SIMPLE STRAIN

Hooke’s Law – in elastic materials deformation , are directly proportional to the

stress or in other words stress is directly proportional to the displacement.

Proportional Limit – the largest stress for which Hooke’s Law applies or the
highest point on the straight line potion of stress-strain diagram.

Elastic limit –The largest stress to which a material can withstand without being
permanently deformed. This term is synonomous with the
proportional limit, that’s the reason that for structural steel it is also
term as proportional elastic limit.

Yield Point – The stress at which there is a decided increase in the elongation
or strain without a corresponding increase in stress.

Elastic Strain - The strain that occurs before yield point.

Plastic Strain . the strain that occurs after yield point.

Strain-Hardening – a range following after the plastic stain where additional

stress is necessary to produce additional strain.
Necking - a sharp reduction in the cross section of a member taking place
followed by failure.

Elastic Range. Is the line portion in the stress

 Deformation is the change in size or shape of a body. Strain also
known as the unit deformation, is the ratio of the change in length
caused by an applied force to the original length.
 Ductile materials are materials having large tensile strains up to the point
of rapture ( e.g. steel, aluminum. )
 Brittle materials have relatively small strain. ( e.g. concrete )
Axial Deformation : ( Linear )

Modulus of Elasticity denoted by E is the ratio of stress to strain.


 = (strain)
L

 = E
sin ce = P / A and  =  / L
P 
=E
A L
PL L
 = =
AE E

P = load ( force )
L = length in meters
A = cross sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity
 = stress in MPa
Restrictions of the above formula :

1. loads must be axial ,that is to produce uniform stresses

2. the material must be homogeneous
3. the materials must be of constant cross section

1. The rigid bar ABC shown is hinged at A and supported by a steel rod at B. Determine the
largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is limited to 207 MPa and
the vertical movement of end C must not exceed 25 mm.

Solution:
𝜹 𝟐𝟓
= 𝟏.𝟓 , 𝜹= 10 mm
𝟎.𝟔
𝑻𝑳 𝑻(𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎)
𝜹 = 𝑨𝑬 , 𝟏𝟎 = (𝟑𝟐𝟑)(𝟐𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎)

T = 538,333 N
𝑇 538,333
𝜎=𝐴 , 𝜎= =1667 MPa > 207 MPa
323

Therefore use 𝜎 = 207 MPa

T = (207)(323) = 66,861 KN
ƩMA=0

T(0.6) – P(1.5) = 0
P = 26,744 N

2. A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and aluminum bar as shown. Applied load
are applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an
overall deformation of 3.o mm, or of the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa in
the bronze ,and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assumed that the assembly is suitably braced to
prevent buckling. Use Est =200 GPa, Eal=70 GPa, Ebr= 83 GPa.

Considering Steel;

𝑷𝑳 𝑷(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝜹 = 𝑨𝑬 , 𝟑 = (𝟒𝟖𝟎)(𝟐𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎)

P = 288000 N

𝑃 288000
𝜎=𝐴 , 𝜎= =600 MPa > 140 MPa
480

Considering Bronze;

𝑷𝑳 𝟐𝑷(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝜹 = 𝑨𝑬 , 𝟑 = (𝟔𝟓𝟎)(𝟖𝟑,𝟎𝟎𝟎)

P = 40462.5 N
 𝑃 40462.5
𝜎=𝐴 , 𝜎= =62.25 MPa < 120 MPa ok
650

Considering Aluminum;

𝑷𝑳 𝟐𝑷(𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎)
𝜹 = 𝑨𝑬 , 𝟑 = (𝟑𝟐𝟎)(𝟕𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎)

P = 22,400 N

𝑃 22400
𝜎=𝐴 , 𝜎= =70 MPa ok
320

Therefore , the critical P = 22,400 N.

3. The rigid bar AB ,attached to two vertical rod shown is horizontal before the load P is
applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50 KN.

