TK-14 - Report - Assignment 1

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UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
FACE MASK WITH EMBEDDED BIOSENSORS THAT CAN

DETECT THE PRESENCE OF VIRUS
Report Assignment 1
GROUP TK14
GROUP PERSONNEL:
BHUJANGGA BINANG JALANTARA (1806148391)
ELISSA OKTAVIANA KUSUMA DEWI (1806199612)
IVA AYU ARDIYANTI (1806199575)
MERRY CHRISTINE MARSAULINA (1806199480)
NABILA PUTRI NURSAFERA (1806199820)
TIFFANY BERLIANA (1806148605)
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
MARCH 2021
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
At the end of 2019, the whole world was affected by a new pandemic,
respiratory virus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), reported
initially in Wuhan, in China. According to the data provided from the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO),
respiratory diseases outbreaks have become more constant over the past few years,
as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2002, H5N1 Influenza (avian
FLU) in 2004, H1N1 Influenza (swine FLU) in 2009, the Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) in 2012, H7N9 Influenza in 2013, the Enterovirus D68 in 2014,
and more.
During the pandemic, people should use a face mask every time they going
out to prevent virus spread. During the pandemic, people should use a face mask
every time they going out to prevent virus spread. Consequently, the demand for
face masks increased throughout 'new normal' life. There are several types of
existing commercial face masks, such as cloth masks and medical or single-use
masks. These masks did not grant protection from virus infection, but it has only a
small risk of droplet transmission, especially during exhalation. Despite that, there
has still been intensive research and developmental efforts to improve the filtering
pollutants and performances for masks. Biosensors are one of the technologies that
could be applied to the development of masks. Biosensors are defined as
instruments that combine a biological component that detects an analyte with a
physicochemical component that generates a measurable signal.
Based on that problem, the authors have conducted the survey by

qustionnare and interviews in order to explore the needs from the customers to
design a product about facemask with biosensor that can detect the presence of
virus. Series of questions is to be asked to random respondents through online media
by online questionnaire and interview. The respondent from online questionnaire
are 80 people and from interview are 8 people that has potential to be our customer.
After that, the authors made a list of customer’s needs consist of 16 needs that have
been interpreted based on both data. The authors grouped all those needs into 4
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Universitas Indonesia
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different groups, which is product performance, product perception, product

regulation and product retailing. Then, the authors ranked all 16 needs from range
1-5. From customer’s needs list, the authors can know about what kind of
improvement that needed to improve from existing product. The authors found that
the customer need a facemask with embedded biosensor that can detect the presence
of virus that equipped with air purifier. The authors also found that the customer
need a facemask that comfortable to wear, has good durability, has a good shape,
and has a good air circulation.
In designing a new product, it is important for having a benchmark to the

existing products. This having a purpose for deciding the position of the new
product among the other existing product on the same market. This benchmark data
results used to determine the marginal and ideal values for the product specification.
Marginal value is the value of the specification that can be accepted by consumers,
while the ideal value is the best value for each specification. These value is
important to set the target values for the metrics by categorizing the available
information and directs to bried picture about how the product will be designed to
fulfill the customers needs.
The authors can conclude that most customer consider the comfortableness,
the filtration rate of the face-mask, and the ability to detect virus which means the
market needs a product that is practical to use but also comfortable and more
sophisticated technology that able to protect the customers from virus and other
foreign objects. Further research is necessary to determine the concept of the
product that will be applicable in the daily life.
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LIST OF CONTENT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................... 2
LIST OF CONTENT ............................................................................................ 4
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER 1 .......................................................................................................... 7
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 7
1.2 Problem Formulation .................................................................................. 8
1.3. Problem Boundaries ................................................................................... 8
1.4 Writing Objectives....................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................ 10
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................... 10
2.1 Type of Masks ............................................................................................ 10
2.2 Biosensors ................................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Introduction to Biosensors .................................................................... 11
2.2.3 Classification of Biosensors ................................................................. 12
2.2.3.1 Based on Biological Signal ................................................................ 13
2.2.3.2 Based on Transduction ...................................................................... 14
2.2.4 Characteristics of Biosensor ................................................................. 16
2.2.4.1 Selectivity .......................................................................................... 16
2.2.4.2 Reproducibility .................................................................................. 16
2.2.4.3 Stability .............................................................................................. 16
2.2.4.4 Sensitivity .......................................................................................... 16
2.2.4.5 Linearity ............................................................................................. 17
2.3 Respiratory Virus ...................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................ 21
NEEDS IDENTIFICATION AND IDEAS SELECTION ............................... 21
3.1 Determining Needs .................................................................................... 21
3.1.1 Market Analysis Method ...................................................................... 21
3.1.2 Target Customers/Respondents Characteristic ..................................... 21
3.1.3 Result of Needs Determination ............................................................. 25
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................ 34
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION .......................................................................... 34
4.1 Metrics Listing ........................................................................................... 34
4.3 Similiar Existing Product Benchmarking ............................................... 36
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................... 41
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 42
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LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 1
Table 1. 1 Problem Boundaries ................................................................................8
CHAPTER 3
Table 3.2 Costumers’ Needs Interpretation ...........................................................30
Table 3. 3 Arranged List of Needs .........................................................................31
Table 3.4 Grouping and Ranking of Needs ............................................................32
CHAPTER 4
Table 4.1 List of Metrics .......................................................................................35
Table 4.2 Metrics of Needs ...................................................................................36
Table 4. 3 Spesification of 2 Popular Masks in Demand .......................................38
Table 4. 4 Specification of Own Product Value, Marginal Value, and Ideal Value
................................................................................................................................40
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LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 2
Figure 2.1. A schematic of The Biosensors Work ................................................12
Figure 2.2. Various types of biosensors. Based on biological signal: (a)
antibody/antigen; (b) enzyme catalysed; (c) nucleic acid; (d) cell based. Based on
transduction; (e) optical; (f) electrochemical; (g) piezoelectric; (h) thermal. ........13
CHAPTER 3
Figure 3.1. Percentage of Respondents' Age..........................................................21
Figure 3.2. Percentage of Respondents's Job .........................................................22
Figure 3.3. Percentage of How Often Respondents buy facemask in a month ......22
Figure 3.4. Respondents’ Concern About Respiratory Virus ................................23
Figure 3.5. Kind of Respiratory Virus that Respondent's Concerning About........24
Figure 3.6. Kind of Facemask's that Respondents Like .........................................25
Figure 3.7. Disadvantage of Facemask ..................................................................26
Figure 3.8. The Most Important Quality in a Facemask ........................................26
Figure 3.9. Respondent's Interest in Biosensor Facemask .....................................27
Figure 3.10. Expected Features in Biosensor Facemask ........................................28
Figure 3.11. Type of Signal in Biosensor Facemask .............................................28
Figure 3.12. Options for Facemask Shape .............................................................29
Figure 3.13. The Most Comfortable Facemask Shape ...........................................29
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still

