Concrete

o Concrete is a mixture of sand, A concrete is said to be workable if

gravel, crushed rock, or other it is easily transported, placed,
aggregates held together in a rock compacted and finished
like mass with a paste of cement without any segregation.
and water.
The ability of concrete to
o Sometimes one or more admixtures withstand the conditions for which
are added to change certain it is designed without deterioration
characteristics of the concrete such for a long period of years is known
as its as durability.
(Walls, footings, slabs on fill)
workability,
durability, The tensile strength of concrete
and time of hardening. Hardening
varies from about is 8%
the to
process
15% ofof
strength
its compressivegrowth
strength. Aand
majormay
o As with most rocklike substances, reason for this small strengthafter
continue for weeks or months is
concrete has a high compressive the fact
the concrete has been mixed
that concrete and
is filled
strength and a very low tensile placed
with fine cracks.
strength.

• REINFORCED CONCRETE is a combination of

Concrete and steel wherein the steel
reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking
in the concrete.

• Steel reinforcing is also capable of resisting

compression forces and is used in columns as well
as in other situations.

1
Reinforced concrete may be the
most important material available
for construction.

It is used in one form or another for

almost all structures, great or small—

o buildings
o bridges
o pavements
o dams
o retaining walls
o tunnels
o drainage
o irrigation facilities
o tanks, and so on.

Advantages of Reinforced Concrete

as a structural material
1. It has considerable compressive
strength per unit cost compared
with most other materials.

2. Reinforced concrete has great

resistance to the actions of fire
and water

3. Reinforced concrete structures are

very rigid.

4. It is a low-maintenance material.

5. As compared with other materials, it has

a very long service life - strength of
concrete does not decrease with
time but actually increases over a
very long period

2
6. It is usually the only
economical material available
for footings, floor slabs,
basement walls, piers, and
similar applications.

7. A special feature of concrete is its

ability to be cast into an
extraordinary variety of shapes
from simple slabs, beams, and
columns etc

8. In most areas, concrete takes

advantage of inexpensive local
materials (sand, gravel, and water)
and requires relatively small amounts
of cement and reinforcing steel

9. A lower grade of skilled labor

is required for erection as compared
with other materials such as structural
steel.

Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a

structural material
1. Concrete has a very low
tensile strength, requiring the use
of tensile reinforcing.

2. Forms are required to hold

the concrete in place until it
hardens sufficiently.

Falsework or shoring may be

necessary to keep the forms in
place for roofs, walls, floors,
and similar structures until the
concrete members gain sufficient
strength to support themselves.

3
3. The low strength per unit of weight of
concrete leads to heavy
members.

4. Similarly, the low strength per unit of

volume of concrete means members
will be relatively large, an important
consideration for tall buildings and long-
span structures.
5. The properties of concrete vary
widely because of variations in its
proportioning and mixing.
Two other characteristics that can cause
problems are concrete’s shrinkage
and creep.
Under sustained compressive loads,
concrete will continue to deform for
long periods of time. After the initial
deformation occurs, the additional
deformation is called creep, or plastic
flow.
After the concrete has been cured and
begins to dry, the extra mixing water
that was used begins to work its way
out of the concrete to the surface,
where it evaporates. As a result,
the concrete shrinks and cracks.

“Should reinforced concrete

or structural steel be used?”

4
 “Should reinforced concrete or structural
steel be used?”

 The selection of the structural material to be used for a particular building depends
on the height and span of the structure, the material market,
foundation conditions, local building codes, and architectural
considerations.

 For buildings of less than 4 stories, reinforced concrete, structural

steel, and wall-bearing construction are competitive.

 From 4 to about 20 stories, reinforced concrete and structural steel

are economically competitive, with steel having been used in most of
the jobs above 20 stories in the past.

 Today, however, reinforced concrete is becoming increasingly competitive

above 20 stories, and there are a number of reinforced concrete buildings
of greater height around the world.

Compatibility of Concrete and Steel

 The advantages of each material seem to compensate for the

disadvantages of the other. the great shortcoming of concrete is its
lack of tensile strength, but tensile strength is one of the great advantages
of steel.

 Reinforcing bars have tensile strengths equal to approximately 100 times

that of the usual concretes used.

 The two materials bond together very well so there is little chance of
slippage between the two; thus, they will act together as a unit in
resisting forces.

