 100 prefer
biscuits. On the other hand, we can also see that, out of 100 students, there are
For sure, quarantine days have made
48 male and 52 female students. We can conveniently write these numerical
us all crave something. Photo shown in
representations as follows:
the left is a round cake cut into several
pieces. How many slices can you eat in 48
Students who prefer rice meals: 48 out of 100 = ,
100
one seating?
20
Students who prefer pasta: 20 out of 100 = 100,
Can you help your mom cut the cake
considering the number of persons at 23
Students who prefer sandwiches: 23 out of 100 = 100,
your home and the person who needs
to eat more than the others? How can 9
Students who prefer biscuits: 9 out of 100 = ,
you use some of the idea of fractions you learned in school to show to all the 100
members in your family that you divide the cake according to their needs? Number of male students: 48 out of 100 =
48
, and
100
Consider a survey on a favorite lunch meal of one hundred male and female 52
students. The results were tabulated as follow: Number of female students: 52 out of 100 = 100.
48 20 23 52
RICE PASTA SANDWICHES BISCUITS TOTAL The numbers 100, 100, 100, and 100 are called fractions.
MEALS
MALE
FEMALE
28
20
8
12
10
13
2
17
48
52
2 Denominator
TOTAL 48 20 23 9 100 Numerator
5
1
To change a mixed number to an improper fraction, multiply the denominator by

When a whole quantity is divided into parts, these parts are called fractions. A
𝑎 the whole number and add the numerator. Write the sum over the denominator
fraction is written in the form 𝑏 , where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are whole numbers but 𝑏 cannot
to form the improper fraction.
zero. The number on top, 𝑎, is called numerator and the number below, 𝑏, is
2
called the denominator. Example 4. Change 4 to an improper fraction.
3
2
Solution.
The fractions 5 means the unit is divided into five parts and that two of the give 2
4 × 3 + 2 = 14, ⇒ 4 =
14
2 3 3
parts are taken. Moreover, also means 2 ÷ 5. Also, if the denominator of a fraction is one, it is equal to the numerator.
5
Example 1. In a class of 40 students, 23 are girls. WE can name the part of the class 25 1
Example 5. Which of the following fractions is bigger, 8
or 3 8?
23
that are girls as 40. Solution.
1 25
There are two categories of fraction: 3 × 8 + 1 = 25 ⇒ 3 8 = 8
1. If the numerator is less than the denominator, it is called a proper fraction. None of them is bigger because they are equal.
It means that the fraction names a number less than one unit.
Example 6. Jade saved ninety-five 25-centavo coins for Pondo ng Pinoy. How much
2. If the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator, it is called an
in pesos did he save?
improper fraction. It means that the fraction names a number greater than
Solution.
or equal to 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡.
Since four 25-centavo coins is Php 1.00, then 95 ÷ 4 = 23 with remainder .3, and
95 3
But an improper fraction can be transformed to a mixed number. A mixed number so = 23 4 = Php 23.75.
4
is the sum of a whole number and a proper fraction Simply divide the numerator
by the denominator. If there is a nonzero remainder, write the remainder over the Example 7. A piece of wood measures 12 feet. If a carpenter needs to cut it to have
denominator. 5 pieces of wood, how long will each piece be in inches?
Solution.
42
Example 2. Change to a mixed or whole number. Since there are 12 inches in one foot, 12 feet is 12 × 12 = 144 inches. To know
3
144
Solution. how long each piece will be, we have 144 ÷ 5 = 28 with remainder 4. Thus, =
5
42 4
42 ÷ 3 = 14 ⇒ 3
= 14 28 5 inches is the length of each piece of wood.
53
Example 3. Change 4
to a mixed or whole number. Example 8. A cake was served at the table. Anne ate 1 slice of cake, while Bob ate
Solution. 2 slices. If there were initially 4 equal sizes of cake, what fraction of the cake
53 ÷ 4 = 13 with remainder 1 ⇒
53
= 13
1 remained?
4 4
2
Solution. 8
Two fractions are equivalent if they have the same value. In Example 9 a, 24
is
Since the total number of slices 4, it would be the denominator. Subtract the slices 1 8 4
equivalent to because their values are equal. Moreover, and are equivalent
of cake eaten by Anne and Bob from the total number of slices, thus, 3 24 12
1
because their values are equal to .
4 − (2 + 1) = 4 − 3 = 1 3
1 1.1.2 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

Therefore, the remaining part of the cake is 4.
Addition of Fractions
1.1.1 Simplifying Fractions Add fractions only when they are like fractions. Like fractions have the same
A required measurement which is the result of denominator.
adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing Add the numerators and place the sum over the common denominator. Simplify
fractions is not always expressed as simple as the result whenever necessary.
possible. Measurements can be read with ease But if fractions are unlike, determine first the least common denominator (LCD).
when the fraction is given in lowest terms. The LCD is the least common multiple of the denominators of the fractions.
A fraction can be simplified if the numerator Change each unlike fraction to an equivalent fraction with the LCD as a common
and denominator can be divided by the same denominator. Add the resulting fractions as before.
number other than 1. Example 10. Find the following sum of fractions.
7 4 6 2
a. 15
+ 15 d. 7 + 5
Example 9. Express the following fractions in lowest terms. 9 2 1 7
8 6 b. + 10 e. 2 + 12
a. 24
d. 24 10
2 1 1 3
56 48 c. 39 + 9 f. 3 2 + 1 8
b. 100
e. 100
20 51 Solution.
c. f. 7 4 11 6 2 30 14 44 9
16 15 a. + 15 = 15 d. + 5 = 35 + 35 = 35 = 1 35
15 7
Solution. 9 2 11 1 1 7 6 7 13 1
b. 10
+ 10 = 10 = 1 10 e. 2 + 12 = 12 + 12 = 12 = 1 12
8 8÷8 1 6 6÷6 1
a. = = d. = = 2 1 2+1 3 1 1 3 4 3 4+3 7
24 24÷8 3 24 24÷6 4 c. 3 + =3 =3 =3 f. 3 + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4 = 4
9 9 9 9 3 2 8 8 8 8 8
56 56÷2 28 28÷2 14 48 48÷4 12 Example 11. Solve each of the following problem.
b. 100
= 100÷2 = 50 = 50÷2 = 25 e. 100 = 100÷4 = 25
a. It took Meg 6 hours on the first day, 5 hours the second day, and 3 hours on
20 20÷4 5 1 51 51÷3 17 2 the third day inn typing the term paper in Business Mathematics. How long did
c. = = =1 f. = = =3 Meg work, as a fraction of a 24-hour day?
16 16÷4 4 4 15 15÷3 5 5
3
5 2 11 7 11−7 4 4÷4 1
b. Chona is to be given grams of a medication after breakfast, grams after b. 12
− 12 = 12 = 12 = 12÷4 = 3
7 7
1 3 1 6 1 6−1 5
lunch, and grams before she goes to bed. How many grams of medication will c. − = − = =
7 4 8 8 8 8 8
she receive in a week? 6 7 6 7−6 1
d. 4 − 7 = 37 − 7 = 3 7 = 37
Solution. 7 1 7 3 7−3 4
6 5 3 6+5+3 14 7 e. 69 − 43 = 69 − 49 = 2 9 = 29
a. + + = = = of a day. 6 15 6 15−6 9 3
24 24 24 24 24 12
5 2 1 8 1 1 f. 10 − 4 15 = 9 15 − 4 15 = 5 15 = 5 15 = 5 5
b. + + = = 1 grams in a day, and in 1 week, 1 grams × 7 days =
7 7 7 7 7 7
8 Example 14. Solve each of the following problem.
7
× 7 = 8 grams in one week.
11 5
a. You have 12 meter of a fabric. You need 6 meter for a placemat. Will you have
1 1
Example 12. Robert carries 5 4 kilograms of rice and 3 2 kilograms of fish. How many enough left for table napkins that will use 4 meter?
3
kilograms of items did Robert carry in all? 7

b. Alvin cut four strips from a 4-inch piece of metal. Each strip has a width of 8
Solution.
1 1 1 2 1+2 3 inch. How much metal was left after the cuts?
5 +3 =5 +3 = 8 =8 Solution.
4 2 4 4 4 4
3 5 11 11 5 11−10 1
Therefore, Robert carried 8 4 kilograms of items in all. a. Subtract 6 from 12: 12 − 6 = 12
= 12 meter.
1 3 9
Compare and =
Subtraction of Fractions 12 4 12
1 9
In a similar manner, subtract fractions only when they are like fractions. Subtract Since12 < 12, there will not be enough material for table napkins.
the numerators and place the difference over the common denominator. Simplify 7 7 7 7 28 4 1
b. Total metal for the strips: 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 8 = 3 8 = 3 2 inches
the result whenever necessary. 1 1
To subtract unlike fractions, find the LCD. Change each unlike fraction to an Metal left: 4 − 3 = inch.
2 2
equivalent fraction with an LCD as the common denominator. Subtract the 1
Example 15. Shaira bought a ribbon that is 3 4 meters long. She needs to cut from
resulting fractions as before.
5
it a piece measuring meters. How long is the other part?
Example 13. 4
Solution.
Find the difference of the following: 1 5 13 5 8
a.
4
−
1
d. 4 −
6 34 − 4 = 4
−4 = 4 = 2 meters
5 5 7
11 7 7 1
b. − 12 e. 6 9 − 4 3 Therefore, the remaining part of the ribbon measures 2 meters.
12
3 1 6
c. − f. 10 − 4 1 1
Example 16. Mrs. Alburo bought 6 kg. of meat. She used 2 kg. for afritada, 2
1
4 8 15
2 4 8
Solution. kg. for menudo, and the rest for adobo. How many kilograms of meat did she use
4 1 4−1 3
a. 5
−5= 5
=5 for adobo?
4
Solution. 3 1 51 33 51×33 1683 3