going on in over 200 countries. COVID-19 is mutating all the time, and new virus
forms are predicted to emerge over time. Occasionally, new variations appear and
then disappear. At other times, new variants appear and become established. The
number of COVID-19 cases is expected to rise, which would increase demand for
the health system. To prevent spreading of COVID-19 virus, there are many
preventive ways that people can apply to their life such as social distancing, proper
hygiene. For the most part, the lockdown, social and physical distancing has been
difficult to bear. The more strict government policies are, the more people desire to
break them. This situation can really affect people’s life in every aspect, especially
economy and social life. To allow the economy and social life to restart, the
government has already eased restrictions to stop the virus from spreading.
Living through a 'new normal' life during this pandemic is not easy, we
should prepare on how best to protect ourselves when we have to go out. Besides
applying health protocol such as washing hand, we have to use Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) such as facemask, face shield, disposable gloves that can. Using
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) when go out is really important because it
can prevent virus to enter our body and protect us when coming into contact with
an infected person. Facemask is the most usable PPE in the world because it is easy
to use and proven effective to prevent virus. Therefore, the demand for facemasks
would have been increased during the pandemic. To reduce the risk of infection,
the type of facemask material used is crucial. In a healthcare environment, a study
found that the risk of Influenza was significantly higher in the cloth mask group
than in the medical mask group. Despite that, there has still been intensive research
and developmental efforts to improve the filtering properties and performances for
masks.
Biosensors are one of the technologies that could be applied to the
development of masks. Biosensors are defined as instruments that combine a
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biological component that detects an analyte with a physicochemical component

that generates a measurable signal. Right now, biosensors are used in a large range
of applications to enhance human lives in biological sector. Biosensor is really often
to used for detecting virus in several virus testing for health sector. Since biosensors
can detect the presence of viruses, it has the potential to be applied to masks for the
prevention of viruses spread. This is an innovative strategy for increasing mask
usage to help control the pandemic.
1.2 Problem Formulation

Based in the problem which have been identified, the authors will discuss
some of the problems addressed by the foregoing background in order to create a
face mask with embedded biosensors that can detect the presence of virus,
including:
• What are the disadvantages of the face mask nowadays?
• What needs to be included in a face mask’s consumer?
• What are the expected features of a face mask with embedded biosensors?
• What are the specifications of a face mask with embedded biosensors that
fulfill consumer needs?
1.3. Problem Boundaries
Table 2. 1 Problem Boundaries
Problem Boundaries
Product Description A face mask with embedded biosensor that can detect
the presence of virus that includes air purifier
Key Business Goals A biosensor based face mask that can detect the
presence of virus
Primary Market Distributor
Retail Shop
Marketplace
Obstacle Demand for product
Stake Holder Customers
Distributors
(Source: Personal Data, 2021)
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1.4 Writing Objectives

The objective of writing this assignment is as an initial step in designing a
face mask with embeded biosensor that can detect the presence of virus. This
assignment gives us information on how to gather information regarding the market
needs and the problems related to the existing product and how to overcome with
it. There are other objectives, such as:
• To know the market needs about the face mask.
• To know the disadvantages of the existing face mask.
• To study about applying biosensor to facemask that can detect the virus to
make an improvement to existing facemask product in the market.
• To determine the proper product that fulfill the market needs by conducting
online survey and interview to the potential costumer.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Type of Masks
Respiratory masks (RM) are protective devices covering a part of the face.
They are designed to protect both the person who wears them and the immediate
environment from breathable pollutants (respiratory poisons or bacterial/viral
pathogenic organisms). Different masks can be classified as
• Full masks (normed following EN 136)

