Group 4 Final Paper Revised STA

"THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT
FDA AND NON-FDA APPROVED KN95 MASKS BASED

ON THE MATERIALS”
A Quantitative Research
presented to the Senior High School Unit
CLARET SCHOOL OF QUEZON CITY
Mahinhin St., UP Village, Diliman, Quezon City 1101
in partial fulfillment of the requirements in
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Alde Lorenzo Miguel S.

Barlis Joseph Paul D. F
Laroco John Benedict P.
Pamatian Dann Adrian I
U Christian Dale G.
Grade 12 - STEM – St. Thomas the Apostle
Lapore, Maria Ivora C.

Research Adviser
Date of Completion: December 6 2021

ABSTRACT
People worldwide are using different fact masks to protect themselves with the
most recommended being the KN95 face mask, however, people are not checking
whether their mask is reliable or not. This research aims to educate people in knowing the
difference between FDA approved masks and non-FDA approved masks quantitatively
because the problem is, “how can an individual know if their mask is recommended or
not?” Along the way, three questions are to be asked and answered, “What type of KN95
masks are the most effective according to their materials? “How effective are the
different types of KN95 masks in terms of universal fit? “and “What is the significant
difference between the different FDA and non-FDA approved KN95 masks?”. Through
experimentation and survey questionnaire distribution it is discovered that FDA approved
masks are more recommendable and safer rather than their non-FDA counterpart. This
finding means that people can distinguish real masks from counterfeit masks through
simple observation which can help people improve their decision-making skills. With the
use of charts and tables the data in this research shows the comparison between the KN95
masks and the non-FDA approved masks, and this shows that FDA masks are strong and
are mostly used by people unlike their non-FDA approved counterpart. This research
recommends using more refined data gathering methods, careful survey creation and
distribution and performance of the experiment twice so that data gathered can be
accurate.
Keywords: COVID 19 pandemic, Effectiveness, Fire match test, KN95 mask,

NIOSH ,Universal fit, Water drop test,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The research team would like to thank our consultant teacher Ms. Mejia who
helped us on this journey in creating research. In terms of the Mathematical method of
research the team would like to thank Ms. Editha Alfonso for solving a struggle involving
statistical treatment and Sir Bobbi Macscareñas for introducing the statistical treatments
to the team members. The team would like to give the greatest gratitude to Ms. Lapore
Ivana Maria for helping the team members along the way by educating about the parts of
research and solving problems regarding data.
It would also like to thank the fellow cooperation of the fellow research teammates who
placed their lives in focusing on creating this research. For the data, gathering, the team
would like to thank the respondents (Grade 12 STEM) for answering the survey given by
the research members. The experiment would not have been done without the effort of
the 2 team members who chose to do the experiment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT …………………….…........2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………...……......3
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ……………………………..6
Statement of the Problem ……………………………..8
Scope and Delimitation of the Study ……………………………..9
Significance of the Study ……………………………..11
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK
Related Literature ……………………………..11
Conceptual Framework ……………………………..16
Research Hypotheses ……………………………..17
Definition of Terms ……………………………..17
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
Research Design ……………………………..18
Participants of the Study ……………………………..20
The Instrument ……………………………..21
Validity of the Instrument ……………………………..22
Data Collection Procedure ……………………………..22
Statistical Treatment ……………………………..23

Plan for Data Analysis ……………………………..24
CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

Presentation and Analysis of Data ……………………………..25
LIST OF TABLES
1. Hydrophobic test (FDA) ……………………………...26
2. Hydrophobic test (Non-FDA) ……………………………...27
LIST OF CHARTS
1. Section Distribution of Respondents ……………………………...29
2. Age Distribution of Respondents ……………………………...30
3. Distribution of Respondents in Question 3 ……………………………...31
7. Distribution of Respondents ……………………………...35
Interpretation and Discussion of Data ………………………….......36
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings ……………………………...37
Conclusions ……………………………...37
Recommendations ……………………………...38
References ……………………………...38
Appendices ……………………………...41
1. Survey Questionnaire/Instrument ……………………………...4

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
During the COVID 19 pandemic, face masks are necessary. Many people are
picking up masks so that they themselves can avoid the infection and spread of the virus.
There are multiple types of masks but the most effective and most reliable is the N95
mask series which also includes the KN95 mask, these masks can filter out 95% of
airborne particles which provides more protection than other types of masks like surgical
or cloth (Healthline, 2020). The KN95 mask was developed in China and can be
preferable in any situation especially in close contact or people who are highly at risk of
severe illness from COVID-19 (CDC, 2021). Additionally, people are not aware of how
effective these masks are and what brand of KN95 is the most effective based on its
material. For a mask to become effective it needs to follow three requirements: durability,
level of protection, and the respirator (Halyard health, n.d.). In addition to the KN95
mask problems, there are also cases of counterfeited face which can pose a threat to
people, even some FDA approved masks turned out to be counterfeited (Hohman, K.
2020, November 20). As many masks have not been approved by The National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) based on its respiratory protective devices
(CDC, 2021). Different KN95 masks utilize varied materials to structure the mask. The
structure of masks remains general across assorted brands, but it differs in how many
layers it has, and the materials used such as Polypropylene and others. Polypropylene
(PP) comes from plastic. Polypropylene has a lot of characteristics, for one it is chemical
resistant, tough, resistance to electricity, and retains shape. All KN95 masks do not have
to be made of Polypropylene to be effective. It does not have to follow a standard
structure and materials. What is important is that it filters 95% of particles (HealthDesk,
2021). In Dental products report, it states issue of healthcare workers purchasing
expensive sought after KN95 masks, however failed regulation of the quality made them
purchase counterfeit masks that failed to do the functions at an accepted efficacy, one of
the ones stated in the article only filtered 24-35% of particles. Of the 11 FDA approved
masks tested again, 7 turned out to be faulty and counterfeit which failed to meet the
requirements (Hohman, 2020).
From these problems, people are already beginning to worry about the mask that
they have whether these are legitimate to preserve effectiveness (Sargent, 2020). To test
its effectiveness and even its legitimacy, one must know and test the fabric, fit, and
packaging of the mask that contains, one example of a test that must be conducted in this
research is that of lit match or candle test because a good face mask should not even
move the flame (Carbonaro, 2021). When it comes to face masks, there are 3 things that
users must remember, good fitting is not universal, self-assessing is inaccurate and there
are ways to improve on self-assessment on the masks (O’ Kelly, 2021). There are no
concurrent studies about KN95 masks across the varied brands. So far, there have only
been studies that compare the several types of masks, and what to look for in KN95
masks.
Albeit there are studies that focused on the qualifications and standards of KN95
masks, those studies only compare the several types of masks and how different masks
can curb COVID cases. The reason for checking the effectiveness of the masks based on
brand and quality is because although KN95 masks do not fully protect the wearer against
small and microscopic objects, it can give a true level of protection against the virus in
additional it can also bring the amount of comfortability to the wearer to make breathing
easier (Halyard Health, n.d.). From there, KN95 masks will not only serve as protection
against viruses but also against different liquids and particles of substances that can occur
during hazard-related works or natural disasters like volcanic eruptions and contaminated
areas like nuclear factories.

