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Design of Circular Base Plate under Large Bending Moment Which There Is a
Little Gap between Base Plate and Foundation

Article · January 2010

DOI: 10.1109/ICCRD.2010.124

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 Second International Conference on Computer Research and Development

Design of Circular Base Plate under Large Bending Moment Which

There Is a Little Gap between Base Plate and Foundation

A. A. Gholampour M. Naghipour A. Sobati

Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
University of Tehran Babol University of Technology Babol University of Technology
Tehran, Iran Babol, Iran Babol, Iran
aagholampour@ut.ac.ir m-naghi@nit.ac.ir a.sobati@stu.nit.ac.ir

Abstract— Circular base plates are commonly used for code which is equal to 0.7 f c′ ( f c′ is 28 days compressive
cylindrical columns; such as pylons in cabled-stayed bridges, strength of cylindrical concrete specimen), the transferable
lighting poles, electric power line posts, and even buildings. In
maximum compressive force value to foundation will be
some structures a little gap is considered between base plate
and foundation. In this case compressive bolts which transmit
limited [1]. Dajin Liu presents an approximate method for
compressive forces to the foundation are also considered in design of this status [2]. In this paper to resolve this issue, it
design of base plate. The purpose of this study is design of is considered a little gap between base plate and foundation
circular base plates on the effect of applying the axial load and and because the allowable compressive stress of anchor bolt
large bending moment in the case that tensile and compressive is equal to 0.6 F y ( Fy is the yielding stress of the anchor
forces are transmitted to foundation via bolts. An exact bolt), more compressive force can be transferred to
method has not been presented about design of this status yet, foundation [1]. In other words the proposed method is used
therefore in this study we can offer suitable method for design
to design of columns with axial load by large eccentric (axial
of circular base plates by expression of mathematic formulas.
load and large bending moment). To do this, we suppose that
By considering the graphs in the end of this paper, can be
concluded that, this status is very useful for axial force with the utmost compressive anchor bolt reach to the maximum
large eccentric. In other words, this status for axial force with value of compressive force and the compressive zone of
large eccentric gives little design thickness than the other plate reach to the critical status simultaneously.
status that a gap is not considered.
II. PROPOSED METHOD
Keywords: circular base plate; compressive bolt; little gap; Consider the column and base plate with two anchor
large bending moment; mathematic formulas bolts as the axial load eccentric is large, in Fig. 1. Being
R2
I. INTRODUCTION enlarge the eccentric means that e > , which e is
4y
Generally steel columns are placed on the foundation eccentric value, R is radius of base plate, and y is distance
with steel plate which is involved on the one hand with of tensile anchor bolt to column middle axis.
column and on the other hand with concrete. Since the steel
column undergo the large stresses due to high resistance and
concrete has no ability to undergo these stresses, therefore
base plate is used for increasing the force transmission level
to foundation and reducing it to allowable limit of foundation
materials strength. From the types of base plates can be
mentioned rectangular or circular base plates, which circular
base plates are commonly used for cylindrical columns such
as pylons in cabled-stayed bridges, lighting poles, electric
power line posts, and even buildings. In this paper from the
types of loading states in columns such as; pure axial force,
axial force and small bending moment, and axial force and
large bending moment, we are going to show a new
procedure for designing of base plate in state of loading with
axial force and large bending moment. Usually to design
base plates in this status, no gap is supposed between plate
and foundation. By considering the stress distribution in this Figure 1. Free body diagram of available forces in effect of axial force
status, tensile forces are transferred by anchor bolts and with large eccentric.
compressive forces are transferred by base plate to
foundation. Therefore by considering the maximum tolerable According to the Fig. 1, on the effect of applying the
contact stress of concrete foundations according to AISC axial load and large bending moment, some of anchor bolts

978-0-7695-4043-6/10 $26.00 © 2010 IEEE 588

DOI 10.1109/ICCRD.2010.124
 nT
exposed to tension and others to compression. In Fig. 2 the
strain distribution is shown for set of column and base plate T1 y1 + 2 ∑T y
i =2
i i

R2 A′ = nT
. (4)
that the eccentric is larger than ( y1 is the distance of
4 y1 T1 + 2 ∑T i
last tensile anchor bolt to column middle axis). i =2
nF
F1′ y1′ + 2 ∑F y
j = 2′
j j

A= nF
. (5)