• Half and quarter masks (EN 140)
While a full mask covers the whole face, a half-mask fits from under the
chin to above the nose, a quarter mask fits from the top of the nose to the top of the
chin. The breathing resistance varies proportionally to the density of the mask
material.
FFP masks (filtering face pieces) are classified as half masks. It is required
to prevent pathogens entry into the human’s body through the airway, and it can
protect both the wearer and the surrounding people. They are different from medical
MNC, (often referred to as “surgical masks”), and from “self-made” masks for
everyday use. MNCs and self-made masks are not “leak-proof” and do not provide
complete respiratory protection since air can escape through them. FFP masks come
without or with a valve. FFP (filtering face piece) masks with valves provide an air
flow from the inside to the outside of the mask. FFP 1 masks are dust masks and
mainly used for this purpose. They do not prevent COVID-19 infections. FFP1
masks are suitable for work environments in which only non-toxic dusts are found.
FFP2 masks are suitable for work environments where there are pathogens and
mutagens in the air composition.
In the context of SARS-CoV-2 the following types of masks are available (WHO,
2020):
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1. Masks for everyday use (temporary masks made from fabric, etc.): These
masks grant no protection for the user from being infected. However, it is
safe to assume there is a small risk reduction for droplet transmission,
especially during exhalation, resulting in a reduction of potential viral
spread. These masks should not be used in the health care system but are
commonly recommended for the general population for walking, shopping,
or using public transportation.
2. MNP (= medical mouth–nose protection): often referred to as a “surgical
mask”. The industrial production of MNP abides to strict rules to provide
protections against infection. The filtering capability is like the one for
everyday use masks and they are intended to protect patients. They are
approved for medical staff use, warrantying only patient-protection,
specifically aimed against aerosols.
3. FFP2-mask (= face filtering piece)/N95-mask: FFP2-masks fulfil a set of
stricter protective norms. They protect the person wearing them, as > 95%
of particles and droplets are held back when inhaling. FFP2-masks also
effectively protect the environment as long as there is no exhaling valve. In
contrast, masks with an exhaling valve let exhaled air pass out unfiltered,
with contamination of the immediate environment.
4. FFP3-mask: FFP3-masks protect the user even more effectively than FFP2,
as > 99% of droplets and particles are filtered when inhaling. FFP3-masks
also protect the environment in the absence of an exhaling valve.
2.2 Biosensors
2.2.1 Introduction to Biosensors
Biosensors are devices that combine a biological component (e.g., single-
stranded DNA, nucleic acids, enzymes, antibodies, cell receptors) to detect an
analyte and a physicochemical component to produce a measurable signal.
Biosensors convert a biological response into an electrical signal based upon the
types of the biological component. The applications of Biosensors are wide range,
such as biomedicine, drug discovery, diagnosis, food safety and processing, as
disease monitoring, detection of viruses, detection of pollutants, environmental
monitoring.
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2.2.2 Main Components and Mechanism of Biosensors

A biosensor mainly consists of a bioreceptor, transducer, electronics, and
display. Bioreceptor is a molecule that specifically recognizes the analyte. The
analyte then interacts with the bioreceptor and forms a product, which may be an
electric charge, gas, light, heat, pH, charge or mass change, etc. This product is
termed bio-recognition.
Figure 2.1. A schematic of the biosensors work

(source: Bhalla, et. al, 2016)
Bio-recognition then passes through another membrane to reach the
transducer. The transducer converts bio-recognition into a signal which is
measurable. This process of energy conversion is known as signalization. Most
transducers produce either optical or electrical signals that are usually proportional
to the amount of analyte–bioreceptor interactions.
The transduced signal is then processed in electronics and prepared to show.
It is made up of complex electronic circuitry that performs signal conditioning
functions such as amplification and digital signal conversion. Following that, the
biosensor's display unit quantifies the processed signals. The display is commonly
composed of a combination of software and hardware that shows the biosensor's
results in a user-friendly manner. Depending on the end-needs, the display's output
signal may be a picture, graphic, tabular, or numeric.
2.2.3 Classification of Biosensors
Biosensors are classified based on the type of biological signaling
mechanism they use or the transduction they use.
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Figure 2.2. Various types of biosensors. Based on biological signal: (a) antibody/antigen; (b)
enzyme catalysed; (c) nucleic acid; (d) cell based. Based on transduction; (e) optical; (f)
electrochemical; (g) piezoelectric; (h) thermal.
(source: Morrison, et. al., 2007 “reproduced”)

2.2.3.1 Based on Biological Signal
A) Enzyme based sensor
This type of biosensor works based on catalytic action and binding
capabilities for specific detection. The bioreceptor is made up of enzymes that
detect the targeted analyte from a sample matrix. The lock and key and induced fit
principles can be used to describe the enzyme's highly specific mechanism of action
in this type of biosensor. These biosensors can detect much lower limits than usual
binding techniques because of the enzyme's specific catalytic reaction.
B) Antibody based sensor
The antibody was commonly mobilized on the transducer surface. Antibody
molecules would interact with their target antigen to form an antibody-antigen
complex if an antigen is present on the sample. This form of biosensor takes
advantage of the antibody-antigen complex's high specificity. The chemical or
physical parameters of the transducer surface will be modified by this antibody-
antigen complex.
C) Nucleic acid (DNA) based sensor
This type of biosensors is based on the complementary relationships
between adenosine and thymine and cytosine and guanine in DNA. By comparing
it to a complementary strand of known DNA, these sensors can detect trace amounts
of microorganism DNA. The probe will hydrolyze to the complementary sequence
on the adjacent strand after unraveling the target DNA strand, adding the DNA
probe, and annealing the two strands. This annealing could be seen under a
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microscope if the probe is tagged with a fluorescent compound. Polymerase chain