 The excellent bond obtained is the result of the chemical adhesion

between the two materials, the natural roughness of the bars,
and the closely spaced rib-shaped deformations rolled onto the
bars’ surfaces.

5

The stress–strain curves of Figure 1.1
represent the results obtained from
compression tests of sets of 28-day-old
standard cylinders of varying strengths.
The stress–strain curves of Figure 1.1 represent
the results obtained from compression tests of
sets of 28-day-old standard cylinders of varying
strengths.
(a) The curves are roughly
straight while the load is
increased from zero to about
one-third to one-half the
concrete’s ultimate strength.
(b) Beyond this range the behavior
of concrete is nonlinear. This lack
of linearity of concrete stress–strain
curves at higher stresses causes
some problems in the structural
analysis of concrete structures
because their behavior is also
nonlinear at higher stresses.
(c) Of particular importance is the
fact that regardless of strengths,
all the concretes reach their ultimate
strengths at strains of about 0.002.
(d) Concrete does not have a
definite yield strength; rather, the
curves run smoothly on to the point
of rupture at strains of from 0.003
to 0.004. It will be assumed for the
purpose of future calculations that
concrete fails at 0.003.
(e) Many tests have clearly shown
that stress–strain curves of concrete
cylinders are almost identical to
those for the compression sides
of beams.
(f) It should be further noticed that
the weaker grades of concrete are
less brittle than the stronger ones—
that is, they will take larger strains
before breaking.
6
 Reinforcing Bars
There are several types of reinforcing bars, designated by the ASTM

Steels are available in different grades as Grade 50, Grade 60, and so
on, where Grade 50 means the steel has a specified yield point of
50,000 psi, Grade 60 means 60,000 psi

There is only a small difference between the prices of reinforcing steel

with yield strengths of 40 ksi and 60 ksi. As a result, the 60-ksi bars are
the most commonly used in reinforced concrete design

Reinforcing Bars
GRADES AND STRENGTH OF REINFORCING BARS
(Non-Prestressed)

GRADE Min.Yield Min.Yield Min Min

ASTM Strength Strength Tensile Tensile
SPECS (ksi) (MPa) Strength Strength
(ksi) (MPa)
A615 40 40 276 70 483
60 60 414 90 620
A616 50 50 345 80 552
60 60 414 90 620
A617 40 40 276 70 483
60 60 414 90 620

Modulus of Elasticity of steel shall be taken as 200,000 MPa

7
 CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT

• When reinforced concrete is subjected

to salts, seawater, or spray from
these substances, it is necessary
to provide special corrosion
protection for the reinforcing.

• The structures usually involved are

bridge decks
parking garages
wastewater treatment plants
and various coastal structures.

CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT

• Should the reinforcement be

insufficiently protected, it will
corrode; as it corrodes, the resulting
oxides occupy a volume far greater
than that of the original metal.

• results are large outward pressures

that can lead to severe cracking and
spalling of the concrete

• This reduces the concrete protection,

or cover, for the steel, and corrosion
accelerates.

• The bond, or sticking of the concrete

to the steel is reduced resulting to
reduction in the life of the structure.

8
Cover
 reinforcing for concrete members must be
protected from the surrounding environment;
 The reinforcing is located at certain minimum
distances from the surface of the concrete so
that a protective layer of concrete, called cover,
is provided
 the cover improves the bond between the
concrete and the steel

Concrete Properties
Concrete has no clear-cut modulus of elasticity. Its value varies with
different concrete strengths, concrete age, type of loading, and the
characteristics and proportions of the cement and aggregates.

Modulus of Elasticity
For concrete weighing from 1,500 to 2500 kg/m3

Ec  w1c.5 0.043 fc'

fc’ = 28 day compressive strength in MPa
Wc = unit weight of concrete in kg/m3

For Normal weight concrete

Ec  4700 fc'
fc’ = 28 day compressive strength in MPa
Wc = unit weight of concrete in kg/m3

9
 MINIMUM COVER
( NON PRESTRESSED)
Minimum
CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE Cover,mm
a) Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75
b) Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
20 mm bars through 36 mm bars 50
16 mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 40
c) Concrete not exposed to earth or weather or in contact with ground:
Slabs, walls, joist
32 mm bar and smaller 20
Beams,columns
Primary reinforcement ,ties,stirrups,spirals 40
Shells,folded plates members:
20 mm bars and larger 20
16 mm bars,W31or D31 wire,or smaller 15