12 4 × 8 4 = 4
× 4 = 4×4
= 16
= 105 6 square inches.
First, we add the kilograms of meat used for afritada and menudo. We have:
1 1 2 12+1 3 3
24 + 28 = 28 + 28 = 4 = 48 . Example 19. A piece of land, 7 8 hectares in area, is to be developed for a resort,
8
1 1
Then, we subtract it from 6 2 to get the kilograms of meat used for adobo. We have: According to the plan, 4 of the land is to be left as a wildlife preserve. How many
1 3 4 3 1 hectares will this be?
6 2 − 4 8 = 6 8 − 4 8 = 2 8.
Solution.
1 1 3 1 59 59 27
Therefore, Mrs. Alburo used 2 8 kg. of meat for adobo. ×7 = × = =1 hectares.
4 8 4 8 32 32
1.1.3 Multiplication and Division of Fractions Example 20. There are 56 students in a class. Three-fourths of the students support
1
Multiplication of Fractions the Philippine Football team, 3 of the remaining support the Philippine Rugby team,
In multiplying fractions, multiply the numerators to find the numerator of the and the rest supports the Philippine Basketball team. How many students support
product. Multiply the denominators too to find the denominator of the product. each team?
Solution.
Example 17. Find the product of the following:
3 5 3 First, to find the number of students supporting the Philippine Football team, we
a. × d. 13 × have
10 6 8
5 2 3 6 3 56 3 168
b. × e. 2 × 56 × = × = = 42.
7 3 5 10 4 1 4 4
4 2 5
c. ×5 f. 2 3 × 4 7 Thus, 42 of the students supports the Philippine Football team.
7
Solution. To find the number of students supporting the Philippine Rugby team, we have to
3 5 15 15÷15 1 subtract first the number of Philippine Football team supporters from the total
a. 10
× 6 = 60 = 60÷15 = 4
5 2 10
number of students. We have 56 − 42 = 14. This is the number of students who
b. × = do not support the Football team. So,
7 3 21
4 4 5 20 6 1 14 1 14
c. 7
× 5 = 7 × 1 = 7 = 27 14 × 3 = ×3 = = 7.
1 2
3 13 3 39 7
d. 13 × 8 = 1 × 8 = 8 = 4 8 Thus, there are 7 students who support the Philippine Rugby team.
3 6 13 6 78 78÷2 39 14 Thus, there are 14 − 7 = 7 students who support the Philippine Basketball team.
e. 2 5 × 10 = 5 × 10 = 50 = 50÷2 = 25 = 1 25
f.
2 5 8 33 8 11 88
2 3 × 4 7 = 3 × 7 = 1 × 7 = 7 = 12 7
4 Division of Fractions
In dividing fractions, get the reciprocal (interchange the numerator and the
3 1 denominator of the divisor) and proceed to multiplication.
Example 18. A cookie sheet is 12 4 inches long and 8 4 inches wide. What is the
area of the cookie sheet? Example 21. Find the quotient of the following:
Solution. a.
7
÷
3
b. 8 ÷ 3
1 7
c. ÷
9
8 4 4 8 10
The area is the length times width, that is,
5
1 4 1 3 2 2 1
d. 2 6 ÷ 5 e. 9 ÷ 3 2 f. 4 7 ÷ 1 5 Example 23. Iean spends 5
of his monthly salary, saves 3
of the remainder, and
shares the rest equally to his two sisters and a brother. If his monthly salary is Php
Solution.
7 3 7 4 7 1 7 1
60,000, how much does he give to his brother every month?
a. 8
÷ 4 = 8 × 3 = 2 ×3 = 6 = 16 Solution.
1 13 4 32 6 2
b. 8 ÷ 3 4 = 8 ÷ 4
= 8 × 13 = 13 = 2 13 First, we have to subtract Iean’s expenses from his salary. So, 60,000 × 5 =
7 9 7 10 7 5 35 60000 2 12000 2
c. 8
÷ 10 = 8 × 9 = 4 × 9 = 36 ×5 = ×1 = 24,000. Thus, 60,000 − 24,000 = 36,000.
1 1
1 4 13 5 65 17
d. 2 ÷ = × = =2
6 5 6 4 24 24 Next, we have to subtract his savings from the remaining Php 36,000. He saves
1 9 7 9 2 18 4 1 36000 1 36000
e. 9÷3 = ÷ = × = =2 36,000 × 3 = ×3 = = 12,000. The amount 36,000 − 12,000 =
2 1 2 1 7 7 7 1 3
3 2 31 7 31 5 155 8
f. 4 7 ÷ 1 5 = 7 ÷ 5 = 7 × 7 = 49 = 3 49 24,000 is divided by 3 for his three siblings: 24,000 ÷ 3 = 8,000. Therefore, Iean
gives Php 8,000 to his brother.
Example 22. Solve each of the following problem.
1 1
a. Nelyn has 6 2 meters of cable wire. She needs 2 3 meters for the extension REFERENCES
of her cable TV for each room of her house. Is her wire enough for 3 rooms? Books
b. Leah made 1 liter of lemon juice for her and her four friends. One of her Fractions, Decimals, and Percents, Chapter 1, Pp. 2-18, Lundag et. al.,
2 (2016) Business Math
friends wanted to drink of it and the remaining part was equally shared
5
by Leah and her other friends. How many liters would Leah and each of her
three other friends have?
Solution.
1 1 1
a. Since Nelyn needs 2 3 meters for each room, let us divide 62 by 2 3.
1 1 13 3 13 3 39 11
6 ÷2 = ÷ = × = =2 .
2 3 2 7 2 7 14 14
Therefore, her cable wire is not enough for 3 rooms and can only cover for
2.
2 3
b. 1 − = liters
5 5
3
Divide 5 liters by 4.
3 4 3 1 3
5
÷ 1 = 5 × 4 = 20.
3
Therefore, Leah and her three other friends would have 20 liters of lemon
juice each.
6
113 3
19. 26
24. 51 10
Activity 1: Part of a Whole 121
20. 38
21
25. 101 17
Directions.
A. Identify whether each fraction is proper fraction, an improper fraction, or a Activity 2: Pieces
mixed number.
6 14
1. 6.
7 17 Directions. Solve each of the following problem involving fractions. Include your
11 11
2. 7. 5 complete solution along with the answer sheet. All answers must be in lowest
4 13
24 21 terms.
3. 2
8. 3
4 42
4. 29 9. 42 1. Mark missed 7 questions on the 20-item quiz. What part of the quiz was
5.
23 7
10. 4 5 he correct?
25 2. Aling Nene, a rice dealer, has 75 sacks of Sinandomeng rice in her storage
room. On a certain day, she sold 950 kilos. If ne sack has 50 kilos, what
B. Encircle the fraction that does not belong to the set.
part of her stock was sold? How many sacks are left in the storage room?
1 4 6 10 3. Loombands are colorful rubber bands that can be made into accessory.
11. 3 , 5 , 7 ,
9
Because of its popularity, Jam decided to buy a set of loombands including
11 6 3 2 1
12. , , , 4200 pieces of bands. If of the bands are red, how many bands are not
7 5 4 2 8
4 1 7 1
red?
13. . 2 , 6 , 11 4. Grade 11 students were ale to raise Php 7,550.75 in the
5 3 8 3
13 6 11 4 #WeWillRiseAsOne donation drive. This donation drive collects only 25-
14. 25 , 3 7 , 22 , 18 centavo coins. How many 25-centavo coins were collected?
1 2 11 2 5. In a packaging division, there are 42 packaging machines. At any given
15. 6 , 13 , ,1
5 3 5 5 time, 6 of the machines are turned off for tune up. What fraction of the
C. Change the following improper fractions into mixed numbers, and vice versa. machines are operating at one time?
10 1 6. Anneth has read 22 books. Ten of these books are mystery books. What
16. 21. 3 5
6 part of the books were mystery books?
29 4
17. 22. 9 7. Juliana answered 42 items correctly on an 80-item quiz, while her sister
6 7
54 7 Angela answered 21 items correctly on a 40-item quiz. Do they have the
18. 13 23. 13 22
same portion of correct answers?
7
8. A 10-centavo coin is what fractional part of a peso?

9. One kilometer is 1000 meters. What fraction of a kilometer is 750 meters?
10. Veronica is 18 years old, and she takes 500 mg of Vitamin C per day. The
recommended dose for her 11-year old sister is 250 milligrams. What part
of Veronica’s dosage does Julia take?
Activity 3: Operations on
Fractions
Directions. Solve each of the following problems involving operations on

fractions. Include your complete solution along with the answer sheet. All
answers must be in lowest terms.
1. Neth and Rob raise funds amounting Php 5,400 for the residents of
Montalban, Rizal who were victims of Typhoon Ulysses. Two-thirds of the
1
funds were collected by Rob and of the funds were raised by Neth. How
3
much did Neth and Rob raised individually?
2. A Batangueño who is studying in Manila budgets his weekly allowance. He
2 1 7
spends 5
of his allowance on food, 10
on school supplies, 20
on
transportation, and the rest he saves. If his allowance is Php 2,500, how
much does he spend on each?
1
3. There are 150 perfume bottles in a box. Each bottle has 50 liters of perfume
in it. How many liters do all the bottles have?
1
4. Cynthia practices for 2 hours in playing the violin each week. How many
2
weeks will it take for her to cover 35 hours of practice?
3
5. Chocolate crinkles calls for 2 cups of confectioner sugar for a serving. How
4
many cups of sugar is needed for 8 servings?
8

KEY QUESTIONS
Can we convert all fractions
3rd QUARTER
At the end of this module, you are expected to: to decimal numbers?
WEEK _____
MODULE 2
• Express (a) fractions to decimal and percent forms, • How significant is the role
(b) decimal to fractions and percent forms, and of the decimal point in
(c) percent to fractions and decimal forms. operations with decimal
• Give real-life situations to illustrate fractions, decimals, and percent, and numbers?
1.2 Decimals
When a number is written in decimal notation, we call it a decimal number (or
Ace got a summer job in a simply decimal).
dessert kiosk. His first customer Because our number system is based on decimal numeration (that is, base-10
ordered for a sundae fudge that numeral system), converting a fraction into decimal follows the ordinary division
costs Php 28.75. The customer of numbers, which we are used to.
gave Php 30.00. How much
25
change should he give? Example 1. Convert into a decimal number.
100
25
Solution. Solution. Interpret the fraction bar to mean “divided by”. This means that 100 is the
If the sundae fudge costs Php same as 25 divided by 100.
28.75, it takes 28 pieces and 0.25
three-fourths of Php 1.00. Thus, the change is Php 1.00 and one-fourth part of Php 100 25.00
25
1.00 or Php 0.25. −20.00 or = 0.25
100
5.00
30.00 −5.00
−28.75 0 2 zeros 2 decimal
Php 1.25 places
Therefore, Ace should give his customer a change of Php 1.25. 25
25 Therefore, 100 is 0.25 in decimal number.
In decimal notation, the fraction is written as 0.25. The position of the decimal
100
3
point is based on the power of 10 in the denominator of the fraction. Example 2. Write 2 4 in decimal form.
For example,
25 25 25
= = 0.025 and 3 = 3.025.
1000 103 1000
9
Solution. 3 3 3 35 19 70 19 51 3
4 − 1.1875 = 4 − 1 = − = − = =3
0.75 8 8 16 8 16 16 16 16 16
4 3.00
2 1 25 1
−28 b. 4.2 = 4 10 = 4 5 ; 4.25 = 4 100 = 4 4
3 3×25 75
20 or 4
= 4×25 = 100 = 0.75 3 3 1
(4.2 + 10) + (4.25 − 4) = (4 5 + 10) ÷ (4 4 − 4)
3 1 3
20 21 3 17 3
=( + )÷( − )
0 5 10 4 4
42 3 14
3 3 = ( + )÷
10 10 4
Therefore, 2 = 2 + = 2 + 0.75 = 2.75. 45 4
4 4
= 10
× 14
Example 3. Write 0.175 in fraction form. =
9
Solution. 7
1
175 175 ÷ 25 7 Example 6. Saya needs 8 4 teaspoons of butter to bake a cake. She has a stick of
0.175 = = =
1000 1000 ÷ 25 40 butter (that is 4.5 tablespoons) left from her previous recipe. If a stick of butter
costs Php 33, how much does she need to buy the remaining butter?
Solution.
1 1 1 33 9 15
3 decimal 3 zeros Butter to be bought = 8 − 4.5 = 8 − 4 = − = tablespoons.
4 4 2 4 2 4
places Number of sticks of butter to be bought:
15 15 9 15 2 5
Example 4. Convert 2.35 and 7.425 to fraction form in lowest terms. = ÷ 4.5 = ÷ 2 = 4 × 9 = 6 stick
4 4
Solution. 5 55
35 35÷5 7 425 425÷25 17 Cost of butter to be bought = 6 × 33 = 2 = Php 27.50
2.35 = 2 100 = 2 100÷5 = 2 20 ; 7.425 = 7 1000 = 1000÷25
= 7 40
1.2.1 Operations with Decimals
2 decimal 2 zeros 3 decimal 3 zeros Addition of Decimals