reaction (PCR) is commonly used to make several copies of the sample DNA for
accurate analysis.
D) Cell based sensor
Bacteria and fungi can be used as biosensors to detect particular molecules
or the overall state of the ecosystem. For example, cell behavior such as cell
metabolism, cell viability, cell respiration, and bioluminescence can be used as
indicators for the detection of heavy metals. In relation, specific analytes can also
be detected by proteins present in cells as bioreceptor.
2.2.3.2 Based on Transduction
A) Optical Biosensors
Optical biosensors are the widest range of applications of biosensors
because they can be used for dispersion spectrometry, absorption, phosphorescence,
fluorescence, Raman, refraction, and SERS, among other types of spectroscopy.
These spectroscopic methods may also calculate a variety of properties, including
energy, polarization, amplitude, decay time, and phase.
The most common measurement is amplitude, which is easily associated
with the concentration of the analyte of interest. Another parameter, energy, may
represent changes in the analyte's immediate environment. Changes in light
polarization can be used to detect the presence of molecules bound to a surface.
Since the decay times of fluorescence are highly dependent on the excited state of
the molecules and their local molecular environment, it can also be used to learn
about molecular interactions.
B) Electrochemical Biosensors
The current produced by oxidation and reduction reactions is measured by
electrochemical biosensors. The amperometric biosensor determines the current
generated by electrochemical oxidation or reduction of an electroactive species. A
potentiometric biosensor measures the potential difference between an indicator
and a reference electrode, or between two reference electrodes separated by a
selective membrane when no significant current flows between them. pH electrodes
are the most popular potentiometric devices. For monitoring several enzymatic
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reactions and biological membrane receptors, conductometric biosensors use ion

conductometry or impedimetric devices with integrated electrodes.
C)Thermal-detection Biosensors
Thermal-detect biosensors detect temperature changes in reactions
involving an enzyme molecule and a suitable analyte. The reaction heat, which is
proportional to the analyte concentration, is determined when the analyte
encounters the biocomponent. The molar enthalpy and the total number of
molecules in the reaction are proportional to the total heat produced or absorbed. A
thermistor used to calculate the temperature is known as enzyme thermistors. The
number of reactants consumed, or products produced can be related to the
temperature change. Biosensors of this kind were used to analyze food, cosmetics,
pharmaceuticals, and other components.
D) Piezoelectric
The pairing of the bio element with a piezoelectric component, typically a
quartz-crystal coated with gold electrodes, is the basis for this type of biosensor.
The piezoelectric effect can be found in a variety of materials, including quartz,
tourmaline, lithium niobate or tantalate, oriented zinc oxide, and aluminum nitride.
Quartz's properties are the main justification for its widespread use in analytical
applications.
Label-free detection is possible with piezoelectric transducers. With the
application of a particular electrical signal, these crystals can be made to vibrate at
a specific frequency. The frequency of oscillation is therefore defined by the
electrical frequency applied to the crystal as well as the mass of the crystal. The
oscillation frequency of the crystal varies as the mass of the crystal increases due
to molecule binding, and this change can be calculated electrically and used to
calculate the additional mass of the crystal (mass-sensitive techniques).
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2.2.4 Characteristics of Biosensor

The efficiency of biosensors is affected by the optimization of certain static
and dynamic characteristics, such as selectivity, reproducibility, stability,
sensitivity, and linearity.
2.2.4.1 Selectivity
A biosensor's selectivity refers to its ability to identify a particular analyte
in the presence of other admixtures and pollutants in a sample. The interaction
between an antigen and an antibody is the best example of selectivity. Antibodies
are usually used as bioreceptor and are immobilized on the transducer's surface. The
antigen is then exposed to the transducer in a solution where antibodies interact
only with the antigens. Selectivity is the most important factor to consider when
selecting a bioreceptor for a biosensor.
2.2.4.2 Reproducibility
The ability of a biosensor to produce identical responses for a duplicated
experimental set-up is known as reproducibility. The precision and accuracy of the
transducer and electronics in a biosensor define reproducibility. Precision refers to
the sensor's ability to produce consistent results every time a sample is measured,
while accuracy refers to the sensor's ability to produce a mean value that is similar
to the true value when a sample is measured several times. The response of a
biosensor is more reliable and robust when the signals are reproducible.
2.2.4.3 Stability
The degree of susceptibility to environmental disruptions in and around the
biosensing system is called stability. The precision and accuracy of the biosensor
can be affected as a result of these disturbances. When a biosensor is used in
applications that require long incubation times or continuous monitoring, the most
important aspect is stability. Temperature may affect the response of transducers
and electronics, which can affect the stability of a biosensor. The stability of a
biosensor is enhanced by bioreceptors with high affinities, which support either
tight electrostatic bonding or covalent linkage of the analyte. The deterioration of
the bioreceptor over time is another aspect that affects measurement stability.
2.2.4.4 Sensitivity
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A biosensor's limit of detection (LOD) or sensitivity refers to a small