PRECAST IN PLACE CONCRETE Minimum

( manufactured under plant Conditions) Cover,mm
a) Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
Wall Panels
32 mm bar and smaller 20
Other members
20 mm bars through 32 mm bars 40
16 mm bars,W31or D31 wire,or smaller 30

b) Concrete not exposed to earth or weather or

in contact with ground:
Slabs, walls, joist
32 mm bar and smaller 15
Beams,columns
Primary reinforcement
ties,stirrups,spirals 10
Shells,folded plates members:
20 mm bars and larger 15
16 mm bars,W31or D31 wire,or smaller 10

10
 ULTIMATE STRENGTH
DESIGN(USD)
Required Strength ( Load Factors)

1.Required strength U to resist dead load D and live load L

shall at least be equal to : U =1.4D +1.7L

2. If resistance to structural effects of specified wind load

W, are included in the design,the following combinations of D,L and W
shall be investigated to determine the greatest required strength U
a) U =0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)
Where load combination shall include full value and zero
value of L to determine the most severe condition, and
b) U = 0.9D +1.3L
For any combination of D, L and W required strength U
shall not be less than c) U =1.4D +1.7L

3. If resistance to structural effects of specified earthquake load E, are

included in the design,the following combinations of D,L and E shall
be investigated to determine the greatest required strength U
a) U =1.32D + 1.1(f1)L + 1.1E
Where load combination shall include full value and zero value of
L to determine the most severe condition, and
b) U = 0.99D +1.1E
For any combination of D, L and E required strength U shall not be less
than
c) U =1.4D +1.7L
4. If resistance to earth pressure H, are included in the design,the
following combinations of D,L and H shall be investigated to
determine the greatest required strength U
a) U =1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7H
Where D or L reduces the effect of H
b) U = 0.9D +1.7H
For any combination of D, L and E required strength U shall not be less
than
c) U =1.4D +1.7L

11
 5. If resistance to loadings due to weight and pressure of fluids
with well defined densities and controllable height F are
included in the design, such loading shall have a factor of 1.4
and be added to all loading combinations that include live load.

6. If resistance to impact effects are taken into account in

design,such effect shall be included with live load L.

7. Where structural effects T of differential settlement, creep,

shrinkage,expansion of creep compensating concrete or
temperature change maybe significant in design, required
strength U shall be a least equal to
a) U =0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.4T)
but required strength U shall not be less than
b) U =1.4D +1.7L

LOAD COMBINATIONS USING STRENGTH DESIGN OR

LOAD RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD)

Required Strength (Load Factors)

NOTATIONS:
D = dead load
E = Earthquake load
F = loads due to Fluids
H = loads due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
L = live load, except roof live load
Lr = Roof live load
T = self-straining force and effects arising from contraction or expansion
resulting from temperature change
W = load due to wind pressure

12
 LOAD COMBINATIONS USING STRENGTH DESIGN OR
LOAD RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN

Basic Load Combinations. Where Load and Resistance Factor

Design is used, structures and all portions thereof shall resist the most
critical effects from the following combinations of factored loads:
1.4 D
1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 Lr
1.2 D + 1.6 Lr + (f1 L or 0.8 W)
1.2 D + 1.3 W + f1 L + 0.5Lr
1.2 D + 1.0 E + f1 L
0.9 D ± (1.0 E or 1.3 W)
Where:
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of
4.8kPa, and for garage live load
= 0.5 for other live loads
Other Loads. Where F, H, P or T are to be considered in design, each
applicable load shall be added to the above combinations factored as
follows: 1.3F, 1.6H, 1.2P, and 1.2T.

Load Factors
 Load factors are numbers, almost always larger than 1.0, that are
used to increase the estimated loads applied to structures.

 The loads are increased to attempt to account for the

uncertainties involved in estimating their magnitudes.

 note that the factors for dead loads are much smaller than the
live and environmental loads. Obviously, the reason is that we
can estimate the magnitudes of dead loads much more
accurately than we can the magnitudes of those other loads.

 The largest value obtained is referred to as the critical or

governing load combination and is the value to be used in design.