places places RULE: To add decimals, write one number below the other so that the bottom
decimal point is directly below the top decimal point. Add each column starting
Example 5. Perform the indicated operations by converting each decimal to first, from right to left.
and give the answer in fraction form.
3 3 3 Example 7. Teresa went to shop materials for her scrapbook. She got the scrapbook
a. 4 − 1.1875 b. (4.2 + )÷ (4.25 − )
8 10 4 for Php 220.25, ball point pen at Php 16.75, and scrapbook decors at Php 90.50.
Solution.
1875 1875÷625 3
How much did she pay for the materials?
a. 1.1875 = 1 10000 = 1 10000÷625 = 1 16 Solution.
10
220.25 Example 9. Michael and his four classmates are Architecture students. Their team
+ 16.75 won the Architectural design contest for the housing units for the Yolanda victims.
90.50 Each person on the team received Php 55,025.75.
Php 327.50
How much money did the team win altogether?
Subtraction of Decimals Solution.
RULE: Write the number to be subtracted below the other number. Just like in Php 55,025.75
addition, keep the decimal points in line. It Is advised that the decimals have the × 4
Php 220,103.00
same number of decimal places. If not, add zeros to the fewer decimal places.
Division of Decimals
Example 8. Richard runs on some morning before he goes to work, Below is a table
RULE: The procedure for division of decimals is similar to the division of whole
of the number of kilometers he ran during the week.
numbers. Move the decimal point of the divisor to the right end. Move the decimal
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY point of the dividend with the same number of places. Proceed with usual division,
NUMBER OF 1.5 2.471 4.95 0.73 and put the decimal point in the quotient exactly above where it occurs in the
KILOMETERS dividend.
His goal for the week is to run 10 kilometers. Did Richard meet his running goal for Example 10. Jane made ribbons for her school’s Foundation Day presentation. Her
the week? How many kilometers does Richard requires to have to meet his running roll of ribbon was 35 meters long. For each individual ribbon, she needed 0.235
goal? meters. How many ribbons could she make from her roll?
Solution. Solution.
1.500 148.9
2.471 0.235 35 000.0
4.950 235
+ 0.730 1150
Php 9.651 940
2100
Thus, 10.000 − 9.651 = 0.349. 1880
Richard needs to run 0.349 kilometer more to meet his running goal. 2200
Multiplication of Decimals 2115
RULE: Perform the usual multiplication. Temporarily disregard the decimal points. 85
When the product is obtained, count the total decimal places of both factors. Then, Jane can make 148 individual ribbons.
move the decimal point to the left by the number of the total decimal places of the
factors.
11
Example 11. Lloyd helps his mother in the market after his classes. If he works
12.25 hours in the market for 5 days, what is the average number of hours he
works there in a day?
Solution.
Write the decimal point in the quotient directly above the decimal point in the
dividend.
5 12.25
Divide like you do with whole numbers.
2.45
5 12.25
−10
22
−20
25
−25
0
Therefore, Lloyd works an average of 2.45 hours a day in the market.
REFERENCES
Books
Fractions, Decimals, and Percents, Chapter 1, Pp. 24-28, Lundag et. al.,
(2016) Business Math
12
Activity 1: Transition Activity 2: Remembering the Dot
Directions. Directions. Perform the following operation.

A. Convert each fraction to decimal notation. 1. 1.63 + 6.32 + 8.2 =
7
1. 10
2. 10 − 3.1 + 2.12 =
14
2.
100
3. 0.69 + 2.3 − 1.265 =
3
3. 4 4. (2.3 + 3.2) − (1.9 + 7.3) =
100
15
4. 5. (3.2 − 1.5) + (6.5 − 3.9) =
30
3 6. 1.2 × (2.3 + 3.8) =

5. 8
7. (3.5 − 1.1) × (6.4 − 3.8) =
B. Convert each decimal to fraction in lowest terms.
6. 0.3 8. (1.1 + 2.2 + 3.3) ÷ 2.5 =
7. 0.8 9. 1.2 × [(3.2 − 1.1) − (1.5 + 2.2)] =
8. 3.17 10. [(6.2 − 3.8) ÷ (0.42 + 0.78)] − 0.68 =
9. 8.25
10. 0.48
13
7. Katrina has 13 five-centavo coins. How much would her change be if her
Activity 3: Problems with Decimals cousin wants to change it for 25 centavos?
Directions. Solve the following problems involving decimals. Make sure to pass
8. Li and Ten took the College Admission Test. Li scored 56.73 points, while
your complete solution along with the answer sheet.
Ten scored 74.92 points. How many points less did Li score than Ten?
1. Janssen has the following set of coins: 1 ten-peso coin, 2 five-peso coins,
and 3 twenty-five centavo coins. How much money does he have in all?
9. Lily’s house is located between the grocery store and the city library. If the
house is 12.53 m away from the grocery store and 16.72 m away from the
2. Jennifer has to photocopy her ID Card as a requirement for her part-time city library, how far is the grocery store from the library?
job. She has 2 one-peso coins and 2 twenty-five centavo coins. Is her
money enough to pay for the photocopy that costs Php 3.50? Explain.
10. A group of parents decided to build a learning center for the children using
100 kilos of blocks. On the first day, they used 21.66 kilos of blocks. On the
3. Lorenz forgot to pay his previous bill which amounts to Php 1,487.25. If his second day, 34.57 kilos were used. How many kilos were left on the third
current bill is Php 1,203.9, how much would he pay in all? day?
4. Lanie can run a distance of 128.3 m. If Iza can run 111.47 m, what would
be the total distance covered by the two?
5. Carol is planning to make a border for her slogan. If the length of the slogan
is 11.25 cm and the width is 5.40 cm, what would be the perimeter of the
border?
6. A marker costs Php 23.50. If Sarah pays Php 50.00, how much change will
she get in return?
14

KEY QUESTIONS
How does percent differ from
3rd QUARTER
At the end of this module, you are expected to: fraction and decimal? How
WEEK _____
MODULE 3
• Express (a) fractions to decimal and percent forms, are they all connected to
(b) decimal to fractions and percent forms, and each other?
(c) percent to fractions and decimal forms. • In what scenarios of real-life
• Give real-life situations to illustrate fractions, decimals, and percent, and do we encounter percent?
1.3 Percent Example 4. Of the 500 runners who attended the FUN RUN, 120 finished the 5-
kilometer run. What percent finished the run?
To find the percent the percent of a number, convert the Solution.
120 120÷20 6
percent into a decimal number by moving the decimal 120 of 500 = 500 = 500÷20 = 25 = 0.24 = 24% finished the 5-kilometer run.
point two places to the left. Then multiply this decimal
number to its given number.
Example 5. The service charge in a bistro is 10% of the bill. If a customer’s bill is
Example 1. Find the 30% of 390. Php 785.25, what is the total amount to be paid?
Solution. Solution.
30% = 0.30 10% of 785.25 = 0.10 × 785.25 = Php 78.525. The total amount is 785.25 +
0.30 × 390 = 117 78.525 = 863.775 = Php 863.778.
To find what percent a number is of another number, write a fraction where the
numerator is part and the denominator is whole. Simplify the fraction If possible. Example 6. Senior citizens have a 20% discount in food establishments. If Norma,
Then convert the decimal to percent. a 72-year old woman, has a receipt that amounted to Php 645.80, how much was
the original bill?
Example 2. What percent of 50 is 20?
Solution.
Solution.
20 2 Php 645.80 is 80% of the total amount since it has 20% discount.
= = 0.40 = 40% Therefore, 645.80 ÷ 80% = 645.80 ÷ 0.80 = Php 807.25 is the original bill.
5 5
Therefore, 20 is 40% of 50.
Example 7. A mocha latte sells at a regular price of Php 180. Because the coffee
Example 3. In a class of 40 students, 15% got a grade of A. How many students got shop has an anniversary treat today, they sell the latte for only Php 80. Find the
an A? percent of decrease in price.
Solution. 15% of 40 = 0.15 × 40 = 6 students got a grade of A. Solution.
15
The original price is Php 180.

The decrease in price is 180 − 80 = Php 100.
100
Thus, 180 − 0.5556 = 55.56%
The decrease in price is about 55.56%.
Example 8. In a certain barangay, the 2010 population is 4780. In 2014, the

population increased to 6755. Find the percent of increase in the population.
Solution.
The increase in population from 2010 to 2014 is 6755 − 4780 = 1975.

1975
Thus, 4780 = 0.4132 = 41.32%
The increase in population is about 41.32%.
Example 9. The senior citizens enjoy 20% discount and another 12% discount after
the 20% discount on the medicines prescribed by their doctors. An insulin costs
Php 1,200, and an elderly insists that she will only pay Php 816. Is the elderly
correct?
Solution.
Take 20% of Php 1,200, that is 0.20 × 1200 = 240. Thus, 1,200 − 240 = Php
960.
Take 12% of Php 960, that is, 0.12 × 960 = 115.20. Thus, 960 − 115.20 = Php
844.80.
The elderly should pay Php 844.60, not Php 816.
REFERENCES
Books
Fractions, Decimals, and Percents, Chapter 1, Pp. 34-38, Lundag et. al.,
(2016) Business Math
16
Activity 1: Portion Activity 2: A long way to go
Directions. Directions. Solve the following problems involving percent. Assure to include your
A. Find each percent. complete solution on the answer sheet.
1. 3% of 18
1. Leni got 35 correct answers on their 50-item English test. What percent of the
test did she answer correctly?
2. 25% of 128
2. There are 40 students in a class. Eighteen of these students are male. What
3. 3.5% of 355 percent of the class are female?
3. A woman deposited Php 23,200 into her account for one year. What would be
4. 75% of 10,000 1
the interest on this deposit if its interest rate is 6 2%?
5. 24.9% of 456
4. A student answered 90 items on the test correctly and got a grade of 98%. How
many items were there in the test? (round your answer to the nearest whole)
B. Find the following.
6. What percent of 46 is 21? 5. A gold bar weighs 12,500 grams. If 93% of the bar is gold, how many grams of
gold are there in a bar?
7. 7 is what percent of 75?
6. Meg bought a pair of rubber shoes that costs Php 3,000. She got a 45% discount
for the shoes. How much did she pay for it?
8. What percent of 75 is 180?
7. A newly-opened restaurant consists of 30 crew members. If 60% of the crew are
9. What percent of 120 is 80? women, how many male crew members are there in the restaurant?
10. 85 is what percent of 5500? 8. Rona ears Php 168,000 a year. If 15% of her income goes to taxes, how much
of her income goes to taxes?
9. A famous basketball team played 80 games and won 60 of these games. What
percent of these games did they lose?
10. At a sale, a blouse is sold for Php 200, which is 80% of the original price. What
is the original price of the blouse
17
Activity 3: Connections
Directions. Compute for the missing equivalent elements in each item of the given
table below.
FRACTION DECIMAL PERCENT

85
1. 2
2. 650%
3. 1.6
47
4. 5
5. 200%
93
6.
4
7. 0.25
8. 87%
9. 1280%
200
10. 500
18
CHAPTER 2. RATIO AND PROPORTION

KEY QUESTIONS
• How do ratio and rate differ
3rd QUARTER
At the end of this module, you are expected to:

WEEK _____
MODULE 4
from each other?