amount of analyte that it can detect. A biosensor is used in a variety of medical and
environmental monitoring applications to detect analyte concentrations as low as
ng/ml or even fg/ml to confirm the presence of analytes in a sample. consequence,
sensitivity is regarded as a critical characteristic of a biosensor.
2.2.4.5 Linearity
Linearity is a parameter that indicates the accuracy of the measured response
(for a series of measurements with different analyte concentrations) to a straight
line, mathematically described as y=mc, where y is the output signal, c is the analyte
concentration, and m is the biosensor's sensitivity.
The resolution of the biosensor and the range of analyte concentrations
under observation are correlated to the biosensor's linearity. The resolution of a
biosensor is described as the smallest change in analyte concentration needed to
cause a change in the biosensor's response. A good resolution is needed depending
on the application, as most biosensor applications require not only analyte detection
but also measurement of analyte concentrations over a broad working range.
2.2.5 Applications of Biosensors for Viruses Detection
Biosensors are used in a large range of applications to enhance human lives.
This list includes applications such as environmental monitoring, disease detection,
food protection, security, drug development, and more. The identification of
biomolecules that are either indicator of a disease, such as viruses, is one of the
most popular applications of biosensors. Based on how the analysis work, biosensor
detection applications are classified as either "single-shot" or "long-term
monitoring". When cost-effective and disposable sensing platforms are required
for the application, ‘single-shot' analysis tools are used. Another form of analysis
tool, called "long-term monitoring," requires a biosensor to work for several hours
to several days.
Using a triple-arrayed three-electrode chip with polydimethylsiloxane
(PDMS), biosensors for simultaneous detection of H1N1, H5N1, and H7N9 virus
have been developed, with a detection limit as low as 1 pg/mL. The antibodies were
immobilized over the transducer in their research, and the virus antigens were
identified. The genosensor, which is also used to detect influenza viruses, is another
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form of sensor that is gaining traction. The use of RNA or DNA has the advantage
that traditional biosensor assembly relies on the reversible hybridization of single
strands, allowing the transducer surface to be regenerated. Genosensors are also
known for their high detection limit.
Genosensors based on gene gold chips were able to detect nine respiratory
viruses simultaneously using surface plasmon resonance: influenza viruses A and
B, H1N1, RSV, parainfluenza viruses 1–3 (PIV1, 2, 3), adenovirus, and SARS-
CoV-1. The biosensor has a high level of sensitivity as well as selectivity. It's a big
step forward for future research into determining several viruses at the same time
since the illnesses have similar symptoms. In the frontline of the war against
respiratory viruses, the ability to reliably discard and confirm diseases is the main
objective. The public's use of these specific biosensors may be the first step in ruling
out other deadly viruses and, as a result, minimizing the effect on health services.
2.3 Respiratory Virus
Virus is a small collection of genetic code, either DNA or RNA, which is
parasitic that surrounded by a protein coat and cannot reproduce by itself.
Its nucleic acid may be single- or double-stranded. Viruses must infect cells and use
components of the host cell to make copies of themselves. Often, they kill the host
cell in the process, and cause damage to the host organism. The entire infectious
virus particle consists of the nucleic acid and an outer shell of protein is called
a virion. The simplest viruses contain only enough RNA or DNA to encode four
proteins. The most complex can encode 100 – 200 proteins. Wendell Stanley, in
1935, purified and partly crystallized tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and other plant
viruses were crystallized soon thereafter.
Viruses are submicroscopic, which means that it cannot seen by the
microscope. Viruses have two or three components, starting from the inside, it’s a
nucleic acid, which can be either RNA or DNA, and in both cases the nucleic acid
can be either single-stranded or double-stranded. Then surrounding the nucleic acid
will be a protein coat that's in the form of capsid, or little small units that are
assembled in a certain way. But now, some viruses will also have an envelope which
they obtain as they emerge from the cell. Viruses can only survive and replicate
inside a living cell. In many cases, DNA viruses utilize cellular enzymes for
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synthesis of their DNA genomes and mRNAs. All viruses utilize normal cellular
ribosomes, tRNAs, and translation factors for synthesis of their proteins. Most
viruses comman-deer the cellular machinery for macromolecular synthesis during
the late phase of infection, directing it to synthesize large amounts of a small
number of viral mRNAs and proteins instead of the thousands of normal cellular
macromolecules.
Respiratory viruses include a large number of common viruses that may
cause both upper respiratory tract symptoms (the vocal chords and above) and lower
respiratory tract symptoms (below the vocal chords). One of the most common
respiratory viruses is the influenza virus, also known as the ‘flu’. The flu virus
affects the nose, throat and lungs, and can lead to serious lung infections, such as
pneumonia.
Other common types of respiratory viruses include rhinovirus/enterovirus,

parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus, and the newest types of
respiratory virus is novel coronavirus.
Respiratory viruses are the leading cause of disease in humans, worldwide.

While severe morbidity from respiratory virus infection occurs mostly in children,
there is risk to healthy adults, the aged and immunocompromised as well. A wide
range of virus families are able to infect and cause disease through the respiratory
tract, and generally there is little treatment available other than supportive care.
There is a critical need for understanding pathogenesis of infection and the
development of therapeutics for this wide-ranging category of viruses.
Most common respiratory viruses cause mild cold symptoms in healthy

individuals, resulting in significant loss of productivity. The recently emerged
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East
respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) demonstrate the ability for
zoonotic emergence. Owing to the ability to spread via the respiratory route, newly
emerging pathogens such as these have the potential for pandemic spread.
Coronaviruses are part of the Coronaviridae family in the Nidovirales order

that contain the largest viral RNA genomes currently known. The first two human
coronaviruses (HCoV) were identified in the 1960s and are known as HCoV-229E
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and -OC43. This virus, were given relatively little attention until the severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV outbreak in 2003 and in 2019, the new type of
coronavirus called novel coronavirus or SARS-Cov 2 was discovered and put the
world in a pandemic.
Coronavirus virions are spherical with an approximate diameter of 125 nm

and are wrapped in a host-derived lipid envelope. The virions have large protrusions
from the surface of the spike (S) protein which gives a crown-like appearance,
leading to the naming of coronaviruses (corona deriving from the Latin for crown).
Along with S, the viral envelope also contains matrix (M) and envelope (E)
proteins. M is the most abundant protein in the virion and is thought to be
responsible for the shape. The expression of M and E in a cell can produce a viral-
like particle (VLP). Within the enveloped virion, the viral RNA genome is wrapped
in the nucleocapsid (N) protein. All coronaviruses have these four structural
proteins, but some beta-coronaviruses, including HCoV-OC43, also have a
hemagglutinin esterase (HE) in the lipid envelope. The S protein of coronaviruses
is usually responsible for receptor binding and is solely responsible for membrane
fusion for cellular entry.
20
CHAPTER 3
NEEDS IDENTIFICATION AND IDEAS SELECTION
3.1 Determining Needs
Before we design a product, we need to identify the needs of the customer.