13
 LOAD COMBINATIONS USING STRENGTH DESIGN OR
LOAD RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN

NSCP 2001 NSCP 2010 and 2015

1.4 D
1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 Lr 1.4 (D + F)
1.2 D + 1.6 Lr + (f1 L or 0.8 W) 1.2 (D+F+T)+1.6(L + H)+ 0.5 (Lr or R)
1.2 D + 1.3 W + f1 L + 0.5Lr 1.2 D + 1.6 (Lr or R) + (f1 L or 0.8 W)
1.2 D + 1.0 E + f1 L 1.2 D + 1.6 W + f1 L + 0.5(Lr or R)
0.9 D ± (1.0 E or 1.3 W) 1.2 D + 1.0 E + f1 L
0.9 D + 1.6W + 1.6H
0.9 D + 1.0E + 1.6H

R = Rain load

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR Ф

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR Ф shall be as follows: old 2015

1. Flexure, without axial load 0.90 0.65 to 0.90
2. Shear and Torsion 0.85 0.75
3. Bearing on concrete except on
Post tension anchorage zone 0.70 0.65
4. Post tension anchorage zone 0.85 0.85
5. Axial tension and axial tension with flexure 0.90 0.65 to 0.90
6. Axial load and axial load with flexure
Both axial load and moment shall be multiplied by Ф
7. Axial compression and axial compression with flexure
a) Members with spiral reinforcement 0.75 0.65 to 0.90
b) Other reinforced members 0.70 0.60

14
 Net Tensile strain Classification Type of transverse Ø
reinforcement
Spirals Other
et ≤ ety Compression 0.75 0.65
Controlled
ety ≤ et ≤ 0.005 Transition

et ≥ 0.005 Tension 0.90 0.90

Controlled

et = net tensile strain in extreme layer of longitudinal tension reinforcement at nominal

strength, excluding strains due to effective pre-stress, creep, shrinkage and temperature

ety = value of net tensile strain in the extreme layer of longitudinal tension reinforcement used
to define a compression-controlled section

Strength Reduction or φ Factors

Strength reduction factors are used to take into account the

uncertainties of material strengths,
inaccuracies in the design equations,
approximations in analysis, possible variations
in dimensions of the concrete sections and
placement of reinforcement, the importance of
members in the structures of which they are part, and so on

15
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FOR FLEXURE (BEAMS)

 Basic Assumptions
 1. Strain in concrete and the reinforcement shall be assumed
directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis, except,
for deep flexural members with overall depth-to-clear span ratio
greater than 2/5 for continuous spans and 4/5 for simple span a non
linear distribution of strain shall be considered.
 2. Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber
shall be 0.003
 3. Stress in reinforcement below specified yield strength fy for grade
of reinforcement used shall be taken Es times steel strain. For
sress greater than corresponding to fy, stress in the reinforcement
shall be considered independent of strain and equal to fy.
 4. Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and
flexural calculations.

 5. Relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and

concrete strain shall be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal,
parabolic or any other assumed shape that result in prediction of
strength in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests.

 6. Requirements of 5 may be considered satisfied by an equivalent

rectangular stress distribution defined by the following:

Concrete stress distribution of 0.85fc’ shall be assumed uniformly

distributed over an equivalent compression zone bounded by the
edges of the cross section and a straight line parallel to the neutral
axis located at a distance “a” from the fiber of maximum compressive
strain.

Distance c from fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis shall be

measured in a direction perpendicular to the neutral axis.

16
 Compression Zone
(stress in concrete) (maximum usable strain of concrete)
0.85fc’ 0.003
a
c
NA

a  1c
εs (strain of steel)

SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS

 a = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, mm
 c = distance from extreme compression face, mm
 As = area of non prestressed tension reinforcement, mm2
 As’ = area of non prestressed compression reinforcement, mm2
 b = width of compression face of the member, mm
 bw = width of the web, mm
 d = distance from extreme compression face to center of tension
reinforcement, mm
 d’ = distance from extreme compression face to center of
compression reinforcement, mm
 fc’ = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
 fy = specified yield strength of non prestressed reinforcement,MPa
 fs = calculated tensile stress in reinforcement at service loads,MPa
 fs’ = calculated compressive stress in reinforcement at service loads,MPa

17
 Mu = factored moment at section; ultimate moment capacity,design
strength
 Mn = nominal moment capacity
 Ф = strength reduction factor
 pb = reinforcement ratio producing balance strain condition
 p = ratio of non prestressed tension reinforcement = As/bd
 p’ = ratio of non prestressed compression reinforcement = As’/bd
 pmin = minimum required ratio of non prestressed tension
reinforcement
 pmin = 1.4/fy
 Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete,MPa
 Es = modulus of elasticity of reinforcement,MPa
 bf = flange width of T –beams
 t = flange thickness of T- beams