• Compare and differentiate ratio and rate, • How can we identify that the
• Write proportions illustrating real-life situations, given ratio is a proportion?
• Identify the different kinds of proportion and examples for each, and • Is ratio connected to fraction,
• Solve problems involving direct, inverse, and partitive proportion. decimal, and percent?
2.1 Ratio and Rate BUSINESS PARTNER SHARE AMOUNT OF

INVESTMENT
Consider the following problem: EMHAR 1 1
5 OF THE 10 PARTS = 2 2
(PHP180,000) =
To run a coffee shop, three businessmen, Emhar, Mark, and Jade decided to invest
PHP900,000
Php 1,800,000. If the whole investment for the business has 10 parts, how much 1 1
MARK 2 OF THE 10 PARTS = (PHP180,000) =
is: 5 5
a. Emhar’s investment if his share is 5 of the 10 parts? PHP360,000
JADE 3 3
b. Mark’s investment if his share 2 of the 10 parts? 3 OF THE 10 PARTS = 10 10
(PHP180,000) =
c. Jade’s investment if his share is 3 of the 10 parts? PHP540,000
TOTAL INVESTMENT PHP 1,800,000
In the problem, each investment part is worth Php 1,800,000 ÷ 10 = Php
180,000. The following tables show the summary of the shares of investments. To compare the investments by each business partner, it is more convenient to use
ratio. Notice that all investments are expressed in peso. Thus, the investment
BUSINESS PARTNER SHARE AMOUNT OF
INVESTMENT shares can now be expressed in ratio 900 000: 360 000: 540 000 or 5: 2: 3.
EMHAR 5 OF THE 10 PARTS 5(PHP180,000) =
Ratio is used to compare relative values of numbers or quantities that have
PHP900,000
the same units. The numbers 5,2, and 3 separated by colon shows the part of
MARK 2 OF THE 10 PARTS 2(PHP180,000) =
investment shares of three businessman. All ratios must be expressed in
PHP360,000
JADE 3 OF THE 10 PARTS 3(PHP180,000) = simplest form. Ratio can also be written as fraction, decimal, or percent.
PHP540,000
TOTAL INVESTMENT PHP 1,800,000 Example 1. Express the following in terms of ratio.
a. A store has 3 flavors of ice cream: 4 strawberry, 6 mango, and 11 chocolate

The same problem can be solved by treating the amount of investment as a fraction
ice creams.
of the whole.
19
b. A bookstore sells the following: pencil which costs Php 16, pad paper at Example 2. If Marcus works 60 hours every 3 weeks, how many hours will he work
Php 44, and eraser at Php 12. in 12 weeks given that case?
c. In selling personalized cakes, the cost of packaging is Php 60 and the cost Solution.
of ingredients is Php 340. 60 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑥
= ⇒ 𝑥 = 240 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
3 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑠 12 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑠
Solution.
a. The ratio of ice cream flavors is 4: 6: 11. Example 3. A car travels 12 km per hour. How many km will it travel in 4.5 hours?
b. The ratio of school supplies prices is 16: 44: 12 or 4: 11: 3. Solution.
c. The ratio of the costs is 60: 340 or 3: 17. 12 𝑘𝑚 𝑥
= ⇒ 𝑥 = 54 𝑘𝑚
Example 2. Express the following ratio as a fraction, decimal, and percent. 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 4.5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
a. 1: 4
Example 4. Mrs. Lozada drives at 75 km per hour. How many hours does it take for
b. 2: 5
her to drive to her destination that is 450 km away?
c. 1: 8
Solution.
RATIOS CAN BE EXPRESSED 75 𝑘𝑚 450 𝑘𝑚
= ⇒ 𝑥 = 6 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
WITH A COLON AS FRACTION AS DECIMAL AS PERCENT 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑥
1: 4 1 0.25 25%
4 2.2 Proportions
2: 5 2 0.4 40%
5 Let’s take a look at the problem below:
1: 8 1 0.125 12.5% Suppose a dozen of apples costs Php 240. How much is 3 dozens of apples?
8
Dozen of apple: Cost of one dozen = 3 dozens of apples: Cost of 3 dozens.
Consider the following:
To make lemonades, Aubrey bought a lemon squash that is to be mixed with water. 1 𝑑𝑜𝑧𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 3 𝑑𝑜𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠
= ⇒ 1𝑥 = 3(240) ⇒ 𝑥 = 720
For each lemon squash, she plans to mix it with 250 ml of water. Express this as 𝑃ℎ𝑝 240 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑧𝑒𝑛 𝑥
rate. Therefore, the cost of 3 dozens of apples is Php 720.
The “ratio” and “rate” explain the equivalence of one measurement or quantity
𝑎 𝑐
from the other. We say, that the rate of 1 lemon squash in 250 ml of water can be Two equal ratios form a proportion. That is,𝑏 = 𝑑 or 𝑎: 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑐: 𝑑 where 𝑎𝑑 =
1 𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑛
expressed as or 1: 250. 𝑏𝑐. In a proportion, the product of the means, 𝑏𝑐 must be equal to the product
250 𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
of the extremes, 𝑎𝑑. In the solution to the above problem, notice that we set
A rate is a comparison of quantities having different units expressed in 1: 240 = 3: 𝑥 since we know that the ratio of cost per dozen of apples form a
simplest form. In the above example, rate shows the comparison of quantities proportion.
lemon squash units and number of ml of water. In rates, the quantities being
compared have different units.
20
Example 5. In the proportion 15: 35 = 𝑥: 70, what is 𝑥? 30 000 2000𝑥

=
Solution. 2000 2000
15 𝑥
= Therefore, it will take 15 weeks for Inday to save Php 15 000.
35 70
15(70) = 35𝑥 2.2.1 Direct, Inverse, and Partitive Proportions
𝑥 = 30 Consider the problem:
If 10 laptop costs Php 200,000, then how much do 8 laptops cost?
1050 = 35𝑥
30 = 𝑥 We see that the greater the number of laptops, the higher is the cost. Setting up
Example 6. A newly-hired secretary can type 100 words in 120 seconds. At that the ratio, we obtain
rate, how many words can she type in 450 seconds? 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑠 10 8
Solution. = = ⇒ 10𝑥 = 8(200,000)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 200,000 𝑥
Let 𝑤 be the number of words.
100 𝑤 ⇒ 𝑥 = Php 160,000
=
120 450
100 ∙ 450 = 120 ∙ 𝑤 In the problem, the number of laptops and cost are directly proportional since
45000 = 120𝑤 the more laptops you buy, the higher the cost will be. Direct proportion has
45000 120𝑤 two values that they may vary but the ratio between them remains the same.
=
120 120 In this proportion, a change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the
375 = 𝑤 other. If one variable increases, the other will also increase and decrease in
Therefore, the secretary can type 375 words in 450 seconds. one will decrease the other.
Example 7. Inday wants to save money for her son’s birthday. In two weeks, she Example 8. It takes Andy 30 minutes to burn 200 calories in a treadmill. How long
was able to save Php 2,000. How many weeks will it take her to save Php 15,000? will it take for Andy to burn 400 calories?
Solution. Solution.
Let 𝑥 be the number of weeks Inday is saving money.
2 𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 30 𝑥
= = = ⇒ 30 ∙ 400 = 200 ∙ 𝑥 ⇒ 12 000 = 200𝑥 ⇒ 60 = 𝑥
2000 15000 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 200 400
2 ∙ 15 000 = 2000 ∙ 𝑥 Example 9. An artisan bread maker uses 2000 grams of flour to make 4 loaves of
handcrafted bread. How many grams of flour is needed to make:
30 000 = 2000𝑥 a. 2 loaves of bread?
b. 7 loaves of bread?
21
Solution. Solution.
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑟 2000 𝑥 4000 4 24 3
a. = = ⇒ 4000 = 4𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1000 Number of hours = 6 × 7 = 7
= 37
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 4 2
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑟 2000 𝑥 14 000
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
= 4
= 7
⇒ 14 000 = 4𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3500 Example 13. Karen wants to donate her collection of figurines to four friends in the
ratio 1: 3: 3: 5.
Example 10. In a T-shirt design factory, 5 employees can finish designing 20 T-shirts Solution.
in one hour. How long will it take 10 people to make 20 designs? In this problem, the 96 figurines is divided in such a way that it is in the ratio
Solution. 1: 3: 3: 5.
We think of this problem this way. If 5 employees can finish 20 designs in one hour,
then 10 employees will take less than an hour to do the designs. Getting the sum of the ratios, we obtain 1 + 3 + 3 + 5 = 12. Dividing 96 by 12,
we get 8. Thus, one of her friends will receive 8, the other two friends will get
5 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑥 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 5 1
= ⇒𝑥= (1) = 8(3) = 24 figurines each and her best friend will get 8(5) = 40 figurines.
10 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑒𝑠 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 10 2
When a whole is partitioned into equal or unequal ratios, such concept
We see in the problem that the more employees on a job, the less time taken involves partitive proportions. In the problem, the total number of figurines is
for the job to complete. When an increase in one quantity results to a decrease partitioned into ratio 1: 3: 3: 5, thus making use of partitive proportions.
in another, it shows an inverse proportion.
Example 14. Divide 430 in the ratio 2: 3: 5.
Example 11. Explain why the following show inverse relationships. Solution.
a. Time and Speed 430
b. Number of workers and days = 43 ⇒ 2(43) = 86 ⇒ 3(43) = 129 ⇒ 5(43) = 215
10
c. Volume and Pressure
Thus, 86: 129: 215 is in the ratio 2: 3: 5.
Solution.
a. For time and speed relationship, as the speed increases, the time of the Example 15. The event coordinator allocates its revenue among the creative
journey decreases. director, florists, and assistants in a ratio of 5 is to 2 is to 3. If the total revenue for
b. For number of workers and days, the more workers a company has, the a project was Php 90,000, how should it be distributed among the team?
lesser time it takes to finish a job. Solution.
c. For volume and pressure, as the pressure extend in a confined gas The sum of the ratio is 5 + 2 + 3 = 10. Dividing the total revenue by 10, we get
increases, its volume decreases, making the temperature and amount of 90 000
= 9000. The creative director will get 5(9000) = Php 45 000, the florists
10
gas constant.
will receive 2(9000) = Php 18 000, and the assistants will get 3(9000) = Php
Example 12. It takes 4 mechanics to repair a car for 6 hours. How long will it take 27 000.
for 7 mechanics to do the repairing if they work at the same rate.
22
REFERENCES
Books
Ratio and Proportion, Chapter 2, Pp. 42-50, Lundag et. al., (2016) Business
Math
23
Activity 1: Colon and Equal Sign Activity 2: Equivalences
Directions. Solve each of the following problems involving ratio and proportion.
Directions.
Include your complete solution on the answer sheet. All answers must be in lowest
A. Simplify each of the following ratios.
terms.
1. 5 is to 25
1. A small merchandise has 12 female and 20 male employees. What is the ratio
2. 72: 64 of female employees to male employees?
2. Cheska participates in a baking contest. During the competition, Cheska made
3. 3 is to 12 is to 24 sure she put 2 cups of sugar and 4 eggs on every cake. What would be the ratio
of the cups of sugar to the number of eggs if she baked 4 cakes?
4. 81: 27: 45 3. Oscar bought cord protectors. He gave 8 cord protectors to his cousins and
kept the 2 cord protectors for himself. What is the ratio of the cords given to
5. 9 is to 12 is to 36 his cousins and the cords he kept for himself?
4. Marco wants to buy ice cream. While he was passing by the store, he saw a
B. Solve for the value of the variable in the given proportions. promo. Three boxes of ice cream is worth Php 150 while four boxes of ice
3 𝑎
6. 8
= 40 cream is worth Php 160. Which will be a better buy considering that they have
the same size?
7.
2
=
𝑛 5. A couple went out for a date and spent Php 1,500 on dinner and Php 400 at
3 9
the movie theater. What is the ratio of peso spent on dinner and the total
45 𝑏
amount spent for the date?
8. 5
=7 6. Katrina made 16 liters of peanut butter for 4 days. How many days did she
spend if she made 25 liters of peanut butter?
30 8
9. = 7. Roxanne can read 10 books in 2 months. If she plans to read 30 books, how
𝑑 20
many months will it take her to finish them all?
30 𝑐 8. Mark took a total of 18 quizzes over the course of 6 weeks. How many weeks
10. 54
=9
of school will he attend to have a total of 27 quizzes?
9. Chelsea wrote and 8-page research paper for 4 hours. After spending 10 hours
in writing, how many pages have been written in total?
10. Anna makes 35 pieces of rags in 7 hours. How many rags will she make if she
work for 9 hours?
24
10. Kenneth bought 15 cones of ice cream with 3 scoops of different flavors. How
many scoops will there be if there are 30 cones of ice cream?
Activity 2: Flip Side II
Directions. Solve the following problems involving the different kinds of