By Ratio and Proportion

𝜹𝒔 −𝜹𝑨 𝜹 −𝜹𝑨
=
𝟔 𝟑.𝟓
𝜹𝒔 −𝜹𝑨
𝜹 = 3.5 ( ) + 𝜹A (equation 1)
𝟔

ƩMB=0
TA(6) – 50(2.5) = 0
TA = 20.83 KN

ƩFV=0
Ts + 20.83 - 50 = 0
Ts = 29.17 kN
 (20.83 𝑥 103 )(3 𝑥 103 )
𝛿 A= = 1.79 mm
(500)(70 𝑋 103 )
(29.17 𝑥 103 )(4 𝑥 103 )
𝛿 S= = 1.95 mm
(300)(200 𝑋 103 )
Substitute these result to equation 1.

𝟏.𝟗𝟓−𝟏.𝟕𝟗
𝜹 = 3.5 ( ) + 1.79
𝟔
𝜹 = 1.88 mm

4. A horizontal bar of negligible mass hinged at A and assumed rigid, is supported by a

bronze rod 3 m. long and steel rod 1.2 m. long. Compute the stress in each rod.

𝜹𝑩 𝜹𝑺 𝟏.𝟓
= ; 𝛿B = 𝛿S (equation 1)
𝟏.𝟓 𝟎.𝟔 𝟎.𝟔

𝑇𝑠 (1.2 𝑥 103 )
𝛿 S= 3 = 1.2 x 10-5 Ts
(500)(200 𝑋 10 )

𝑇𝐵 (1.2 𝑥 103 )
𝛿 B= 3 = 1.2 x 10-4 TB
(300)(86 𝑋 10 )

1.5
1.2 x 10-4 TB = 0.6 (1.2 x 10-5 Ts)

TB = 25Ts
ƩMA=0
Ts(0.6) + TB(1.5) – 75(2.3) = 0
Ts(0.6) + (25TS )(1.5) – 75(2.3) = 0
Ts = 4.527 KN
TB = 113.12 KN
𝑃 4527
𝜎=𝐴 , σs= =9.054 MPa
500
113120
σs= =377 MPa
300

4. The composite bar in the figure is firmly attached

to unyielding supports. Compute the stress in
each material cause by the application of the axial
load P = 50 kips

𝛿 A. + 𝛿 s = 0
𝑃𝐴 (15) 𝑃𝑠 (10)
+ =0
(1.25)(10 𝑋 106 ) (2.0)(29 𝑋 106 )
-6 -7
1.2 x 10 PA + 1.72 x 10 Ps =0

P + P s = PA
PA = 50 x 10 3 + Ps
-6 3 -7
1.2 x 10 (50 x 10 + Ps ) + 1.72 x 10 Ps =0
Ps = - 43718.6 lbs.

PA = 50 x 10 3 + ( - 43718.6) =6281.4 lbs.

43718.6
σs= =21,859 psi
2
6281.4
σA= =5025 psi
1.25

5. The composite rod in the figure is stress free

before the axial loads P1 and P2 are applied.
Assuming that the wall are rigid, .
Compute the stress in each material
if P1 = 150 kN and P2 = 90 kN

𝛿 A. + 𝛿 s + 𝛿 B = 0
 𝑃A (500) 𝑃𝑠 (250) 𝑃B (350)
+ + =0
(900)(70 𝑋 103 ) (2000)(200 𝑋 103 ) (1200)(83 𝑋 103 )
-6 -7 -6
7.936 x 10 PA + 6.25 x 10 Ps + 3.514 x 10 PB = 0 (equation 1)

3
150 x 10 + PA = PS
3
PA = Ps - 150 x 10

3
PB = Ps + 90 x 10

Substitute PA and PB in equation 1;

-6 3 -7 -6 3
7.936 x10 (Ps -150 x10 )+6.25 x 10 Ps + 3.514 x 10 (Ps+90 x10 )=0
-6 -7 -6
7.936 x10 Ps – 1.19 ++6.25 x 10 Ps + 3.514 x 10 Ps+0.316=0
Ps = 72,363 N (tension)
PA = 72,363 – 150 x 103
PA = - 77,637 N (compression)
PB = 72363 + 90 x 10 3
PB = 162363 N (tension)

72363
σs= = 36.18 MPa
2000
77637
σA= =86.26 MPa
900

162363
σB= =135.3 MPa
1200

6.) A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported

as shown. If W= 80 KN, compute the
temperature change that will cause
the stress in the steel rod to be 55 MPa
. Assume the coefficient of linear
expansion are 11.7 μm /(m. 0C) for stee
l and 18.9 μm /(m. 0C) for bronze.