 Balanced strain condition

This exist at a cross section when tension reinforcement reaches the strain
corresponding to its yield strength fy just as concrete compression reaches its
assumed ultimate strain of 0.003.
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
b
0.85fc’ 0.003
Compression
Zone ab C = 0.85fc’abb
cb
d

T = Asbfy fy
s 
From the Stress Diagram Es
Asb = balance steel area
∑ Fx = 0
C=T
0.85fc’abb = Asbfy EQ.1

18
 divide both sides of EQ.1 by bdfy
0.85 fc' ab Asb

df y bd
Asb 0.85 fc' ab
Let pb  then pb  EQ. 2
bd df y
From the strain diagram
cb 0.003 fy
 s 
d 0.003   s 200000
ab ab 600 1
cb   EQ. 3
1 d 600  fy

0.85 fc '  1 600

Substituting EQ 3 in EQ 2
pb 
(600  f y ) f y

Maximum permissible tensile steel ratio

pmax = 0.75pb
This limitation is to ensure that the steel reinforcement
will yield first to ensure ductile failure.
Minimum permissible tensile steel ratio
pmin = 1.4/fy
The provision for minimum amount of reinforcement applies to
beams which for architectural and other reasons are much larger in
cross section as required by strength consideration. With very small
amount of tensile reinforcement, the computed moment strength as
a reinforced concrete member is smaller than that of the
corresponding plain concrete section computed from its modulus of
rupture. Failure in this case is quite sudden.

19
Over-reinforced beam
A design in which the steel reinforcement is more than that required for
balanced strain condition. If the beam is over-reinforced, the steel will not
yield before failure. As the load is increased, deflections are not
noticeable although the compression concrete is highly stressed, and
failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of the structure.

Under-reinforced beam
A design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than that required for
balanced strain condition. If the ultimate load is approached , the steel will
begin to yield although the compression concrete is under-stressed. As
the load is increased, the steel will continue to elongate, resulting into
appreciable deflections and large visible cracks in the tensile concrete.
Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of
the structure to decrease the load or apply remedial measure.

SPACING LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT

A major purpose of these requirements is to enable the concrete to
pass between the bars.

Beams
 The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer should
be db( bar diameter) but not less 25 mm.
 Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers, bars in
the upper layer should be directly placed above bars in the bottom
layer with clear distance between layers not less than 25 mm.
Columns
 In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear
distance between longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than
1.5db nor 40 mm.
Walls and Slabs
 In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary
reinforcement shall be spaced not farther than three times the slab
or wall thickness nor 450 mm.

20
Beam Proportions
 Unless architectural or other requirements dictate the proportions of
reinforced concrete beams, the most economical beam
sections are usually obtained for shorter beams when the
ratio of d to b is in the range of 1-1/2 to 2
 For longer spans, better economy is usually obtained if
deep, narrow sections are used. The depths may be as
large as three or four times the widths.
 today designer keep members rather shallow to reduce floor
heights resulting to wider and shallower beams

Estimated Beam Weight

 weight of the beam must be included in the calculation of
the bending moment to be resisted, because the beam
must support itself as well as the external
loads
 calculate the moment due to the external loads
only, select a beam size, and calculate its weight
 assume a minimum overall depth, h,
equal to the minimum depth

21
 Minimum Thickness

 The purpose of such limitations is to prevent

deflections as would interfere with the use of
or cause injury to the structure.
 If deflections are computed for members of lesser
thicknesses than those listed in the table and are found
to be satisfactory, it is not necessary to abide by
the thickness rules.