proportion. Complete solution is required.
1. A box of pencil costs Php 30 pesos. How much is the cost of 4 boxes?
2. A business’s return of investment will be allocated on three business partners:

Mark, James, and Julius in a ratio of 3: 4: 5. If the total income is Php 1,200,000,
how much will James receive?
3. Three kittens can finish 8 boxes of fish cereals. How many boxes of fish cereals
are needed to feed additional 5 kittens?
4. Jamie has two-thirds share in their food business. He sold half of his share for
Php 20,000. What was his total share before selling? How much is the total
capital for the food business?
5. One US dollar is equivalent to Php 48. How much is 50 dollars if converted to

peso?
6. Dad wants to give Php 5,000 to his four children in the ratio of 1: 2: 3: 4 for
their weekend allowance. How much will each of the four children receive?
7. If the tutorial fee is Php 600 per hour, how much should you pay for 5 hours?
8. Assuming they work at the same rate, how long will it take for 2 housekeepers
to clean an entire house if it takes 4 days for 8 housekeepers to clean it?
9. One candy costs Php 10. If the cost of candy is proportional to the number of
candies sold, how much is the cost of 10 candies?
25
CHAPTER 3. BUYING AND SELLING •

KEY QUESTIONS
What is the role of the gross
At the end of this module, you are expected to: margin in the improvement of
3rd QUARTER
• Differentiate mark-down, and mark-up and obtain it given price of a product, a company or institution?
WEEK _____
MODULE 5
• Describe how gross margins is used in sales, • How does a breakeven

• Compute single trade discounts and discount series, happen?
• Differentiate profit and loss, and • When do businessmen decide
to have a markdown?
• Compute interest and solve problems involving buying and selling.
3.1 Mark-up and Mark-down The company may sell the product by adding the cost and the markup.
Business engaged in To cover the expenses or overhead of running the business, a markup (𝑀) is
merchandising generate put on products. The sum of the cost (𝐶) and markup determines the selling
profits through their price (𝑆).
buying and selling 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝
activities. The amount
𝑆 =𝐶+𝑀
of profit depends on
Markup can also be defined as the sum of the expenses (𝐸) and profits (𝑃).
many factors, one of
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝 = 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑠
which is the pricing of
𝑀 =𝐸+𝑃
goods or items.
Given all the formulas above, we can solve for the selling price as:
A clothing line company purchases cotton at a cost of Php 60 per meter. Thirty 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
percent of the cost goes to their operating expenses, and the goal of the business 𝑆 =𝐶+𝐸+𝑃
is to earn a profit that is 25% of the cost. How much is the company’s markup on
the cotton? How much is the selling price of the cotton?
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝
In the problem, we have
= 60 + 33
Cost per meter of the cotton: Php 60
= Php 93 meter
Operating Expenses: 30% of the Cost
Profit 25% of the Cost Suppose we want to compute for the rate of markup, we can either base the rate
Adding the expenses and profits from a business result in a markup. of markup on the cost or on the selling price.
So, the markup may be computed as follows:
When markup is expressed as a percentage of the cost or selling price, we call it
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝 = 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑠
the rate of markup.
= (0.3)(60) + (0.25)(60)
= Php 33 The formula for the rate of markup is based on cost denoted by 𝑀 is given by:
26
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝 𝑀 compute for the highest rate of markdown, we solve for the following elements
𝑀𝑐 (%) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
(100) = 𝐶
(100)
first: the cost of one unit of commodity and the price that will cover all the costs
And the formula for the rate of markup based on selling price denoted by 𝑀𝑐 is and expenses.
given by: 1. A reduction in the regular selling price of a particular product occurs in
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝 𝑀
𝑀𝑠 (%) = 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 (100) = (100) response to market conditions. It is called a markdown.
𝑆
2. The formula for the total cost is given by 𝑇𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐸 where 𝑇𝐶 is the total
Example 1. The cost of a new pair of sunglasses is Php 4,500. The selling price is cost, 𝐶 is the cost, and 𝐸 is the expense.
Php 8,000. What is the rate of markup based on cost? 3. A breakeven happens when a business has zero profit for a particular product.
Solution. The product’s total cost is equal to its price. It means that the business does
Since 𝑆 = 𝐶 + 𝑀, then not make any profit or suffer from any loss.
𝑀 =𝑆−𝐶 Since 𝑆 = 𝐶 + 𝐸 + 𝑃 and 𝑇𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐸, then the selling price 𝑆 become 𝑆 =
= 8 000 − 4 500 𝑇𝐶 + 𝑃
= Php 3, 500 4. The profit or loss can be obtained by getting the difference between the selling
price and total cost.
Computing for the rate of markup based on cost,
𝑃 = 𝑆 − 𝑇𝐶
𝑀 3500
𝑀𝑐 (%) = (100) = (100) = 0.7778(100) = 77.78% Note that, when the value 𝑃 is negative, the selling price failed to cover the cost of
𝐶 4000
buying the product, thus, the business suffers from loss.
Example 2. A new pair of shoes costs Php 5 500. The rate of markup based on the
selling price is 15%. What is the selling price and markup? Example 3. A sari-sari store sells a soft drink case at Php 360. The store’s overhead
Solution. expenses are 40% of cost and the owner wants a profit that is 25% of the cost.
Since 𝑀 = 0.15(𝑆), we get Solution.
𝑆 =𝐶+𝑀 a. How much is the cost of one case of soft drink?
𝑆 = 5 500 + 0.155 b. At what price must the store sell the case to cover all costs and expense?
0.855 = 5 500 c. What is the highest rate of markdown so that the store will break even?
𝑆 ≈ Php 6,470.59 d. Find the rate of discount that can be offered without acquiring an absolute
To compute for the markup, loss (that is, failure to get back the cost of the commodity).
𝑀 = 0.15(𝑆) = (0.15)(6,470.59) = Php 970.59 Solution.
Markup can also be computed by a. Cost of one soft drink case
𝑀 = 𝑆 − 𝐶 = 6 470.59 − 5 500 = Php 970.59 𝑆 =𝐶+𝐸+𝑃
= 𝐶 + 0.4𝐶 + 0.25𝐶
Business owners reduce the price of their products to match competitor’s price 𝑆 = 1.65𝐶
adjustments. However, imposing a markdown may result into zero profit. To 360 = 1.65𝐶
27
360 with producing the goods it sells, and the services it provides. The higher the gross
𝐶 = 1.65 = Php 218.18
margin, the more capital a company retains on each of the sales, which it can then
b. Price that will cover all the costs and expenses. use to pay other costs or satisfy debt obligations. The net sales figure is simply gross
Total Cost 𝑇𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐸 revenue, less the returns, allowances, and discounts.
= 𝐶 + 0.4𝐶 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝐶𝑂𝐺𝑆
= 1.4𝐶 = 1.4(218.18) = Php 305.46
Where
c. Maximum Markdown to break even: 360 − 305.46 = Php 54.54 COGS – Cost of Goods Sold, the direct costs associated with producing
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 54.54 goods. Includes both direct labor costs, and any costs of materials used in
Rate of Markdown = 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
= 360
= 0.1515 = 15.15%
producing or manufacturing a company’s products.
Net Sales – Equivalent to revenue, or the total amount of money generated
d. Lowest Price from sales for the period.
For the maximum amount of discount which is 360 − 218.18 = Php
141.82 How to Calculate Gross Margin
Imagine a business that collects Php 200,000 in sales revenue. Let us assume that
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 141.82
Rate of Discount = = = 0.3939 = 39.39% the cost of good consists of the Php 20,000 it spends on manufacturing supplies,
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 360
pus the Php 80,000 it pays in labor costs. Therefore.
Example 4. Find the markdown rate if the DVD was originally price at Php 290.00
and it was sold at Php 240.00. 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝐶𝑂𝐺𝑆
Solution. 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 200,000 − (20,000 + 80,000)
a. Solving for the markdown
Markdown = Original Price – Selling Price 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 100,000
Markdown = 290.00 − 240.00 Companies use gross margin to measure how their production costs relate to their
Markdown = 250.00 revenues. For example, if a company’s gross margin is falling, it may strive to slash
b. Solving for the rate of markdown labor costs or source cheaper suppliers of materials. Alternatively, it may decide to
increase prices, as a revenue increasing measure. Gross profit margins can also be
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 50.00
Rate of Markdown = 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 240.00 = 0.208333 = 21% used to measure company efficiency or to compare two companies of different
market capitalizations.
The rate of markdown is 21%.
REFERENCES
3.2 Gross Margin Books
Gross margin is a company’s net sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold (COGS). Markup and Markdown - Buying and Selling, Chapter 3, Pp. 72-77, Lundag
It is the sales revenue a company retains after incurring the direct costs associated et. al., (2016) Business Math
28
Electronic Sources
Gross Margin Definition by Bloomenthal, A. (2020, November 25) retrieved
from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/grossmargin.asp#
29
Activity 1: Up or Down? Activity 2: Flash Sale!
Directions. Complete the table below. Directions. Solve each of the following problem involving markup and markdown.
Include your complete solution.
COST SELLING PRICE MARKUP/ RATE OF
MARKDOWN PRICE MARKUP/ 1. A bookstore priced a textbook at Php650 using a markup of 40% of cost. What
MARKDOWN was the cost of the book? What is the markup as a percent of selling price?
1. Php25 Php30
2. Php48 Php52 2. A bookstore sells a pocketbook at Php450 using a markup of 20% of cost. What
3. Php350 Php500 was the cost of the pocketbook? What is the markup as a percent of the selling
price?
4. Php280 Php220
5. Php390 Php375
3. An appliance center sells washing machine at a markup of 15% of the selling
6. Php450 Php250
price. The store’s markup on a certain model is Php300.
7. Php2,300 Php2,800 a. What is the selling price of the washing machine?
b. What is the cost of buying the washing machine?
8. Php15,000 Php9.000
c. What is the rate of markup based on the cost?
9. Php Php230,000
500,000
4. An optical shop sells a contact lens for Php1,200. If they wish to lower its price
10. Php19,000 Php9,000
to Php900, what rate of markdown should they offer?
5. A CD was marked down 10% during yearend sale. The record outlet paid
Php200 for that CD and the expenses are 15% of the selling price. To achieve
a profit of 12% of the selling price, what was the regular selling price? What
was its sale price? How much is the profit or loss?
30
CHAPTER 3. BUYING AND SELLING