Statement of the Problem
KN95 masks are the recommended masks in the Philippines. It is ideal against the
multitudes of covid variants such as Lambada and Delta, for they are more contagious
due to smaller droplets. However, the KN95 masks are there to filter the air we breathe in
and breathe out. The idea is to filter the air and to protect people from getting the virus.
This is ideal for our situation because as the virus gets increasingly lethal, people need to
protect themselves with better medical equipment. And to protect themselves, they must
wear masks.

The issue comes from the KN95’s materials used. Unfortunately, not all masks are
made the same. The quality of the materials used is inconsistent and unregulated. In
coherence, myriads of KN95 masks are counterfeit or have low effectivity rate, thus fails
to protect us from the COVID virus and its variants. People sell KN95 masks in streets,
malls, stores and online. In return, some KN95 masks are not regulated, and most are not
FDA approved. Because of the unregulated KN95 masks, it does not uphold the
effectiveness that it should ward off COVID and other respiratory diseases, ergo most
people fall sick in COVID because of it (Healthline, 2020).

Consequently, a lot of people are fooled and left vulnerable. In a societal scale, due
to fake masks, COVID will persist and the never-ending rising of cases and will hinder us
from achieving goals as a person and recover from the economic ruin that we are
currently stuck in right now. Howbeit, developing knowledge on the most popular KN95
masks that people use nowadays will spare them confusion and knowledge whether these
masks are safe to use and effective.
The goal of the experiment is checking the effectiveness of each mask based on
the brand and quality of the material, check if they are durable and able to withstand
other particles aside from the COVID 19 virus itself. The researchers will conduct a
series of experiments that will justify if the mask is effective. From the problems
indicated, we must identify masks that are safe to use and share this information so that it
can educate people on what is an appropriate mask that can withstand not only viruses
but also different substances. In this ongoing pandemic, we must make the right decisions
to circumvent the virus from spreading and infecting us. Developing information about
the appropriate mask will help people on what to choose and reduce the spread of virus.
1. What is the hydrophobic level of:
a. FDA approved KN95 masks

b. Non-FDA approved KN95 masks
2. How effective are the different brands of KN95 masks in terms of universal fit?
3. What is the significant difference between the hydrophobic level of different FDA and
non-FDA approved KN95 masks?

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focused on KN95 masks performance, effectiveness, and protection
against small sub particles.
It identifies the main problem due to lack of education on examination and
demonstration of effectiveness and legitimacy of different KN95 masks because although
KN95 masks offer protection, the strength of it and brand legitimacy and material used
was left unchecked. The goal and purpose of the project is to teach the audience how to
scientifically and quantitively check the different KN95 masks materials based on the
effectiveness of the material quality and brand whether it is recommended or not and the
brand is legitimate. At the end of this research, the project must achieve the following: a
clear and deep understanding of different KN95 masks and the ideal material they should
be made of, opening the methods to the audience about checking the masks that people
own at household, by sending the message to the audience about the importance and
benefits of checking the KN95 masks, and helping them choose the best quality that is
recommended to them based on brand and material quality that contributes to the overall
effectiveness of a KN95 mask.
The project is done because of its relation to the current pandemic, the percentile of
the KN95 mask’s effectiveness (and especially the legitimacy) differs from every brand
available. For this project, tests are to be conducted to examine the build, quality, fit and
layer quantity of the mask in relation to durability, safety, and its reliability. The tests
ranged from the water to candle test, this project will also involve the red dye test, aroma
test and mask fit. At home is where the research will be done to avoid virus contact, it
will be done for a duration of 1 hour per mask. Each KN95 mask costs about 30-120
pesos, but since there are KN95 masks at home the researchers will use them instead as
an alternative.
However, there will be a warning though as one of the experiments will involve
the use of fire so the researchers must handle it with care. Another problem is also
wasting the KN95 masks which could have been used by people.
Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are of great benefit to society considering that face
masks have a significant role in this time of pandemic. High-rate of effectiveness of a
mask has been a huge demand and essential around the world to effectively prevent the
spread of COVID-19 viruses and use for hazardous workplace. Providing reliable
information about the effectiveness of KN95 to society is one of the solutions to educate
people to mitigate the impact of the pandemic.
Citizens will have less risk and more protection against the virus upon knowing
the effectiveness of KN95. They will know how to spot a legitimate or counterfeit mask
and check whether it is durable and comfortable for the wearer.
Healthcare workers. This can provide information in choosing the right face
masks for their work. This can help in increasing their protection against the virus when
providing direct care for COVID-19 patients.
Workers of Hazardous jobs will have better protection against hazardous