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NON-PRESTRESSED BEAMS

AND ONE WAY SLABS UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE
COMPUTED
Simply One end continuous Both ends continuous Cantilever
Supported
Solid One-Way Slab L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10

Beams or ribbed L/18.5 L/21 L/8

one way slab L/16

Span Length L in millimeters

Values given shall be used directly for members with normal density concrete and
Grade 60 (415 MPa) reinforcement. For other conditions, the values shall be
modified as follows:
 For structural lightweight concrete the values shall be multiplied by
( 1.65 – 0.0005 Wc) but not less than 1.09, where Wc is the unit mass in kg/m3.
 For fy other 415 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by
( 0.4 +fy/700)

22
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS : BEAMS REINFORCED FOR TENSION

 Case I : Steel yields at failure (pmax ≥ p , fs ≥ fy)

Stress Diagram
b 0.85fc’
Compression
zone a C = 0.85fc’ab

d (d – a/2) Mu
As

T = Asfy

Depth of concrete stress block Ultimate moment capacity

As f y Mu = Ф 0.85fc’ab(d – a/2)
a
0.85 fc' b Mu = Ф Asfy (d – a/2)

General Procedure for Analysis : Case I

Given: b,d,As,fc’,fy
Required : Mu
1. Check for ductility requirements
p = As/bd 0 . 85 fc '  1 600
pb 
( 600  f y ) f y

pmax = 0.75pb pmin =1.4/fy

pmin ≤ p≤ pmax
2. Solve for the depth of the concrete stress block As f y
3. Check for minimum depth if necessary a
4. Determine MU 0.85 fc' b
Mu = Ф 0.85fc’ab(d – a/2) or Mu = Ф Asfy (d – a/2)
Units:
If As is in mm2, fc’ and fy in MPa, a,b and d in mm then Mu is in
N.mm. Dividing this by 106 changes N.mm to kN.m
5. Solve for any other requirement if there are any.

23
Problems
 A rectangular beam with b =250 mm and d =460 mm is reinforced for
tension only with 3 – 25 mm bars. The beam is simply supported on
a span of 6 m and carries a uniform dead load of 12 kN/m. Calculate
the uniform live load the beam can carry. Concrete weighs 23 kN/m3
and steel covering is 60 mm. fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy =276 MPa. Also
check for minimum depth requirement.

Problems
 A rectangular beam with b =250 mm and d =460 mm is reinforced for
tension only with 3 – 25 mm bars. The beam is simply supported on
a span of 6 m and carries a uniform dead load of 12 kN/m. Calculate
the uniform live load the beam can carry. Concrete weighs 23 kN/m3
and steel covering is 60 mm. fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy =276 MPa. Also
check for minimum depth requirement.
 Solution
3 ( 25 ) 2
As   1472 . 62 mm 2

As 1472.62
p   0.013
bd 250( 460)

1 .4 1 .4
pmin    0.005
fy 276

0.85 fc' 1 600 0.85(20.7)0.85(600)

pb 
600  f y  f y  (600  276)276  0.03711

24
 pmax  0.75 pb  0.75(0.03711)  0.0278  p Steel yields at failure

Minimum required depth

L fy 6000 276
d min  (0.4  ) ( 0. 4  )  297.85mm  520 mm
16 700 16 700
As f y 1472.62(276)
a   92.4mm
0.85 fc' b 0.85(20.7)250
a   1c
92.4  0.85c 0.003
c  108.71mm
c

t c
 d-c
d c c
t 0.003 εt (strain of steel)

460  108.71 108.71
 t  0.0097  0.005 This is a tension-controlled section

92.4
0.9(1472.62)276(460  )
a 2  151.37kN.m
M u  As f y (d  ) 
2 (10)6
Wu L2
Mu 
8 Weight of the beam
WB=bDWc
W (6)2
151.37  u
8 WB  0.25(0.52)23  3kN / m
Wu  33.64kN / m Total dead load (old nscp)

WD  12  3  15kN / m
33.64  1.4(15) 1.7WL
460
WL  7.42kN / m
Total dead load

60 33.64  1.2( 15 )  1.6WL

WL  9.775kN / m
250

25
PROBLEM
A 350 mm x 500 mm rectangular beam is reinforced for tension
only with 5 of 28 mm diameter bars. The beam has an
effective depth of 446 mm. The beam carries a uniform dead
load of 4.5 kN/m ( including its own weight), a uniform live load
of 3 kN/m, and a concentrated dead load of P and 2P as
shown in the figure.
fc’ =34.5MPa, fy = 414 MPa. Determine the following :
a) Ultimate moment capacity in kN.m
b) the maximum value of P in kN

2P P

Figure

2m 2m 2m

5 ( 28) 2
350 As   3078.76mm 2
4
As 3078 .76
p   0.019
bd 350 ( 446 )
446
1 .4
p min   0.00338
As 414
0.05
1  0.85  ( fc' 28 )
7
0.05
1  0.85  ( 34.5  28 )  0.804
7
0.85 fc'  1 600 0.85( 34 .5 )0.804 ( 600 )
pb 
600  f y  f y  ( 600  414 )414  0.034
p max  0.75 pb  0.75( 0.034 )  0.026  p Steel yields at failure