KEY QUESTIONS
• How does learning about trade
At the end of this module, you are expected to: discount and discount series help
3rd QUARTER
• Differentiate mark-down, and mark-up and obtain it given price of a product, you in deciding what items to buy?
WEEK _____
MODULE 6
• Describe how gross margins is used in sales, • Is a discount series equal to a

• Compute single trade discounts and discount series, single trade discount if the single
trade discount is the sum of the
• Differentiate profit and loss, and
discount series given?
• Compute interest and solve problems involving buying and selling.
Trade Discount = (Original Price) ∙ (Rate)

3.3 Trade Discount
= (1200)(0.25)
= Php 300
Consider the following problem:
Charles purchases 8 pairs of denim The price for the pair of jeans = Original Price – Trade Discount
jeans at a discount of 25%, which are = 1200 − 300
listed at a price of Php 1,200 per piece. = Php 900.
How much does each denim jean cost?
The total discount from buying 8 pairs of jeans is:
How much will he save from buying 8
(8)(300) = Php 2,400
pair of jeans?
Charles, therefore, could save Php 2,400 from buying 8 pairs of jeans.
It is ordinary to see discounts on prices of goods or commodities so that business
owners will increase their sales by encouraging customers to purchase in large A trade discount is the amount by which the retail price of a product is reduced
quantities. It is one way to attract more people and keep updated with price by the manufacturer when it is sold to the reseller or customer. Trade discount
changes after list of goods have been printed. problems are percentage-related problems. The formula used to solve for the
Trade discount problems are percentage-related problems. We recall the formula trade discount is given by:
𝑃 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝑅 where percentage 𝑃 is the trade discount, the base 𝐵 is the original price 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 = (𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒)(𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒)
of goods or commodity, and 𝑅 is the discount rate. Going back to the problem,
Example 1. Chona saved a total of Php 1,200 after a 15% discount was given to all
Original Price: Php 1,200 her purchases; how much was her total purchase?
Rate of Discount: 25% Solution.
Trade Discount: Unknown Trade Discount: Php1,200
Discount Rate: 15%
31
Total Purchase: unknown Solution.

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 Original Price: Php 375
Total Purchase = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
Discount Rate: 10%
1200
= Trade Discount: unknown
0.15
Trade Discount = 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 × 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
= Php 8,000 = 375 × 10%
= 375 × 0.10
Example 2. A split type inverter air conditioner unit listed at Php 36,000 with a
Total Discount = Php 37.50
discount of Php 7,200 is offered to a customer. Determine the discount rate.
Solution. Sale Price of the DVD = 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
Original Price: Php 36,000 = 375 − 37.50
Discount: Php 7,200 = Php 337.50
Discount rate: unknown
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 Example 5. The 40% discount on a tennis racket amounts to Php 2,360.00
Discount Rate = 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 Compute:
7200
= 36 000 a. The original price
= 0.2 ∙ 100 b. The net price
= 20% Solution.
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 2360
Example 3. Family Saver’s Supermarket places a Php 3,500 worth of order for a. Original price = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
= 0.4
= Php 5,900
assorted brands of chocolate. The chocolate wholesaler gave a 25% discount. How
much is the trade discount? b. Net price = 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
Solution. = 5900 − 2360
Original Price: Php 3,500 = Php 3,540
Discount Rate: 25%
Trade Discount: unknown
3.4 Discount Series
Trade Discount = 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 × 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
= 3500 × 25% Suppose two or more discounts are offered on
= 3500 × 0.25 the same product, how do we solve its net price?
= Php 875 Let us consider the problem below.
Example 4. In a video store, a DVD that sells Php 375 is marked 10% off. What is An appliance store offers a refrigerator at Php
the trade discount? What is the sale price of the DVD? 14,000 with discount of 25% and 15%. How
much does a refrigerator cost?
32
To further attract buyers, two or more trade discounts are offered on the same (0.75)(0.85) = 0.6375
item. 1 − 0.6375 = 0.3625
Original Price of the Refrigerator: Php 14,000 A type of discount in which several discounts are given to a customer at
Discount Rates: 25% and 15% different times and different conditions is called discount series. Discount
Cost of the refrigerator: unknown series are given to customers in order to encourage them to purchase in
Solution. volume. It is also effective in promoting seasonal items and to entice new set
Applying Discount Rates of customers.
We first apply the first discount rate to the original price and subtract the discount
Lastly, multiply the original price by the single discount rate equivalent and subtract
obtained from the list price.
the result from the original price.
14 000 − 0.25(14 000) = Php 10,500 0.3625(14,000) = Php 5,075
14 000 − 5075 = Php 6,925
Then, we apply the second discount rate on the first discounted price and subtract
the discount obtained. Illustration. Consider a discount series of 20%, 10%, and 5%.
At first, a 20% discount was given during the time of sale. Another 10% discount
10 500 = 0.15(10 500) = Php 8,925
is given to the customer, if he or she will buy a target number of units. If payment
Therefore, the cost of the refrigerator given in a series of discounts 25% and 15% is made in advance, the customer will also receive a 5% discount.
is Php 8,925.
Example 6. In the given discount series, 20%, 10%, and 5% given to an item,
Solution. answer the following:
Using the Single Discount Rate (Equivalent of the Discount Rates) a. Will it be the same as adding the discounts together, and apply a 35%
We obtain first the complements of percent rates and obtain their respective single trade discount?
decimal equivalents.
No, because each time we apply an additional discount, our base becomes smaller.
PERCENT GIVEN COMPLEMENT OF THE DECIMAL EQUIVALENT OF Applying a 35% discount directly to the original price would result in a different
PERCENT COMPLEMENT OF PERCENT net price.
25% 75% 0.75
For example, the selling price of a split-type air conditioner listed is Php 20,000.
15% 85% 0.85
After giving a 35% discount, the new selling price will be
Then, multiply the decimals obtained and subtract the result from 1. The result 20 000 − 0.35(20 000) = Php 13 000.
obtained is the single discount rate equivalent (in decimal) of the given discount
series. However, giving a discount series of 20%, 10%, and 5%, we compute the selling
price as follows,
33
20 000 − 0.20(20 000) = Php 16,000

16 000 − 0.10(16 000) = Php 14,400 REFERENCES
14 400 − 0.05(14 400) = Php 13,680 Books
Trade Discount and Discount Series - Buying and Selling, Chapter 3, Pp. 58-
b. How can we obtain an equivalent one-time discount rate for the series of
67, Lundag et. al., (2016) Business Math
discounts of 20%, 10%, and 5%?
Solution.
We compute first the complement of the percent.
The complement of the percent is the difference is the difference between 100%
and the given percent.
PERCENT GIVEN COMPLEMENT OF DECIMAL EQUIVALENT OF THE
THE PERCENT COMPLEMENT OF PERCENT
20% 80% 0.80
10% 90% 0.90
5% 95% 0.95
We multiply the decimal equivalent of the complement of the percent,

0.80(0.90)(0.95) = 0.684 = 68.4%
Since 100% − 68.4% = 31.6%, the series of discount 20%, 10%, and 5% is
equivalent to 31.6%
Example 7. A cellphone brand is subject to a series of discounts of 15%, 10%, and

5%. If the net price is Php 5,000, what is the estimated list price of the cellphone?
Solution.
Multiplying the complement of percent (discount rates) and the original price of
the item will result to the net price. Thus, we will arrive at a formulated equation
as:
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = (1 − 𝑑1 )(1 − 𝑑2 )(1 − 𝑑3 )(𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒)
5000 = (1 − 0.15)(1 − 0.10)(1 − 0.05)(𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒)
5000 = (0.85)(0.9)(0.95)(𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒)
5000 = (0.72675)(𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒)
Php 6,879.94 = 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
The estimated list price of the cellphone brand is Php 6,900
34
Activity 1: On the Table Activity 2: Let’s Trade!
Directions. Complete the tables below. (A) is all about trade discounts, while (B) Directions. Solve the following problems involving trade discount. Make sure to
involves discount series. include your complete solution along with the answer sheet.
A. 1. How much is the selling price of a double-burner gas stove listed at Php 2,650
ORIGINAL PRICE TRADE DISCOUNT RATE DISCOUNTED if a discount of 15% is given to the customer?
DISCOUNT PRICE
Php 6,500 Php 1,200 (1) (2)
(3) Php 500 10% (4)
(5) Php 2,100 (6) Php 5,600 2. A house and lot with the original amount of Php 2.300,000 was sold at a
Php 27,800 (7) 35% (8) discounted price Php 2,150,000. What was the discount rate given to the
buyer?
B.
PERCENTAGE COMPLEMENT DECIMAL EQUIVALENT OF
OF PERCENT COMPLEMENT OF PERCENT
3. A rice cooker after a 20% discount was sold to a customer at a price of Php
(9) (10) 0.43
790. What is the original price of the rice cooker?
(11) 95 (12)
17 (13) (14)
(15) (16) 0.89
3 (17) (18)
(19) 9 (20) 4. During a clearance sale, a polo shirt originally at Php 1,700 is reduced to Php
(21) (22) 0.8 800. What percent of the original price is the discount?
14 (23) (24)
(25) 18% 0.18
5. The price of a music player originally sold at Php 3,500 is reduced to Php 2,800.
What is the discount rate?
35
Activity 3: Attention! SALE!
Directions. Solve each of the following problem involving discount series. Your
complete solution is needed.
1. Which has a greater discount for an item worth Php 10,000, discounts of 20%,
15%, and 10% or discounts of 10%, 20%, and 15%? Justify.
2. Which series will give a better discount, 25% and 15%, or 10%, 5%, and 25%?
Why?
3. Chris brought a pair of pants at Php 2,500 each. If the department store offers
a successive discounts of 10% and 5% to the total purchase, how much should
Chris pay?
4. Buying 5 TV sets, a customer will receive discounts of 10% and 5% for his total
purchase. If the tag price of each TV set is Php15,000. How much did he pay
for the 5 TV sets?
5. Which appliance store offers the biggest discount?
36
CHAPTER 3. BUYING AND SELLING •