This step is really important because we have to design a product that can meet the
customer's needs to make a functional product. To know about the customer's needs,
we did a survey and interview people who can be our customers. From this data,
we can understand what the customer needs regarding our product and we can
develop new ideas to be applied to our product to improve the existing product in
the market.
3.1.1 Market Analysis Method
To analyze customer's needs, we did two methods to gather data from the
customer. The first method that we did is using an online questionnaire. We used
this method because we considered it's the most effective way to gather information
and to broaden respondents. The total number of the respondents from this online
survey is 80 people. The second method that we did is interviewing people. We
interviewed eight people that has the potential to be our customer. This method
helps determine the customer's needs because we can have an interactive discussion
with the respondents. The customer can clearly explain their needs clearer and give
us more insight about what kind of improvement that we can make from the existing
product on the market.
3.1.2 Target Customers/Respondents Characteristic
• Age
Figure 3.1. Percentage of Respondents' Age
21
22
The first question we ask is about the respondents's age to determine

needs based on age grouping. Based on the result from our questionnaire,
most of the respondents' aged are 18 until 24 years old (63.8%), followed
by above 44 years old (17.5%), 25 until 34 years old are 11.3 %, 35 until 44
years old are 5 % and below 18 years old are 2.5%.
• Jobs
Figure 3.2. Percentage of Respondents's Job

The next question in our questionnaire is about the respondents's job.
Our respondents have many different jobs. Most of our respondents are
Student (62.5%), followed by Employee (18.8%), Housewife (10%),
Entrepreneur (2.5%), PNS (2.5%), Teacher (1.3%), and Seller (1.3%).
• How Often Respondents Buying Facemask in a Month
Figure 3.3. Percentage of How Often Respondents buy facemask in a month
When we ask about how often they buy facemask in a month, most
of them purchase facemask 1-3 times a month (76.3%). It is followed by 3-
22
23
6 times a month (20%) and 10-15 times a month (1.3%). Our respondents
also use reusable mask (2.5%), so they don't buy a facemask each month.
• Respondents' Concern About Respiratory Virus
50
45
40
35
30
25
46
20
15
10 23
5 10
0 1 0
5 4 3 2 1
Figure 3.4. Respondents’ Concern About Respiratory Virus
In the following question, we ask about the respondent's concern

about respiratory virus by asking them to fill how concerned they are about
the respiratory virus in a range. Range 5 for very concern, range 4 for
concern, range 3 for neutral, range 2 for not concern and range 1 for not
concern at all. According to data, the respondents has a big concern about
the respiratory virus because our respondents mostly chose range 5 (46
respondents) and 4 (23 respondents). Few people chose range 3 (10
respondents), and only one respondent chose range 2.
23
24
• Kind of Respiratory Virus that Respondent's Concerning About
HIV 3
Corona Virus 79
Virus Flu Burung (H5N1) 43
Virus Flu Babi (H1N1) 43
Typhus 4
TBC 6
pneunomia 47
pertussis 3
Mumps 3
Meningitis 3
Measles 3
Influenza 46
Diphtheria 2
Chickenpox 2
Cough 3
Anthrax 2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Figure 3.5. Kind of Respiratory Virus that Respondent's Concerning About
Our respondents have many varieties for kind of respiratory virus

that they are concerned about. Most of the respondents choose Corona Virus
(79 respondents). It makes sense because currently, there is a Corona Virus
pandemic in the world. This result is followed by people who choose
pneumonia (47 respondents), 46 respondents who choose Influenza, 43
respondents choose H5N1 and H1N1. There also some virus was chosen by
few people, such as TBC (6 respondents), Typhus (4 respondents), HIV (3
respondents), Pertussis (3 respondents), Mumps (3 respondents), Meningitis
(3 respondents), Measles (3 respondents), Diphtheria (2 respondents),
Chickenpox (2 respondents), Cough (2 respondents) and Anthrax (2
respondents).
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25
• Kind of Facemask's that Respondents Like to Use
Figure 3.6. Kind of Facemask's that Respondents Like
We want to know what kind of facemask that respondents like to

use. The result on data below shows that 57.5% of 80 respondents said
disposable surgical is the most kind of material that they like to use,
followed by 32.5% of 80 respondents like to use cloth, 7.5% of 80
respondents like to use N95 or KN95, 1.3% of 80 respondents like to use
respirator 3M or LG PuriCare, and 1.3% of 80 respondents like to use both
disposable surgical and KN95.
3.1.3 Result of Needs Determination
• Disadvantages of Facemask in General
The data shows that 50 respondents said poor air circulation is the
most unwanted disadvantage when using a facemask. It is followed by 47
respondents who said causing glasses to fog up, 35 respondents said not
tight when using a facemask, 33 respondents said the strap of mask that is
uncomfortable to wear, 26 respondents said a facemask not reusable, two
respondents said causing excessive facemask waste, and each one
respondent said smells terrible, not practical, causing acne, the design is
uncomfortable, and the strap easily break.
25
26
Not tight 35
Causing glasses to fog up 47
Uncomfortable Strap Mask 34
Poor air circulation 50
Not Reusable 28
Smells bad 1
Not practical 1
Causing acne 1
The design is uncomfortable 1
The product used already satisfying 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 3.7. Disadvantage of Facemask
• The Most Important Quality in a Facemask

When choosing a facemask, the respondents pay attention to the
quality of the facemask. The result shows that 69 respondents chose
effectiveness in filtering viruses as the most important quality in a facemask.
It means that the respondents pay attention to the virus that is currently
endemic in the world. It is followed by 62 respondents who chose
comfortable circulation during use a facemask, 49 respondents selected the
comfort of facemask strap that doesn't make the earlobe hurt, 28 respondents
chose the shape of the facemask, two respondents chose durable facemask,
and each one respondent said easy to maintain, safe and comfortable, and
simple and effective.
Effectiveness in filtering viruses 69