26
 Asfy 0.003
a
0.85 fc' b
c
( 3078.76 )( 414 )
a
0.85( 34.5 )( 350 )
d-c
a  124.18mm
εt (strain of steel)

a   1c
124.18  0.804c
c  154.45mm t c

d c c
t 0.003

445  154.45 154.45
 t  0.00564  0.005

This is a tension-controlled section

124.18
0.9(3078.76)414(446  )
a 2
M u  As f y (d  )   440.4kN .m
2 (10) 6

2P P

2m 2m 2m

w  1.2wD  1.6wL  1.2( 4.5 )  1.6( 3 )  10.2kN / m

1.2( 2P )  2.4P
1.2P

27
 2.4P 1.2P

10.2 kN/m
M B 0
A R( 4 )  2.4 P( 2 )  1.2 P( 2 )  10.2( 6 )1  0
B R  0.6 P  15.3
2m 2m 2m

Maximum Positive Moment

M u  R( 2 )  10.2( 2 )1
M u  ( 0.6 P  15.3 )2  10.2( 2 )
440.4  1.2 P  30.6  20.4
440.4  20.4  30.6
P  358.5 kN
1.2

Maximum Negative Moment

M u  1.2 P( 2 )  10.2( 2 )1
M u  2.4 P  20.4
440.4  2.4 P  20.4
P  175 kN

Use P =175kN

28
Case II : Steel does not yield at failure ( pmax < p , fs < fy )
General Procedure for Analysis : Case II
Given: b,d,As,fc’,fy
Required : Mu
1. Check for ductility requirements
p = As/bd

0.85 fc' 1 600

pb 
(600  f y ) f y

pmax = 0.75pb
p > pmax

2. Using the stress and strain diagram solve for fs and a.

Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
b
0.85fc’ 0.003
C=0.85fc’ab
c
d
d-a/2 Mu NA
d-c
As
T =Asfs εs

From the stress Diagram :

∑F =0 C=T 0.85fc’ab = Asfs EQ 1

29
 From the strain diagram
:
s d c
 EQ 2
0.003 c
fs
s 
200000
substitute a in EQ 2, combine with EQ1 to solve for fs and a
c
1
3. Determine Mu
Mu = Ф 0.85fc’ab(d – a/2)
Mu = Ф Asfs (d – a/2)

Problem:
A rectangular beam has b =300 mm, d = 500 mm, As = 6 of 32 mm,
fc’ =27.6 MPa,fy =414 MPa. Calculate the ultimate moment capacity.

30
 6 (32) 2
300 As   4825.49mm 2
4
As 4825 . 49
500 p    0 . 032
bd 300 ( 500 )

As 1.4
p min   0.00338
414
0.85 fc ' 1 600 0.85( 27 .6)0.85(600 )
pb 
600  f y  f y  (600  414 )414  0.02850
Tension Steel
does not yield at failure
∑F =0 C=T 0.85fc’ab = Asfs
0.85( 27.6 )300a  4825.49 f s
f s  1.46 a  EQ.1

s d c s 
fs
 200000
0.003 c a
c
1
a
500 
fs 1

200000 ( 0 . 003 ) a
1

a
500  500(0.85)  a
fs 0.85
 fs 0.85
600 a 
600 a
0.85
0.85

425  a
f s  600( )  EQ.2
a

31
EQ.1  EQ.2
600
1.46a  (425  a)
a
1.46a 2  255000 600a
a 2  410.96a  174657.53  0
 410.96  (410.76) 2  4(174657.53)
a  260.22mm
2
0.003

a   1c c
260.22  0.85c
c  306.14mm d-c

εt (strain of steel)

t c y 
fy

d c c Es
t 0.003 y 
414

500  306.14 306.14 200000
 t  0.0018997  0.005  y  0.00207

 t  0.0018997   y

This is a compression-controlled section

600( 425  260.22)

fs   379.94 MPa  414 MPa
260.22
260.22
0.65( 4825.49 )379.94( 500  )
a 2
M u  As f s ( d  ) 
2 ( 10 )6
M u  440.8kN.m

32