KEY QUESTIONS
How can a businessman tell if
At the end of this module, you are expected to: he is profiting or losing in his
3rd QUARTER
• Differentiate mark-down, and mark-up and obtain it given price of a product,

WEEK _____
MODULE 7
business?
• Describe how gross margins is used in sales, • What is the difference
• Compute single trade discounts and discount series, between ordinary interest
• Differentiate profit and loss, and method and exact interest
• Compute interest and solve problems involving buying and selling. method?
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡

3.5 Profit and Loss = 180,000 − 120,000
Zild is engaged in a buy-and-sell business of perfumes. He bought 10 boxes of = Php 60,000
perfumes. Each box costs Php 12,000 and contains a dozen of perfume bottles. He
is planning to sell one perfume bottle at Php 1,500. What is his expected profit on The difference between what a merchant invests into business and what he
10 boxes of perfumes? receives in return is called profit. To compute for the profit, we use
The ultimate goal of any business whether a retail or wholesale is to earn a profit. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
Getting the difference between the amount of money earned from selling 10 boxes
containing a dozen of perfume bottles and the cost of those 10 boxes gives the where Net Sales is the amount of money received from selling goods, and Cost
profit. is the amount paid for the goods.
Given: 10 boxes of perfumes containing a dozen of bottles However, there are cases in which the Net Sales of goods is less than its cost,
120 boxes bought by Zild such difference is called loss. We can express loss mathematically as,
Cost of each box = Php 12,000
Selling Price of each perfume = Php 1,500 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
Required Profit In the case when Net Sales is equal to Cost, we call such situation as break
To solve the problem, we compute first the cost of 10 × 12 = 120 bottles. even.
Since each box costs Php 12,000 and ZIld bought 10 boxes.
Example 1. A watch store owner decided to offer a 20% discount for a particular
Zild can expect that the net sales he will get upon selling 10 boxes consisting of brand of watch which sells at Php 35,000. By doing so, his average sales increased
120 bottles is, from 5 watches to 12 watches a day. If he bought one watch at a price of Php
22,000 from the supplier, by how much was the daily profit increased or decreased
Net sales = 1,500(120) = Php 180,000.
by offering such discount on the watch?
Thus, he has,
37
Solution. Net Sales = 13 500 + 16 200 = Php 29,700

We compute for the daily profit before and after the discount was offered. Loss = Cost – Net Sales
Without the discount, = 30 980 − 29 700
Profit per watch = 35 000 − 22 000 = Php 1,280
= Php 13,000
Example 4. Michelle went to Baguio and bought 20 jars of strawberry jam for Php
Profit for selling 5 watches = 13 000(5) = Php 65,000
3,500 with 15% discount. When she got back to Manila, she sold 10 of the jams
With 20% discount, for the total of Php 1,800, and the rest at Php 185 each. How much profit did
New Selling Price = 35 000 − 0.2(35 000) = Php 28,000 Michelle gain?
Profit per watch = 28 000 − 22 000 = Php 6,000 Solution.
Profit for 12 watches = 6000(12) = Php 72,000
Cost of the 20 jars of strawberry jam = Php 3,500 − Php 3,500(0.15) = Php 2975.
Increase in daily profit = 72 000 − 65 000 = Php 7,000
Net Sales:
Sometimes, a businessman experience loss because of mismanagement, First 10 jars = Php 1800
unfavorable market conditions, change in trends for fashionable goods, poor Remaining 10 jars = Php 1850
economic situation, unsold perishable goods, release of new and advanced models Total Net Sales = Php 3650
for appliance and electronic gadgets, and a lot more. The examples below describe Profit = Net Sales – Cost
such condition. = 3 650 − 2 975
= Php 675
Example 2. Josiemar bought one dozen smartphones for Php 200,000 with a
discount of 5%. Half dozen were sold at a price of Php 18,000 per unit. However, 3.6 Interest
a new model of smartphone became available in the market, so she sold the
remaining half dozen at Php 12,000 each unit. What was her profit or loss? Consider the problem.
Solution. October of last year, Carl borrowed
Cost of 12 dozens of smartphones = 200,000 − 0.05(200 000) = Php 190,000 an amount of Php 200,000 from
Net Sales: PQR Cooperative at an interest rate
For 6 smartphones at a price of Ph 18,000 per piece = Php 108,000 of 2% to finance his house
For 6 remaining phones at a price of Php 12,000 per piece = Php 72,000 renovation. How much is the
Total Net Sales = Php 180,000 interest if his due date is October of
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 190 000 − 180 000 = Php 10,000 next year?
Example 3. Josh bought two digital cameras at Php 15,490 each. He sold one of Most business and people acquire
the cameras to his friend at Php 13,500, while the other one was sold to his assets without paying its full cost at
neighbor at Php 16,200. How much is Josh’s profit or loss? the time of the purchase. The seller may then charge the buyer for this privilege.
Solution. The amount of charge for such a privilege is called interest. In the loan made by
Cost of 2 digital cameras = (15 490)(2) = Php 30,980 Carl, we compute for loan interest as follows:
38
Given. Example 5. Compute for the interest on a credit purchase of Php 30,000 at 8% for
𝑃 = Php 200,000 10 and 15 months.
𝑅 = 2% = 0.02 Solution.
𝑇 = 1 year Interest for 10 months: Interest for 15 months:
Solution. 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑇 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑇
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑇 10 15
= 30 000(0.08) (12) = 2000 = 30 000(0.08) (12) = 3000
= (200,000)(0.02)(1)
= Php 4,000 Example 6. Francis wants to know which credit company offers lower interest at
the same interest rate of 9% if he plans to borrow a quick cash of Php 30,000 for
The amount of money Php 200,000 which was borrowed from the cooperative is
90 days. Company A uses the ordinary interest method to compute for the interest
called the principal, 𝑃, and the interest charged, 𝐼 = Php 4,000, is a percent of
while, Company B applies exact interest method. Which company will he choose?
principal. The period of time where the lender or creditor will charge the interest
What is the difference between the interests offered by the two companies?
starting from the loan date up to the loan repayment date is called loan term or
Solution.
interest period, 𝑇, which is 1 year in the problem and the quoted percent is the
In ordinary interest,
rate 2%, which is 𝑅.
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑇
90
= 30,000(0.09) ( )
Interest is the percent of the amount of credit extended in loans, it may be 360
treated as an expense on the part of the borrower or debtor and may be = 675
viewed as an income on the part of the lender or creditor. Short-term and long- In exact interest,
term credits or transactions are commonly offered by banks or any credit 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑇
companies. Short-credits are credits good for one day or up to one year, while 90
= 30,000(0.09)(365)
long-term credits are those for longer than one year. = 665.75
To compute the simple interest, we use 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑇. In the previous example, the advantage of 365-day year offered by Company B that
is more realistic and financially better for the borrower since the interests are
Suppose the term of the loan is stated as a certain number of days, we may divide smaller under the same interest rates. He could save an amount of 675 −
the number of days by 365 or 360. When the divisor is 360, we are applying 665.75 = Php 9.25 if he borrowed the money from Company B instead of
ordinary interest, which is still used by many businesses. The banks and other credit borrowing it from Company A.
unions use the exact interest, in which 365 is used as a divisor.
Lenders charge interest on the amount of money that the borrower owes, which is Example 7. Convert each rate.
the principal. The loan most of the time requires to be paid in regular monthly a. 15% per year to the equivalent monthly rate.
payments. It may or may not be equal every month. When the borrower pays all of b. 1.5% per month to the equivalent annual rate.
the interest for a particular month and also pays a portion of the principal, the
Solution.
amount of the principal that has not yet been paid is called unpaid balance.
a. Divide the annual rate by 12 to obtain
15 ÷ 12 = 1.25% monthly.
39
b. Multiply the monthly rate by 12 to get Step 2: Calculate the interest payment for the month.
1.5 × 12 = 18% annually.
Step 3: Subtract the interest payment from the total monthly payment to compute
Many people use credit card to purchase goods or services from them to attain for the principal payment.
quick possession or immediate service, but delay the payment. In credit cards, an
interest charge or finance charge is normally offered. The finance charges on the Step 4: Subtract the principal payment from the previous unpaid balance to get the
unpaid balance each month is the general concept of charging for credit purchases. new unpaid balance.
Example 8. Elena wants to use her credit card to buy Php 10,000 worth of items Step 5: Repeat steps 1 − 4 until the last month. To compute for the total payment
for the last month, add the interest due to the unpaid balance.
payable in 10 months at 15% per year on an annual and a monthly basis.
Solution. First Month Computations:
30
Using 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑇, the principal 𝑃 can be treated as the unpaid balance. However, 𝑇 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑇 = 20,000(0.10) (360) = Php 164.38
is expressed in months and 𝑅 is now the monthly rate.
Amount paid on principal: 6,750 − 164 = Php 6,585.62
The interest on an annual basis is computed as follows: From the loan of Php 20,000, the new unpaid balance is now,
10 20,000 − 6,585.62 = Php 13,424.38
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑇 = 10,000(0.15) = 1250
12
Second Month Computations:
On a monthly basis, the interest may be computed as, This time, the new principal is given by 𝑃 = 13,414.38, the rate is still 𝑅 = 10%
𝑅 = 15 (annually) ÷ 12 = 1.25% monthly and 𝑇 is still 𝑇 = 1 month = 30 days
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑇 = 10,000(0.0125)(10) = 1250 30
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑇 = 13,414.38(0.10) ( ) = 110.26
Note that the single payment simple interest which is a direct method of computing 360
This time, the amount paid on principal is,
interest on loans over a short period of time is applied.
6,750 − 110.26 = 6639.74
Example 8. Last month, Philip borrowed Php 20,000 at 10% interest rate. He
repaid the loan in three monthly payments. If he wanted to pay Php 6,750 the 13,414.38 − 6639.74 = Php 6,675.64
following 2 months and pay the remaining balance on the third month, compute
the ordinary interest (with 360-day year) using unpaid-balance method. Last Month Computations:
30
The unpaid balance is now Php 6,675.64, with the same rate of 10% and 𝑇 = 365.
Solution. Illustrated in the next example is a common practice in borrowing
business. Here, the objective is to compute for simple interest on unpaid balance. 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑇
To compute for the interest using unpaid-balance method, we follow the following 30
= 6675.64(0.10) (365) = 54.87
steps:
Step 1: Determine the values of 𝑃, 𝑅, and 𝑇. Philip has to pay 6675.74 ÷ 54.87 = Php 6,730.51.
40
Thus, the amount paid on the principal is now Php 6,730.61. 1ST MONTH 2400(0.0125) = Php 30
2ND MONTH 1800(0.0125) = Php 22.5
In credit sale, the customer may pay the purchase the price and credit charges in
3RD MONTH 1200(0.0125) = Php 15
monthly payments called installments. It may be computed just once on the
4TH MONTH 600(0.0125) = Php 7.50
principal or it may be computed monthly on the unpaid balance.
Example 9. Anica bought perfume using a credit card at a price pf Php 2,400 Computations may be summarized as follows:
payable in four months at 15%. The principal is also repaid equally each month MONTH UNPAID MONTHLY PRINCIPAL TOTAL NEW
with four payments of Php 600 each. Compute for the total interest when it is paid BALANCE INTEREST PAYMENT PAYMENT BALANCE
equally over four months. 1 2400 30 600 630 1800
2 1800 22.5 600 622.5 1200
Solution.
3 1200 15 600 615 600
Since 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑇
4 600 7.5 600 607.5 0
4
= 2400(0.15) ( ) = Php 120 TOTAL 2475
12
Thus, the total interest is Php 120. Example 11. Seth invested Php 6,000 in two bank accounts. One of the accounts
pays 8% interest per year, and the other accounts pays 10% interest per year. If
120 ÷ 4 = Php 30 per month for interest. the total interest earned on the investment is Php 560 after one year, how much
The summary of all computations is presented by the table below. money was invested in each account?
MONTH UNPAID MONTHLY PRINCIPAL TOTAL NEW Solution.