𝛿 T= ∝LΔT
𝛿𝑠 𝛿𝐵
= ; 4𝛿S. + 𝛿B
1 4

11.7 μm /(m. 0C) = 11.7 x10-6m /(m. 0C)

= 11.7 x10-3mm (m. 0C)
 𝑃𝑠 (1.5) 𝑃 (3)
𝐵
4[(11.7 x 10-3 )(1.5)ΔT + ] =[(18.9 x 10-.3)(3)ΔT +(1300)×(83𝑥10
(320)×(200𝑥103) 3)

𝑃
From direct stress formula; 𝜎 =𝐴
Ps
55 = Ps=17,600 N
320

ƩM=0
Ps(1.0) + PB(4) – 80 x 103(2.5) = 0
PB(4 )= 80 x 103(2.5) - 17600
PB= 45,600 N

(17,600)(1.5) (45,600)(3)
4[(11.7 x 10-3 (1.5))ΔT + ]=[(18.9 x 10-3 )(3)ΔT +(1300)×(83𝑥103)
(320)×(200𝑥103)
ΔT = 28.6 oC

The composite bar shown in Figure is firmly attached to unyielding supports. An axial
force P = 50 kips is applied at 60°F. Compute the stress in each material at 120°F.
Assume α = 6.5 × 10-6 in/(in·°F) for steel and 12.8 × 10-6 in/(in·°F) for aluminum.

Solution

δT(al)=(αLΔT)al
δT(al)=(12.8×10−6)(15)(120−60)
δT(al)=0.01152inch

δT(st)=(αLΔT)st
δT(st)=(6.5×10−6)(10)(120−60)
δT(st)=0.0039inch

δT(al)−δal=δst−δT(st)
 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
0.01152−( )al=( )st−0.0039
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝑅(15) (𝑅+50000)(10)
0.01152− ( ) =( ) −0.0039
2(10𝑥106) 3(29𝑥106)
100224−6.525R=R+50000−33930
84154=7.525R
R=11183.25lbs

Pal=R=11183.25lbs
Pst=R+50000=61183.25lbs

σ=PA
σal=11183.252=5591.62psi
answer
σst=61183.253=20394.42psi
answer

Poisson’s Ratio : biaxial and triaxial deformation

Axial loads causes deformation that are determined by Poisson’s Ratio, which is the
ratio of the sidewise deformation to the longitudinal deformation (or strain ).When a
bar is subjected to a tensile loading there is an increase in length of the bar in the
direction of the applied load. But there is also a decrease in the lateral dimension
perpendicular to the load.

 
υ = − 𝑦 = − 𝑧
𝑥 𝑥

where:

x = strain in the x direction

y & z = strain in the y & z direction
υ = poisson’s ratio
Common value of Poisson ratio are 0.25 to .30 for steel, approximately 0.33 for most other
metal and 0.20 for concrete.

note: negative sign indicates a decrease in the transverse dimension if x is positive.

SHEARING DEFORMATION
While axial forces cause elongations, shearing forces cause shearing deformation. A
material body subjected to tension undergo an increase in length, while when
subjected to shear undergo a change in shape from rectangular to a parallelogram.
Modulus of Elasticity in Shear ( Modulus of Rigidity ) is the ratio between shear
stress to shear strain denoted by G. Shear strain is defined as the angular change
between two perpendicular faces of a differential element.

s 
=  = G =
V
s=
VL
L A AsG

where:

s= shear deformation

V = shear force acting over the area As
L = length in meters
As = shearing area
G = modulus of elasticity in shear or modulus rigidity
Common value of Poisson ratio are 0.25