particles and can increase their performance due to having better equipment that prevents
them from getting sick because of hazardous materials in their workspace that can
potentially affect their performance in their work.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Why masks are important during the pandemic.
The COVID19 pandemic brought upon the importance of wearing a face mask as
according to the Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention, facemasks can help protect
oneself from respiratory droplets which are caused by coughing and sneezing proving
that wearing a face mask is highly effective against different viruses. In simpler terms,
masks are considered as the mouth’s barrier as they are one of the principal areas where
viruses can affect the person. It is important for people to wear masks even though they
are not sick because they can still spread the virus, it is found in people with
asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic conditions. Another idea mentioned by the CDC is
that right and persistent mask use is a crucial step all people must abide by to reduce the
spread of the virus (CDC 2021).
Makeshift masks
During the initial stages of the pandemic, medical scarcity was a concurrent issue
of the time one of the vital to avoid any exposure to contamination is that mask was the
recommended by the health experts. Ergo to that, people have made makeshift PPE gear
to fight the COVID-19 virus. In addition, they used household materials as substitutes for
protective gear like masks. For example, they used sponges as respirators due to the lack
of masks. But these household substitutes are not enough to fight off the virus just
because they are not as effective as masks certified by NIOSH (Chua H. M et al., 2020).
Universal fit
The universal fit of the masks is quite important when it comes to safety and
filtering air particles. If it is loose fitted, it can allow foreign substances or air particles
through the gaps then it is not safe. In the report, the tightest mask provides the best
safety. With a mask that is not fit or too loose, it will not provide the percentile of
effectivity that it should have. 3M masks are the best universal fit among all the masks
tested. According to Halyard Health, for the rating of the mask, first, it must look after
the ASTM level rating. The rating goes to level 1, level 2, and level 3 barrier, while 3
being the highest-rated rated protection and one being the lowest.
N95 and KN95 masks
Both common cloth and surgical face mask were deemed to be equally ineffective
with filter around 10% and due to significant buildup of exhaled droplets that are still
spreading. It was later again conducted on the more expensive N95 and KN95 masks
were soon to be reported around 50% to be filtered (ScienceDaily, 2021). N95 masks
provide the best safety and are recommended to healthcare workers or people living in
high-risk areas. It filters 95% of particles in the air as small as 0.3 microns. KN95 masks
are the next best thing after N95. Although researchers in the US found out that about
70% of KN95 masks from China do not meet the requirements based on effectiveness as
N95 masks. According to the rigorous testing protocols, conducted by the researchers
from ECRI, both have the same percentage in filtering small sub particles, but KN95 is
said to have less effectiveness than N95 and not required to use for healthcare purposes
as N95, but can still be used outside healthcare settings and can be more effective than
other normal and cloth face masks (Healthline, 2020).
All KN95 masks are not made equal
The rest of 30% of KN95 masks 15 out of 80 precisely still evident to be claimed
to have approved by the FDA and CDC. This is only crucial if applied to the whole
covering is fitted properly and the durability lasted longer and is much more efficient to
reuse for some time (Sky Medical, 2021). Because of other cases the poor fit in wearing
the mask, allows more air to go through gaps without being filtered properly and it does
poorly in filtering because of the poor fit. To counteract this, the cords can be tightened
or close the gaps by layering. Not all masks are created equally. And its function differs
from one mask to another.
Water drop test and Universal fit test
Ways to test the efficacy of the mask are to use an observable experiment by
filtering the mask with water and letting it hang for a while and by seeing if any droplets
were spilled through the fabric as an indication of ability to penetrate by some number of
molecules to be not filtered. The result will be interpreted through the volume of water
that penetrates the mask. There are tests or experiments that can do to test its
effectiveness like the universal fit tests, as they should have been fitted and covered our
mouth and nose. There should be no air gaps as well. It should have layers as well. Such
as the outer fabric being water repellant and the inner fabric filtering the droplets and the
inner fabric that also filters the air and breath.
Fire match test

The light match test is to blow out through the mask and try to flicker or put out
the flame, once the mask is fitted through and try to extinguish the fire and did not light
off it meant that the mask could contain the aerosols within the mask, on the other hand,
if it able to extinguish the fire, the mask is not effective (Carbonaro, 2020). There are
performance metrics that go into consideration when making or buying a mask. First,
fluid resistance means that the mask should repel any forms of fluid such as water,
droplets, and other liquid forms. Secondly, breathability. When breathing, it should have
a controlled airway of breathing, the higher breathing resistance indicates a more filtered
air and lower breathing resistance means more comfortable yet less filtered air. Thirdly,
bacterial filtration measures how much bacteria are filtered and caught. Lastly
flammability, in this test, the tester will have to blow the flame and if it goes out, it is not
safe or good but when it is not put out, it is good. (CDC, 2021).
Counterfeit Masks
There are myriads of masks that are not recognized by NIOSH. Most counterfeits
are not safe and are inhumane for people, especially in this time of pandemic where
masks are a necessity nowadays. Counterfeit masks will leave people vulnerable even
though they are wearing masks, people that are protected just because they are wearing
masks. To know if masks are NIOSH accredited, they should be checked based on the
packaging, and it is best if the masks are to be effective (llinger, 2021).
Hydrophobic Test
This test indicates how good the outermost layer of a mask repels water that
determines its hydrophobic level of the mask (A*STAR, n.d.). If the water on the
outermost layer of the mask was absorbed, it indicates that the mask failed in
hydrophobic test, but if the outermost layer of the mask repels most of the water, it
indicates that the mask is effective and passed the hydrophobic test (UNSW, 2020).
Conceptual Framework:

Figure 1: Effectiveness of different FDA and Non-FDA approved KN95 masks IV-DV
model
The effectiveness of the different FDA and non-FDA approved KN95 masks will
be determined according to its materials and its universal fit. Fit of the masks are
important when it comes to safety and filtering air particles (O Kelly E., 2020). In
addition, the non-FDA and FDA approved KN95 masks are the dependent variable, while
the materials and protection layers of the masks are the independent variables.
Hypothesis
The KN95 masks approved by FDA and the counterfeits or non-FDA approved
will be used to test if certain there are certain counterfeits of acceptable quality for public
use. The materials used on KN95 masks will have the largest overall impact on a mask's
effectiveness in usage.
Definition of Terms
Defined conceptually and operationally

Aroma - specific one of the five basic senses of smell. It is through the observation of
any distinction of smell that inhibits pervasive quality or atmosphere of a particular type.
Aroma test - The aroma test that involves the participants in inhalation of the mask
through the sense of smell meaning that if the mask could enter through with a
distinguish of scent to check its effectiveness. The face mask is presented the well
ventilated of containing the aerosols and virus that if it has an effectual use for safety
measures.
Contamination - It is the act of making things unclean by pollution or poison. In this
case it implies that there was intrusive or impure contact of dirt and the making of
inferior of the material and/or conditions.
KN95 mask - KN95 was one of the face masks known as one of the most reliable and
effective masks available to the public. There were numerous studies that supported these
claims based on said to be 95% filtered aerosol particles.
Match test – A match test that involves the participants in extinguishes of lit fire. When
it is blown through the mask in front of the fire or a candle and if it flickers or puts out
the fire, the mask is proven to be not dependable. On the other hand, when the tester
blows through the mask and if it does not flicker or put out the flame or candle, it is
effective.
NIOSH - The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is a federal
agency that is responsible for conducting such research based on health safety. It is part
of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)and Prevention in the Department of Health and
Human Services (DHHS).
Packaging – Secure and encasement to be preserved. Refers to the encasement and
protection to avoid any spoils and any tainted exposure to any such tampered
conditions.
Respiratory droplets – The aqueous droplet is produced by exhalation through the
mouth and nose that is transmissible by airborne pathogen consisting of saliva or mucus.
It was also known as a Flügge droplet that has the size range between < 1 µm to 1000
µm.
Universal Fit – Designed to fit an accessory. The word “Universal Fit” denotes both
words based on the description of physical fit of the mask’s appropriate wear.
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The wearing of a face mask has been mandated by the government and leading

health officials to minimize the transmission of the COVID-19 virus. The face masks had
been employed and vastly distributed to the public due to the concerns of
ineffectiveness brought from various kinds of counterfeit of face masks. The aim is to
understand the absolute optimal efficacy of the KN95 face masks in terms of its material
of the product, reduction flow of aerosols and the comfort of the fit by its covering. As
the research is going to takes focus more on the quantitative route in proving the
hypothesis thus answering which among “The KN95 masks from multiple distinct
brands of its material will be used to test if certain brands are better of quality in the
making of the masks over others.
Once the data are collected the creation of the presentation will proceed through

data analysis and reviews to make sure that any biases will be avoided.
There are 3 questions to be answered in this research:
1. What is the hydrophobic level of:

a. FDA approved KN95 masks?
b. Non-FDA approved KN95 masks?
2. How effective are the different brands of KN95 masks in terms of universal fit?
3. What is the significant difference between the hydrophobic level of different FDA
and non-FDA approved KN95 masks?
Under the quantitative research design, this will fall on the correlational

design because this research will determine the decision and strength of the connections
of the team’s selected variables. This way the team can get a clear picture of
the traits, trends, and connections as they exist.
The population for the research to be conducted and studied is the involvement of
the Grade 12 STEM students at Claret School of Quezon City. Its probability
sampling method will fall under the stratified random sampling method, this is because it
is easier, however it is riskier to biases so this will have to be done carefully to achieve
the required data. Another group of the population focused on are the experimenters who
involve 2 members of the research team themselves. For the collection of data, it will be
done by a survey while on the other hand the other data gathering method to be done
involves the work of doing experiments.
In this research the data collection methods for this research are the online survey
method and observation method which are to be done quantitatively, these are beneficial.
The survey questionnaire will revolve around the online distribution of the forms that
consist of a series of questionnaires by the Likert scale. To gather quantifiable data based
on the levels of satisfaction, agreeableness, and overall assessment by the respondents.
Another data collection method is the observation method where it involves systematic
measuring or counting of data which is divided by categories and criteria based on the
experiment to proceed with. It is to be determined in advance by which the information of
the experiment procedure is required with a judgement to clearly supplement the research
topic and its hypothesis.
Furthermore, the research of the KN95 face masks should reflect on the outcome
of the data gathered in experiments criteria and the presented Likert scale by the given
numerical data to an observable result. Each of these data collection highlights the raw
analysis for it able to define the relevance, adequacy, reliability, and validity of the
quality of the findings in the study. Thus, the measurement of data should reflect the
appropriate of an in-depth examination of the effectiveness of the KN95 masks. Once the
data has been collected, it can be analyzed by 2 methods the distribution of data (which is
to be categorized) and the central tendency method which can help strengthen the
hypothesis. It is considered important that these data are to be analyzed once finished
collecting because it shows the usefulness of the instrument and the effectiveness of the
data gathering method/s that are used in the research which is also used to avoid any
biases.
Participants of the Study
The researchers chose Batch U grade 12 STEM students as the respondents of this