BALANCE INTEREST PAYMENT PAYMENT BALANCE Given: Let 𝑃 be the principal invested at 8%.
6000 − 𝑃 be the principal invested at 10%.
2 1800 30 600 630 1200
The total principal invested was Php 6,000.
3 1200 30 600 630 600
The total interest earned was Php 560.
4 600 30 600 630 0
TOTAL 120 2400 2520 Computations may be summarized as follows:
MONEY AT 8% MONEY AT 10% TOTAL
Example 10. Consider example 9. Suppose instead, the interest is computed on the PRINCIPAL 𝑃 6000 − 𝑃 𝑃ℎ𝑝 6,000
unpaid balance each month, calculate the total interest on Anica’s purchases. INTEREST 0.08(𝑃) 0.10(6000 − 𝑃) 𝑃ℎ𝑝 560
Assume that the principal is still repaid 600 per month for four months.
Since the total interest is equal to the sum of the interest on the first and second
Computing the equivalent monthly interest of 15% per year, we obtain 15% ÷ account, we can write
12 = 1.25% per month, 0.08(𝑃) + 0.10(6,000 − 𝑃) = 560
Computations may be summarized as follows: 0.08(𝑃) + 600 − 0.10(𝑃) = 560
−0.02(𝑃) = 560 − 600
41
−0.02(𝑃) = −40
𝑃 = 2,000, the principal invested on the first account.
Hence, 6000 − 2000 = Php 4,000, the principal invested on the second account.
REFERENCES
Books
Profit and Loss - Interest, Chapter 3, Pp. 68-71, 78-85, Lundag et. al., (2016)
Business Math
42
Activity 1: More or Less Activity 2: More or Less II
Directions. Determine whether the following statement shows a profit or loss Directions. Solve each of the following problem regarding profit or loss. Make
situation. Write P for profit and L for loss. sure to include your complete solution along with the answer sheet.
__________1. Ben bought a pen at Php 10 each and sold it for Php 12. 1. Greg bought a laptop at Php 28,000 and spent Php 25,000. How much is
Greg’s profit or loss?
__________2. Martha bought a scientific calculator at Php 2,000. When a new and 2. Alden went to Bicol and bought 25 packs of pili nuts for Php 875 with
upgraded model was released after 2 months, she sells her scientific calculator for 10% discount. When he got back to Manila, he sold 15 packs for Php
Php 1,200 to buy the new one. 675, and the rest at Php 40 each. How much profit did Alden gain?
3. Arman sold a watch to his friend at a loss of 5%. If his friend paid Php
__________3. A banana cue vendor gains Php 100 for selling it at Php 10 per stick. 650 for it, find the cost price of the watch.
4. A mobile phone was sold for Php 4,800. Find the cost price of the mobile
__________4. The cost of 10 pieces personalized calendar is Php 850 and it was phone if the profit is 20%.
sold for Php 150 per piece. 5. A shopkeeper buys digital camera at Php 5,400 each. Due to price fall in
the market, he was forced to sell them at a loss of 15%. Find the selling
__________5. Joy bought a 16gb memory card at Php 600 and decided to sell it price of each digital camera.
to her sister for Php 650. 6. Alfred buys an old scooter for Php 14,700 and spends Php 1,800 on its
repairs. If he sells the scooter for Php 15,800, what is his gain or loss
percent?
7. Find the profit or loss as percent; when a car is bought for Php 925,000 is
sold for Php 850,000.
8. Adrian bought 50 dozen pencils at Php 60 a dozen. Out of these, 20
pencils were found broken. He sold the remaining pencils at Php 7 each
pencil. Find his gain or loss percent.
9. Martin bought 18 chairs at Php 350 per chair. He sold 12 of them, at Php
450 per chair and the remaining chairs at Php 300 per chair. Calculate his
gain or loss percent.
10. A dealer losses Php 5,000 when he sells a meat at a loss of 10%. How
much is the selling price of the meat?
43
Activity 3: INTERESTing!
Directions. Solve each of the following.

1. Find the missing variable from the basic interest formula.
A. Ordinary Interest Method
PRINCIPAL RATE TIME INTEREST
1 Php 6,000 6% 60 days
2 Php 1,500 90 days Php 30
3 Php 8,620 15% 1 Month
4 Php 1,600 135 days Php 42
5 Php 7,200 10% Php 540
B. Exact Interest Method

PRINCIPAL RATE TIME INTEREST
1 Php 810 7.5% Php 14.98
2 6% 105 days Php 25.3
3 Php 11,400 5% 1 month
4 Php 875 120 days Php 17.26
5 Php 2,400 7% Php 23.01
44
GENERAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS: project; was project but did with
bland, not originality; a
“Fractions in 3D” predictable, incorporate unique
1. This is an individual project. The student will make a three-dimensional and lacked them approach that
model representing fractions. See examples below. “flair” throughout truly
the entire enhanced the
project project
Content Completely Somewhat Completely
inaccurate; accurate; accurate
the facts in more than a representation
this project few factual of fractions
were missing inconsistencies
or incorrect or errors
Completeness Project is There are All elements
missing parts that are of the project
several not complete is included
components
Total Score:
SUGGESTED COMPUTATION:
2. The student is deemed to choose any material he/she prefers.
Suppose a student got the following score:
3. Any forms of plagiarism will be prohibited. The instructor is free to deduct
A. Creativity 3/5
points to any student accountable of plagiarism.
B. Content 4/5
4. If the student cannot pass the 3D model, he/she can record a 30-seconds
C. Completeness 5/5
video showing the 3D model made. It can then be sent to the instructor via
Total Score: 13/15
email.
12 ÷ 15 = 0.8
0.8 × 100 = 80
Your output will be graded based on this rubric.
= 𝟖𝟎
CRITERIA Poor (3) Fair (4) Good (5) Score
Creativity Little Added a few Was
creativity original extremely
energy used touches to clever and
during this enhance the presented
45

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1. FRACTIONS, DECIMALS, AND PERCENTS •

• Express (a) fractions to decimal and percent forms, each other?

To change a mixed number to an improper fraction, multiply the denominator by

1 1.1.2 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

kilograms of items did Robert carry in all? 7

Solution. 3 1 51 33 51×33 1683 3

8. A 10-centavo coin is what fractional part of a peso?

Directions. Solve each of the following problems involving operations on

CHAPTER 1. FRACTIONS, DECIMALS, AND PERCENTS •

2 decimal 2 zeros 3 decimal 3 zeros Addition of Decimals

Activity 1: Transition Activity 2: Remembering the Dot

Directions. Directions. Perform the following operation.

3 6. 1.2 × (2.3 + 3.8) =

7. 0.8 9. 1.2 × [(3.2 − 1.1) − (1.5 + 2.2)] =

8. 3.17 10. [(6.2 − 3.8) ÷ (0.42 + 0.78)] − 0.68 =

CHAPTER 1. FRACTIONS, DECIMALS, AND PERCENTS •

The original price is Php 180.

The decrease in price is about 55.56%.

Example 8. In a certain barangay, the 2010 population is 4780. In 2014, the

The increase in population from 2010 to 2014 is 6755 − 4780 = 1975.

The increase in population is about 41.32%.

The elderly should pay Php 844.60, not Php 816.

Activity 1: Portion Activity 2: A long way to go

FRACTION DECIMAL PERCENT

CHAPTER 2. RATIO AND PROPORTION

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

from each other?

2.1 Ratio and Rate BUSINESS PARTNER SHARE AMOUNT OF

a. A store has 3 flavors of ice cream: 4 strawberry, 6 mango, and 11 chocolate

Example 5. In the proportion 15: 35 = 𝑥: 70, what is 𝑥? 30 000 2000𝑥

Activity 1: Colon and Equal Sign Activity 2: Equivalences

Directions. Solve the following problems involving the different kinds of

2. A business’s return of investment will be allocated on three business partners:

5. One US dollar is equivalent to Php 48. How much is 50 dollars if converted to

CHAPTER 3. BUYING AND SELLING •

• Describe how gross margins is used in sales, • How does a breakeven

Activity 1: Up or Down? Activity 2: Flash Sale!

CHAPTER 3. BUYING AND SELLING

• Describe how gross margins is used in sales, • Is a discount series equal to a

Trade Discount = (Original Price) ∙ (Rate)

Total Purchase: unknown Solution.

20 000 − 0.20(20 000) = Php 16,000

We multiply the decimal equivalent of the complement of the percent,

Example 7. A cellphone brand is subject to a series of discounts of 15%, 10%, and

The estimated list price of the cellphone brand is Php 6,900

Activity 1: On the Table Activity 2: Let’s Trade!

Activity 3: Attention! SALE!

5. Which appliance store offers the biggest discount?

CHAPTER 3. BUYING AND SELLING •

• Differentiate mark-down, and mark-up and obtain it given price of a product,

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡

Solution. Net Sales = 13 500 + 16 200 = Php 29,700

MONTH UNPAID MONTHLY PRINCIPAL TOTAL NEW Solution.

Activity 1: More or Less Activity 2: More or Less II

Directions. Solve each of the following.

B. Exact Interest Method

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