The shape of the facemask 28
Comfortable circulation during use 62
The comfort of facemask strap that… 49
Durable 2
Easy to maintain 1
Safe and comfortable 1
Simple and effective 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Figure 3.8. The Most Important Quality in a Facemask
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27
• Respondent's Interest in Biosensor Facemask

We want to know how much interest our customers have in our products.
Figure 3.9. Respondent's Interest in Biosensor Facemask
And the result shows respondents with "Yes" as the answer take 92.5% from
80 respondents, while respondents with "No" as the answer take 7.5% from
80 respondents. It means that the opportunity of biosensor facemask selling
in the market is wide open because most frequently answer yes interested in
facemask that use biosensors as a preventive to detect viruses.
• Expected Features in Biosensor Facemask

The data shows that 71 respondents need a biosensor facemask that
can detect the respiratory virus. Followed by 55 respondents who need a
biosensor facemask that there's a notification when it's time to change the
filter to make it easier to breathe again, 50 respondents need a biosensor
facemask that can be connected with a gadget to monitor temperature and
oxygen saturation, and 43 respondents need a biosensor facemask equipped
with an air purifier. Each respondent needs a biosensor facemask with a
modular system customized according to user convenience, built it wi-fi,
and has a strap that elastic. It means that our team must combine their needs
with our product.
27
28
It can detect the respiratory virus 71
Equipped with an air purifier 43
Can be connected with a gadget to monitor

50
temperature and oxygen saturation
There is a notification when it is time to change
55
the filter to make it easier to breathe again
Modular system which can be customized
1
according to user convenience
It has built in Wi-Fi 1
Elastic strap 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Figure 3.10. Expected Features in Biosensor Facemask
• Type of Signal in Biosensor Facemask

When we want to design this product, we need to know what kind
of signal customers expected when a biosensor facemask is detecting a
virus. The result shows that 49 respondents chose the color change on the
facemask as the most expected signal. Seventeen respondents chose the
appearance of a sound when detected, six respondents chose a light appears
when detected, and some suggestions from our respondents, like a light and
notification, appears on the gadget, sound and light, a small vibration, etc.
But our team expected that our device must be feasible with the deaf and
blind customer, so we think that a small vibration combined with color
changing is a kind of signal that is effective for all customers.
Color change on facemask 49
The appearance of a sound when detected 17
A light appears when detected 6
A notification appears on the gadget when… 1
The emergence of a small vibration at the… 1
Sound and light occur when detected 1
A light and a notification appears on the… 1
Reminder on smartphone 1
Notification in the application because if the… 1
Notifications on connected devices in real time 1
Provides notification on the gadget if a virus is… 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 3.11. Type of Signal in Biosensor Facemask
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29
• The Most Comfortable Facemask Shape
Figure 3.12. Options for Facemask Shape
We share a question about the shape of the facemask that is

comfortable for our respondents. From our survey, 46.3% of our
respondents chose option 4. While 21.3% of our respondents chose option
3, 20% of our respondents chose option 1, 6.3% of our respondents chose
option 2, and 6.3% of our respondents chose option 5. It means that our
respondents think that option 4, which has a shape like the KF-94 mask, is
the most comfortable shape for the facemask.
Figure 3.13. The Most Comfortable Facemask Shape
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30
3.2 Costumer's Needs Interpretation

After gathering information from the respondents by doing interviews and
spreading questionnaires, we interpret customers' needs. This step is very important
because this interpretation will help us to determine and classify customers ' needs.
Costumer's needs interpretation is arranged in Table xx below.
Table 3.2 Costumers’ Needs Interpretation

No Question Answer Statement of Needs
Facemask that seals to the face
Not tight
to minimize air leakage
Causing glasses to fog Facemask that has a good air
up circulation when its being used
Facemask that has a good air
Poor air circulation
circulation when its being used
What is the Uncomfortable strap Facemask that has an elastic
disadvantage mask and robust strap
1.
of facemask in Facemask that has a good air
Smells bad
general? circulation when its being used
The design is Facemask that comfortable and
uncomfortable practical to use
Facemask that comfortable and
Not practical
practical to use
Not reusable Facemask that reusable
The shape of the Facemask that has a good
facemask shape
Effectiveness in Facemask that can effectively
filtering viruses filtering viruses
Comfortable circulation Facemask that has a good air
during use circulation when its being used
The comfort of
What quality facemask strap that Facemask that has an elastic
do you think is doesn't make the and robust strap
2. most earlobe hurt
important in a Easy to maintain like
facemask? easy to wash, but Facemask that reusable
durable
Facemask that has good
Durable
durability
Facemask which is safe and
Safe and comfortable
comfortable to wear
Simple and Effective
practical to use
30
31
Table 3.2 Costumers’ Needs Interpretation (cont’d)

Facemask with embedded
It can detect the
biosensor that can detect the
respiratory virus
respiratory viruses
Equipped with an air Facemask that equipped with
purifier an air purifier
It can be connected Facemask that can be
with a gadget to connected with a gadget to
monitor temperature monitor temperature
What features There is a notification
do you expect when it is time to Facemask that can send a
3. is in the change the filter to notification when it is time to
biosensor make it easier to change the filter
facemask? breathe again
Modular system
Facemask that has modular
which can be
system which can be
customized according
customized by user
to user convenience
Facemask that has built in Wi-
It has built in Wi-Fi
Fi
Facemask that has an elastic
Elastic strap
and robust strap
What kind of
signal do you
The emergence of a
expect from the Facemask that vibrates and
small vibration at the
4. biosensor change color when it detected
same time as Color
facemask when a virus
change on facemask
it detects a
virus?
What shape of
facemask do
you think is Facemask that has a good
5. Option 4 (KF-95)
most shape
comfortable to
wear?
3.3 Needs Listing