study. This will not be complicated for the researchers since the researchers are part of
this grade level and will be able to save more time and effort in conducting this survey.
95 students are required to answer the survey. However, it would be preferable if all the
Batch U students could answer the survey, but not all students use KN95 masks. The total
population of grade 12 stem students is 125 excluding the researchers. With this
population, stratified random sampling as a sampling method will be applied since the
population that are expected to answer in this survey is divided into groups based on what
mask they are using, and the target population will be the people who uses KN95 masks
and will be randomly selected as the sample in the target population.
On the other hand, the experimenters are members of the research team who are
going to do the experiment which includes one or two members. The members are going
to be the ones who will be providing different KN95 masks, both FDA and non-
FDA approved and the other required materials that are needed to get the data. This
means that the two members will be the ones who will conduct the hydrophobic test.
Instruments
The researchers will perform one experimentation for data gathering. This
experiment will answer two of the questions in the research such us “What is the
hydrophobic level of different FDA and non-FDA approved” and “What are the
significant difference between the hydrophobic level of different FDA and Non-FDA
approved KN95 masks?”. These two questions will be answered through the analyzation
of the data gathered from the experiment to produce a conclusion to the questions that are
asked. Both questions will be experimented with the same method of hydrophobic test
experimentation to find out the hydrophobic level of the materials used for the different
FDA and non-FDA approved KN95 masks. This will also be classified on a table of
listing differences of one mask to another.
The last will be a questionnaire used to gather data from selected people as the
last question of “How effective are the different types of KN95 masks in terms of
universal fit? "Is a question that requires a wide audience to get the most accurate data.
The questionnaire is made with 2 different methods of answering the questionnaire,
Likert scale will be used for rating on certain questions, questions that would make more
sense to be rated by the respondents, questions such as mask quality, and fit which will
give us data that can be easily compared to one another. and open-ended questions for
questions that will have a wide range of different answers from the audience that cannot
be restricted to only a few answers. The Likert scale will make it easy to determine the
satisfaction of the sample population to their KN95 masks. While for the open-ended
questions are for further inquiries that should allow the respondents to answer them and
reflect on the survey questionnaire.
Validity and Reliability of Instruments
Data gathering requires two instruments which are experimentation and survey for

our study. The experiment implemented by the researchers which is hydrophobic
test were approved and suggested by the teachers and panelists who are alumni
students. For the survey, it contains two types of questions which are Likert scale and
open-ended questions. The survey conducted by the researchers were submitted
to experts on the field of education for validation purposes and were approved for
gathering data regarding our study. The survey overall has become reliable as it is one of
the valuable resources to use when conducting research via interview online whenever
face to face communication is not available with it providing much data to collect.
The hydrophobic test used for data-gathering in determining the effectiveness of

the FDA and Non-FDA approved masks. This test is reliable as it proves the mask can
repel enough water and is water resistant on the outermost layer of the mask. Through
this experiment, the researchers will conduct multiple trials in determining the
effectiveness of the KN95 masks to compare the precision of the results to determine if
the results are consistent and show no errors and inconsistencies in conducting the
experiment on the long way run. From there, the T-test will be used to analyze the data
results from the experiment and once it is conducted, the relationship between the written
data in the experiment and the T-test will be shown which will give the answer to
question one.
Data Gathering Procedure
The data are going to be gathered in two separate ways, the first is going to be
through survey questionnaires and the next is going to be through doing experiments.
During the experiment, the data are to be recorded in a table for the hydrophobic test.
This way the data to be gathered can become quantitative once it is time for analysis. The
procedures will be documented by pictures or a video to show the demonstration of how
the research experiment will be done and the data gathering method using the instruments
that are available to the team members’ homes right now.
The survey will use MS forms to form the survey, two different question types,
Likert scale questions, and open-ended questions. The Likert scale questions will be used
for questions that can be rated and scaled from 1 to 5 with 1 being the lowest satisfaction
and 5 being the most satisfaction towards the KN95 mask. The open-ended questions will
be used for questions that have many varying answers between people, people will
answer in sentences for it. Likert scale questions will have questions that can be rated,
questions like satisfaction of the masks fit, questions that can be answered through rating.
Whilst the open-ended questions will be questions that cannot be answered through
limited answers, questions like what brand their masks are from.
Materials for the hydrophobic test:
1. 6 KN95 masks; 3 FDA Approved and 3 non-FDA Approved
2. Water
3. Measuring Container
4. Jar
5. Timer
Statistical treatment
For the experiment, placement of the data in a table regarding the results and the
observations made throughout the duration of the experiment. Likert scale would be
utilized about the optimal to measure the assertion of the respondents. Overall, the
experiment will be based on the observations and measurements and the data will be
recorded on a table using a Likert scaled method so that the observations made can be
transformed into quantitative data.
Inferential statistic and descriptive statistic will be applied for the statistical treatment for
the research. The appropriate statistical treatments to be used to analyze the data gathered
by the researchers:
1. Measure of central tendencies – Mean

2. T-test
Data Analysis
To recap, the hypothesis of this research is that materials are what make a KN95
mask legitimate and working, while brands will not have much of an effect on it but will
determine the things that affect convenience such as fit and comfort. From this research
the data will be first prepared by using the necessary instruments in data gathering then
once gathered it will organize for data analysis. In this research survey, it will have a total
of 95 respondents through stratified random sampling, this is so that with the criteria of
owning a KN95 mask, the team will receive responses that come from people who own
KN95 masks. For the survey, the collected data will be analyzed using the cross
tabulation and trend analysis method as these will help the researchers quantitatively
check the data collected to provide an answer for the research question “How effective
are the different types of KN95 masks in terms of universal fit? “
For the data analysis in the hydrophobic test, after gathering all data from the
experiment, the team can determine which of the masks has the most effective material
which is by determining its hydrophobic level. We will use the hydrophobic level of the
different FDA and non-FDA approved KN95 masks as our data and analyze it through t-
test to identify the significant difference between the hydrophobic level of different FDA
and non-FDA approved KN95 masks and interpret it through tables. For this experiment
the amount of water that has been collected, repelled, and absorbed is the vital data
needed so that there will be a difference between the 3 different masks of two distinct
categories. The result will be presented by a table that contains the answers that are done
by a T-test which can give strong quantitative data to support the results shown in the
hydrophobic test experiment.
Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the outcome of the data collection. The first section is the
presentation of data and analysis of data. It shows the visual presentation of the data
gathered and their brief explanation. The second section would be the data interpretation
and the discussion of the results.
Presentation and Analysis of Data
Table 1. Hydrophobic Test (FDA)
Water Measurements & Calculation