2
F1′ + 2 ∑F
j = 2′
j
1 1
in which; nT is half of the total tensile anchor bolts, n F is
2 half of the total compressive anchor bolts, i is a counter for
tensile anchor bolts which varies from 2 to nT , j is a
counter for compressive anchor bolts which varies from 2′
to n F , T1 is tensile force in utmost tensile anchor bolt, F1′
is compressive force in utmost compressive anchor bolt, yi
is the distance of i th tensile anchor bolt to column middle
axis, y j is the distance of j th compressive anchor bolt to
column middle axis, Fi is the tensile force of i th tensile
anchor bolt, and F j is the compressive force of j th
compressive anchor bolt.
According to the Fig. 2, strain relation for each tensile
and compressive anchor bolt using mathematical similarity
1=
relation as following [3]:
y −B+x
ε i = εT . i . (6)
Figure 2. Strain distribution in base plate section. x
yj + B− x
Existing equilibrium equations are: ε j = εF. . (7)
2B − x
A. Force equilibrium equation in direction of vertical on in which; ε T is the strain of utmost tensile anchor bolt, ε F
page
is the strain of utmost compressive anchor bolt, and B is
∑F n = 0 → P +T = F . (1) equal to y1 .
in which; P is column axial force, T is tensile force On the other hand, tensile force and compressive force
resultant for tensile anchor bolts, and F is compressive relations in each anchor bolt as following [4]:
force resultant for compressive anchor bolts. Ti = σ i . Ab = E s .ε i . Ab . (8)
B. Moment equilibrium equation F j = σ j . Ab = E s .ε j . Ab . (9)

∑M o ⎯=⎯
= 0 → M = T . A′ + F . A ⎯M P.e
⎯→ P.e = T . A′ + F . A . (2) in which; σ i and σ j are the stress in each anchor bolt, E s

in which; A′ is the distance of the tensile force resultant to is the elasticity modulus of steel, and Ab is the section area
column middle axis and A is the distance of the of each anchor bolt.
compressive force resultant to column middle axis. Therefore substituting equation (6) in equation (8) and
Substituting equation (1) in equation (2), we get: equation (7) in equation (9), we have:
P.e = F( − P . A)′ + F . A . (3) y −B+x
Ti = E s .ε T . i
y −B+x
. Ab = T1 . i . (10)
The terms A′ , A , and F are unknowns. x x
We show that these unknowns are the function of distance yj + B− x yj + B− x
x (distance between neutral axis and column middle axis). F j = E s .ε F . . Ab = F1′ . . (11)
2B − x 2B − x
Writing the A′ and A as following: Substituting equation (10) in equation (4) and equation (11)
in equation (5), we have:

589
 nT T
yi − B + x
T1 y1 + 2 ∑T . 1
x
. yi T1 = Tmax = nT
yi − B + x
≤ FT . Ab . (19)
A′ = i =2
nT
. (12) 1+ 2 ∑ x
y −B+x
∑
i=2
T1 + 2 T1 . i which FT is allowable tensile stress of the anchor bolts.
i =2
x
The thickness of the base plate is calculated by
nF
yj + B− x determination of x . Now consider Fig. 3.
F1′ y1′ + 2 ∑F . 1′
2B − x
.y j
neutral axis
j = 2′ compressive
A= . (13)
nF
yj + B− x zone
F1′ + 2 ∑F .
j = 2′
1′
2B − x
2
By simplifying these equations, reduces to: 1
nT 1
xB + 2 ∑ (y
i =2
i − B + x )yi 2
A′ = nT
. (14)
x+2 ∑ (y
i =2
i − B + x)