Duration: 45 minutes
KN95 mask Starting Repelled Amount Collected Absorbed
brand Amount (mL) Amount Amount (mL)
(mL) (mL)
GB2626- Trial 1 17 mL 1 mL 2 mL
2006-AA
20 mL Trial 2 18 mL 1 mL 1 mL
(FDA
Approved) Trial 3: 18 mL 0 mL 2 mL
GB62626- Trial 1: 20 mL 0 mL 0 mL
2006-KN95
20 mL Trial 2: 19 mL 1 mL 0 mL
(FDA
LVTA Trial 1: 17 mL 0 mL 3 mL
(FDA
Trial 2: 17 mL 0 mL 3 mL
Approved) 20 mL Trial 3: 18 mL 0 mL 2 mL
Table 2. Hydrophobic Test (non-FDA)
Water Measurements & Calculation

Duration: 45 minutes
KN95 mask Starting Repelled Amount Collected Absorbed
brand Amount (mL) Amount Amount (mL)
(mL) (mL)
POWECO Trial 1: 0 mL 17 mL 3 mL
M
(non-FDA
Xan ni Qing Trial 1: 20 mL 0 mL 0 mL

(non-FDA 20 mL Trial 2: 17 mL 2 mL 1 mL
Approved)
Trial 3: 15 mL 3 mL 2 mL
Off brand Trial 1: 15 mL 3 mL 2 mL

KN95
(non-FDA
The hydrophobic test experiment functions by testing the surface of a certain

object to see if it can resist water from being absorbed and how repellent that material of
the object is. This if the KN95 mask absorbs the water, the mask would be faulty or not
effective as a mask. The masks should be able to resist the water and not absorb it to keep
the wearer and any others near them safe from each other if a virus were within any of
them. In the table for hydrophobic tests, the table will have two tables, one for the FDA
approved masks, and the other for the non-FDA approved masks. Each table will have
four columns of interest for the experiment, amount of water started with, amount of
water collected, the amount of water repelled, and the amount of water absorbed. The
experiment is performed multiple times in this test, testers repeated three times each to
eliminate any errors and to confirm results are reliable.
The starting amount is the same starting value for all tests so that the experiment
is fair for all tests, the other 3 columns are results from testing which are where the data
comes from. The repelled amount is how much water did not get through or get absorbed
into the mask, The higher the value of repelled water, the more the mask is effective
against the virus. The amount collected is how much water got into the mask but came
out the other side, this is different from being absorbed into the mask as the KN95 mask
had let water pass through but does not stay within the mask. And the last is how much
water is absorbed into the mask, this amount of water absorbed signifies that the mask
fails any check of resistance to water, it did not resist the water, but it did not expel it
either, the KN95 mask absorbed the water into its material deeming this the biggest factor
to determining a masks unreliability.
The P-value obtained from the T-test shows that there is a significant difference
(P<0.05) between the two groups which are FDA and non-FDA approved KN95 masks.
With this statistic, there is a significant difference between the hydrophobic level of
different FDA and non-FDA approved KN95 masks.
Distribution of respondents of the study
Chart 1: Section Distribution of Respondents
Chart 1 shows the visual distribution of respondents according to what grade 12

STEM section they are in. The results imply that most of the respondents are from SSC,
and the least are from SPA. Specifically, with a total sample size of 87, there are 30
respondents from SSC, and there are 25 respondents from STA, and there are 19
respondents from SPB, and there are 12 respondents from SPA.
SSC: 31%
SPA: 15%
SPB: 28%
STA: 26%
Other (test): 1%
Chart 2: Age Distribution of Respondents
Chart 2 shows the visual distribution of respondents according to what age group
they are in. The results imply that most of the respondents are from the age 17 and 18,
and the least are from the age 16. Specifically, with a total sample size of 98, there are 64
respondents (65.00%) from the age 17 and are 26 total respondents (27.00%) from the
age 18, and only 6 respondents (6.00%) for age 16.
6 total respondents for 16 years old: 6%

Chart 3: Distribution of Responses on Question 3

Chart 3 shows the results of the answers of the respondents with questions related
to satisfaction with the mask. Based on 5 indicators, 68(69%) students rated between 4-5
meaning they were comfortable with their KN95 masks. While only 9(8.82%)
respondents rated 1-2 meaning they were uncomfortable with their KN95 masks.
33 (32.34%) respondents – 5
21 (20.58%) respondents - 3

Chart 4 shows the visual distribution of respondents according to how often they
use KN95 masks. The results imply that 47.1% of the respondents rated between “4-5”.
Specifically, with a total sample size of 98, 25 chose 5, 23 chose 4, 18 chose 3, 19 chose
2, 13 chose 1 and 3.29 being the average number.
1 – 13 respondents (12.74%)

Chart 5 shows the visual distribution of respondents according to how they got
their KN95 masks. The results imply that 74(76%) of the respondents responded,
“provided by pharmaceutical companies”, “we bought it online”, and “drug stores”.
Specifically, with a total sample size of 98, 24 respondents responded, “Bought by
parents”, “parents are the ones”, “provider for masks”, etc.
74 respondents – “I just got this from my parents”, “NA”, “mom”, “provided by

pharmaceutical companies”, and “drug stores”.
24 respondents – “bought by parents”, “parents are the ones”, “provider for
masks”, “masks or cloth”, “KN95 mask”, “online bought”, “ordered online”, “online
store”, “bought it online”, “bought from the pharmacy”, “drug store”, “extra mask”,
“surgical mask”.

Chart 6 shows the visual distribution of respondents according to what their KN95
masks are. The results imply that 81(%) of the respondents responded, “I’m not familiar
with that”, “N/A”, “3m”. With a total sample size of 98, 24 respondents responded ”,
“powecom KN95”, “OEM”, “McBride”, etc.
81 respondents – “Not familiar with that”, “N/A”, “3m”

17 respondents - “indoplas Philippines”, “unbranded”, “indoplas KN95”, “not sure”,
“Korean brand”, “generic brand”, “powecom KN95”, “OEM”, “McBride”, “soom lab”,
“specific brand”, “idk”, “Ltd hoplon”, “unbranded”
Chart 7:
Chart 7 shows the visual distribution of each rating of KN95 masks. The results
infer that Indoplas KN95 mask is the most approved among all the masks in terms of
universal fit, while the least approved mask is LVTA non-FDA KN95 mask according to
the respondents of our survey. There is a huge gap of approval between FDA and non-
FDA approved KN95 masks.
The first 2 chart shows the demographics of the respondents that answered the
survey. We can observe that most of the STEM students are respondents from section
SSC, with STA coming at a second, SPB with at third, and finally SPA with the least
answered. The second chart shows the age of the respondents, only a small percentage of
the respondents from Grade 12 STEM are 16 years old, with 17 years old being the most
sitting at 64% of the respondents and some being 18 years old at 26% of the respondents.
For the Likert scale questions, we can observe that each person has varying
feedback towards their KN95 masks. The total average of the respondents answered
question 3 of their satisfaction towards the masks comfort, was 3.87 average rounded off
to 4, which can imply that most of the respondents find their KN95 masks comfortable
and are satisfied with its comfort and fit. As seen only a total of 8 respondents rated the
comfort of the masks of 1 or 2 ratings. Question 4 however observes an equal spread of
ratings for how often the respondent's user their KN95 masks, as seen in the bar graph of
question 4, the respondents are divided evenly of the ratings, 2, 3, 4, and 5. There are a
few variables that could affect these results such as some of the respondents not going out
commonly and thus do not get to use their mask as common as they would have if they
did.
Finally, the open-ended questions which are numbers five and six. Respondents
will answer questions where there are too many answers for them to be limited to certain
ones, but for the general, question 5 asks where the respondents got their KN95 mask, we
see the answers range from unknown due to their parents being the one to buy these, and
some answering online shopping sites such as Shopee, or Lazada. Meanwhile question 6
contains answers that ask which brands of KN95 masks the user's bought and used.
About 17% of the respondents claim that their KN95 masks are from Indoplas brand, 3M
brand of KN95 masks comes in for second in most frequent brand, finally the one with
only a few of which the respondents answered is POWECOM and McBride.
Interpretation and Discussion of Results

Based on the T-test and the experiment, the FDA approved KN95 masks are more
hydrophobic and water resistant on the outermost layer protection of the mask because
the data from the experiment shows that the FDA approved KN95 masks repelled more
water than the non-FDA approved KN95 masks. The T-test proves that there is a
significant difference between the hydrophobic level of different FDA and non-FDA
approved KN95 masks.
To connect this with universal fit, a chart is going to help determine it, presented
here are 13 different mask brands which contain 7 different FDA approved masks and 6
non-FDA approved masks. In this chart it also shows how many respondents answered
the Likert scale ranging from 1-5. By viewing this chart, it could be made out that for the
FDA approved masks majority of the respondent answered 4 and the brand name of this
mask “3M” with “Indoplas” topping of second place as most rated mask. For the non-
FDA approved masks on the other hand all responses are equal to one which shows that
FDA approved masks are more recommended to buy and use than the non-FDA approved
masks and the 3m KN95 mask is the most effective in terms of universal fit according to
the respondents of our survey.
Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations of the study.
Summary of Findings
The statistics obtained from the experiment, survey and statistical treatments
show that the FDA approved KN95 masks can repel more water. While non-FDA
approved KN95 masks have some water that passed through from the outermost layer
protection to the other side of the mask and that there is a significant difference between
the hydrophobic level of FDA and non-FDA approved KN95 masks. Furthermore, FDA
approved KN95 masks are more effective compared to non-FDA approved KN95 masks
in terms of universal fit as the 3M with indoplas topping as second.
Conclusions
With other KN95 masks being ineffective and not approved and recommended to
be used, many people are not aware of the effectiveness of different FDA approved and
non-FDA approved KN95 masks. The focus in this research and the researchers is to
know “the significant difference between the hydrophobic level of FDA and non-FDA
approved KN95 masks”, “what is the hydrophobic level of FDA and non-FDA approved
KN95 masks”, and “the effectiveness of these KN95 masks in terms of universal fit”.
With all the results and data gathered by the researchers, the researchers have made a
conclusion that there is a significant difference between the different FDA and non-FDA
approved masks, FDA approved KN95 masks are the most effective based on its own
materials, and 3M with indoplas KN95 masks are the most effective in terms of fit and
comfortability of the mask. With the current data gathered and the use of central mode of
tendencies and T-test, the researchers were able to determine the answers for the focus
and questions of the study and the effectiveness of different FDA and non-FDA approved
KN95 masks. These results should represent the core objectives to familiarize the
intentions of the researchers’ hypothesis and findings. From this assessment, these are
quite certain that the problems people had already acknowledged the KN95 mask that
they have wondered about whether these are legitimate to preserve effectiveness against
the Sars-Cov-2 virus during these times of pandemic.
Recommendations
1. Find more data collection methods to avoid less quantitative data errors in the
research.
2. Expand on the quality and quantity of questions within survey
3. Avoid use of open-ended questions as answers will vary widely and some could
be illegitimate answers.
4. Distribute the survey questionnaires efficiently
5. Perform the experiments twice in order to avoid any systematic error that could
occur.
References
A*STAR (n.d.). EXPLAINER: TESTING THE EFFICACY OF PROTECTIVE FACE