nF
B(2 B − x ) + 2 ∑ (y
j = 2′
j )
+ B− x yj
Figure 3. Compressive zone in base plate section.
A= nF
. (15)
(2 B − x ) + 2∑ (y j + B − x ) The equation for calculate the thickness of base plate is
j = 2′
derived from following equation:
Therefore according to the equations (14) and (15), A′ and M
f b = cr ≤ Fb . (20)
A are the function of x . W
Now by calculating tensile and compressive forces resultant: in which; M cr is critical bending moment of base plate, W
nT ⎛ nT
y i − B + x ⎞⎟ is the section modulus of base plate, and Fb is allowable
∑
T = T1 + 2 Ti = T1 1 + 2 ⎜
⎜ x ∑ ⎟
. (16) bending stress of base plate.
i =2 ⎝ i=2 ⎠ We express the critical bending moment of base plate as
nF ⎛ nF
y j + B − x ⎞⎟ following:
∑
F = F1′ + 2 F j = F1′ ⎜1 + 2
⎜ 2B − x ⎟ ∑ . (17) M cr = sum of the compressive anchor bolts moment around
j = 2′ ⎝ j = 2′ ⎠ the column
in which; T is the tensile forces resultant and F is the Therefore according to the Fig. 4, we have:
compressive forces resultant.
Therefore according to the equations (16) and (17), T and
F are the function of x .
In equations (16) and (17), T1 and F1′ are also unknowns.
Therefore if equations (14), (15), and (17) insert into
equation (3), the whole equation (3) will be function of x
but be value of F1′ will be unknown. For dispelling this
problem, we suppose that the anchor bolt of 1′ reach to
allowable compressive stress. Therefore:
F1′ = σ 1′ . Ab = 0.6 F y . Ab . (18)
By determination of F1′ , value of T1 is calculated by
using of mathematic similarity. Now the whole equation (3) Figure 4. Moment arm for calculation of critical moment.
will be function of x which solving this equation is
accomplished by using of trial and error iteration for M cr = F1′ .r + 2 F2′ .r + ... = F .r . (21)
different value of x . which r is the vertical distance from center of compressive
Also the allowable tensile stress of utmost anchor bolt anchor bolts to column margent.
can be controlled by the following equation: Also the section modulus is calculated based on the
relevant strip of compressive part of column margent. If the
length of the compressive part of strip is equal to l ,
according to the Fig. 5, we have:

590
 ⎛B− x⎞
α = cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ , θ = 2π − 2α . (22)
⎝ a ⎠
⎛ ⎛ B − x ⎞⎞
l = a.θ = 2a.⎜⎜ π − cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ . (23)
⎝ ⎝ a ⎠⎠

Figure 6. Variation of F in (ton) about e in (centimeter).

Figure 5. Compressive part of critical strip.

which a is column radius.

The section modulus is calculated as following:
l.t 2
W= . (24)
6
which t is base plate thickness.

Therefore by inserting equations (23) into (24), and (24) and

(21) into (20), we have: Figure 7. Variation of x about e both in (centimeter).
F .r
fb = 2
≤ Fb . (25)
⎛ −1 ⎛ B − x ⎞ ⎞ t
2a⎜⎜ π − cos ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟.
⎝ ⎝ a ⎠⎠ 6
By simplifying equation (25):
3F .r
t≥ . (26)
⎛ ⎛ B − x ⎞⎞
a.Fb .⎜⎜ π − cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ a ⎠⎠
which this equation is also function of x .
III. PRESENTING RESULTS
After analytical computations and concluding functions Figure 8. Variation of t about e both in (centimeter).
of F , T , x and t , more than 130 lines computer program is
written in MACRO and some numerical examples is solved B. P = 30 ton
to observe how these parameters change when loading or
radius of base plate changes. The variation of F, x and t is as Fig. 9 to 11:
To do so a plate is supposed with 12 bolts of 10 square
centimeters in area which placed to plates edge in 5
centimeter.
Three statuses are assumed in which the ratio of R is 2:
a
A. P = 15 ton
The variation of F, x and t is as Fig. 6 to 8:

Figure 9. Variation of F in (ton) about e in (centimeter).

591
 Figure 10. Variation of x about e both in (centimeter). Figure 13. Variation of x about e both in (centimeter).

Figure 11. Variation of t about e both in (centimeter). Figure 14. Variation of t about e both in (centimeter).

C. P = 45 ton IV. CONCLUSIONS

The variation of F, x and t is as Fig. 12 to 14: By observing the graphs, it is seen that also the axial load
is very big and its eccentricity is big too, the thickness of
base plate is not too much. It means that by combination of
plate and bolts for transition of loads to foundation, we can
have much more thin plate to do so or on the other hands,
with same thickness; we are able to tolerate bigger forces
with large eccentricity without failure.
By writing a computer program, it is easy to insert axial
force, eccentricity, and other dimensions o plate, column and
bolts, and have the value of base plate thickness. What's
more value of axial force in bolts and other parameters
mentioned before can be observed too.

Figure 12. Variation of F in (ton) about e in (centimeter). REFERENCES

[1] AISC Manual Committee, Manual of Steel Construction: Allowable
Stress Design, AISC, 9th ed., Chicago, 1989.
[2] L. Dajin, “Circular base plates with large eccentric loads,” ASCE,
Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 9, Dec. 2004, pp. 142-146, doi:
10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0680(2004)9:3(142).
[3] E. W. Swokowski, Calculus with Analytic Geometry, 2nd ed.,
PWS/Kent, Boston, 1988.
[4] W. C. Young, Roark’s Formulas for Stress and Strain, 6th ed.,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989.

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