MASKS. From https://www.a-star.edu.sg/News-and-Events/a-star-news/news/covid-19/
explainer-testing-the-efficacy-of-protective-face-masks - Hydrophobic test and flame test
Carbonaro, G. (2020, August 19) 3 ways you can test the effectiveness of your face
masks. https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2020-08-19/3-ways-you-can-test-the-effectiveness-
of-your-facemask-T0PTPlphaE/index.html
CDC (September 3, 2021) Counterfeit Respirators / Misrepresentation of NIOSH-

Approval. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/usernotices/counterfeitResp.html
CDC (2021 April 6) Improve the Fit and Filtration of Your Mask to Reduce the Spread
of COVID-19 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/mask-fit-
and-filtration.html
Chua H. M et al. (2020, August 7). Face Masks in the New COVID-19 Normal:
Materials, Testing, and
Perspectives https://spj.sciencemag.org/journals/research/2020/7286735/
Diaz D. (2021, August 6) How different masks protect against Covid-19, and its delta and
lambda variants. Report Finds KN95 Masks Not as Effective as N95
Masks. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/report-finds-kn95-masks-not-as-
effective-as-n95-masks
Drillinger, M. (2021, February 3) which facial covering is better? experts talk, KN95,

surgical, and cloth masks. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/which-facial-
covering-is-betterexperts-talk-kn95-cloth-and-surgical-masks
Halyard Health(n.d)Choosing the Right Face Mask: 3 Things to
Know https://www.halyardhealth.com/articles/face-mask/choosing-the-right-face-mask-
3-things-to-know/
Health Desk (2021, July 30). How are N95 masks

made? https://health-desk.org/articles/how-are-kn95-masks-made
Hohman, K. (2020, November 20). Updated: FDA bans use of some KN95 masks weeks
after failed testing. Dental Products Report. Retrieved October 12, 2021,
from https://www.dentalproductsreport.com/view/fda-bans-use-kn95-masks-weeks-after-
failed-testing
Macintyre R. C. (2020, August 13). How do I know if my mask actually works? What
about the ‘candle test’? From https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/health/how-do-i-
know-if-my-mask-actually-works-what-about-candle-test - Hydrophobic test
O'Kelly, E. (2020, April 21) High-filtration masks only work when they fit - So we
created a new way to test if they do. https://theconversation.com/high-filtration-masks-
only-work-when-they-fitso-we-created-a-new-way-to-test-if-they-do-155987
Sargent J. (2020 September 17) Non-scientific ways you can test your cloth, N95 or
KN95 masks at home https://www.sfgate.com/shopping/article/non-scientific-ways-to-
test-your-face-masks-15575341.php
ScienceDaily (2021, August 19) Study supports widespread use of better masks to curb
COVID-19
indoors. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/08/210819124528.html
Sky Medical (n.d.). KN95 Masks: How Effective are They? https://skymedical.us/kn95-

maskshow-effective-are-they/
THE DRS (2020, September 22). Find Out If Your Face Mask Is Effective with a 2-Step
Test. From https://www.thedoctorstv.com/articles/find-out-if-your-face-mask-is-
effective-with-a-2-step-test - Water resistant test and flame test
References
Follow the APA, 6th Edition style for referencing.

Appendices
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"THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT

FDA AND NON-FDA APPROVED KN95 MASKS BASED

presented to the Senior High School Unit

CLARET SCHOOL OF QUEZON CITY

Mahinhin St., UP Village, Diliman, Quezon City 1101

in partial fulfillment of the requirements in

Alde Lorenzo Miguel S.

Grade 12 - STEM – St. Thomas the Apostle

Lapore, Maria Ivora C.

Date of Completion: December 6 2021

Keywords: COVID 19 pandemic, Effectiveness, Fire match test, KN95 mask,

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL

Participants of the Study ……………………………..20

The Instrument ……………………………..21

Validity of the Instrument ……………………………..22

Data Collection Procedure ……………………………..22

Statistical Treatment ……………………………..23

CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Survey Questionnaire/Instrument ……………………………...4

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Statement of the Problem

1. What is the hydrophobic level of:

a. FDA approved KN95 masks

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Significance of the Study

Workers of Hazardous jobs will have better protection against hazardous

Why masks are important during the pandemic.

N95 and KN95 masks

Water drop test and Universal fit test

Fire match test

Defined conceptually and operationally

The wearing of a face mask has been mandated by the government and leading

Once the data are collected the creation of the presentation will proceed through

There are 3 questions to be answered in this research:

1. What is the hydrophobic level of:

Under the quantitative research design, this will fall on the correlational

Participants of the Study

The researchers chose Batch U grade 12 STEM students as the respondents of this

Validity and Reliability of Instruments

Data gathering requires two instruments which are experimentation and survey for

The hydrophobic test used for data-gathering in determining the effectiveness of

Data Gathering Procedure

Materials for the hydrophobic test:

1. 6 KN95 masks; 3 FDA Approved and 3 non-FDA Approved

1. Measure of central tendencies – Mean

and the discussion of the results.

Presentation and Analysis of Data

Table 1. Hydrophobic Test (FDA)

Water Measurements & Calculation

Table 2. Hydrophobic Test (non-FDA)

Water Measurements & Calculation

Xan ni Qing Trial 1: 20 mL 0 mL 0 mL

Off brand Trial 1: 15 mL 3 mL 2 mL

The hydrophobic test experiment functions by testing the surface of a certain

Distribution of respondents of the study

Chart 1: Section Distribution of Respondents

Chart 1 shows the visual distribution of respondents according to what grade 12

6 total respondents for 16 years old: 6%

Chart 3: Distribution of Responses on Question 3

Chart 4: Distribution of Responses on Question 4

Chart 5: Distribution of Responses on Question 5