After we interpret the customer's needs, we have to make a list and classify
the customer's needs. The interpretation of customer's needs is listed in table xx
below.
Table 3. 3 Arranged List of Needs
No Needs
1. Facemask that seals to the face to minimize air leakage
2. Facemask that has a good air circulation when it's being used
3. Facemask that has an elastic and robust strap
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32
Table 3. 3 Arranged List of Needs (cont’d)
4. Facemask that comfortable and practical to use

5. Facemask that reusable
6. Facemask that has a good shape
7. Facemask that can effectively filter viruses
8. Facemask that has good durability
9. Facemask that has a safe and comfortable material to wear
Facemask with an embedded biosensor that can detect the respiratory
10.
viruses
11. Facemask that equipped with an air purifier
12. Facemask that can be connected with a gadget to monitor the temperature
13. Facemask that can send a notification when it is time to change the filter
14. Facemask that has modular system which user can customize
15. Facemask that has built in Wi-Fi
16. Facemask that vibrates and change color when it detected a virus
3.4 Classification and Rank of Needs

The next step after interpreting customers' needs is we have to grouping and
ranking of needs. This step is important because it aims to identify priority needs
and prioritize some aspects that are most important by scaling the needs. The needs
are ranked according to this mark below,
1: Undesirable
2: Not Important
3: Nice to have
4: Highly desirable
5: Essential
Table 3.4 Grouping and Ranking of Needs
No. List of Needs Needs Rank

Product Performance
1. Facemask that seals to the face to minimize air leakage 5
Facemask that has a good air circulation when it's being
2. 5
used
7. Facemask that can effectively filter viruses 5
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33
Table 3.4 Grouping and Ranking of Needs (cont’d)
Facemask with an embedded biosensor that can detect the

10. 5
respiratory viruses
11. Facemask that equipped with an air purifier 5
Facemask that can be connected with a gadget to monitor
12. 3
the temperature
Facemask that can send a notification when it is time to
13. 3
change the filter
Facemask that has modular system which user can
14. 1
customize
15. Facemask that has built-in Wi-Fi 1
Facemask that vibrates and change color when it detected
16. 5
a virus
Product Perception
3. Facemask that has an elastic and robust strap 5
4. Facemask that comfortable and practical to use 5
Product Regulation
5. Facemask that reusable 5
8. Facemask that has good durability 5
Facemask that has a safe and comfortable material to
9. 5
wear
Product Retailing
6. Facemask that has good shape 4
33
CHAPTER 4
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
4.1 Metrics Listing

After all the classification and rank of needs are listed, we have to convert
these qualitative lists of needs into product specifications which describe the
specifications that a product should have that can be measured quantitatively, called
metrics. Metrics are important property in product specification as it gives the
designer an objective to create a product that meets the customer's needs. The
acceptable unit usually follows value. Thus, metrics and values together constitute
specifications. These lists of needs that have been ranked and classified are given a
unit and specification as it serves as a standard for benchmark analysis and gives
the final specification for the product.
Table 4.1 List of Metrics
Needs Metric
No. List of Needs Spec
Rank Unit
Product Performance
Facemask that seals to the
1 5 Air leakage rate %
face to minimize air leakage
Facemask that has a good air breathability -
2 circulation when it's being 5 differential mmH2O
used pressure
Facemask that can effectively filtration
7 5 %
filter viruses efficiency
Facemask with an embedded
10 biosensor that can detect the 5 Respiratory Sensor Y/N
respiratory viruses
Facemask that equipped with
11 5 Air purifier system Y/N
an air purifier
Facemask can be connected
Temperature
12 with a gadget to monitor the 3 Y/N
system
temperature
Facemask that can send a
13 notification when it is time to 3 Warning system Y/N
change the filter
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35
Table 4.1 List of Metrics (cont’d)

Facemask that has modular
14 system which user can 1 Modular system Y/N
customize
15 Facemask that has built-in wi-fi 1 Wi-fi system Y/N
Facemask that vibrates and

16 change color when it detected a 5 Warning system Y/N
virus
Product Perception
Facemask that has an elastic
3 5 durability day
and robust strap
4 5 convenience subj
practical to use
Product Regulation
5 Facemask that reusable 5 convenience subj
Facemask that has good
8 5 durability day
durability
Facemask that has a safe and
9 5 materials desc
comfortable material to wear
Product Retailing
Facemask that has a good
6 4 visual subj
shape
4.2 Metric Needs Grouping

To see if there are metric units used for multiple needs, we made a matrix
of needs and metrics to organize and simplify the correlation between needs and
metrics. We use the subj, Y/N, and desc term as a metric unit to quantify the
specifications that cannot be measured by number. The relation between needs and
the metric unit used is shown below.
Table 4.2 Metrics of Needs
Metric
mmH2O
Yes / No
Subj
No List of Needs
Desc
Day
mm
%
Facemask that seals to the face to

1 ●
minimize air leakage
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36
Table 4.2 Metrics of Needs (cont’d)

Facemask that has a good air
2 ●
circulation when it's being used
Facemask that can effectively filter
7 ●
viruses
Facemask with an embedded
10 biosensor that can detect the ●
respiratory viruses
Facemask that equipped with an air
11 ●
purifier
Facemask can be connected with a
12 ●
gadget to monitor the temperature
Facemask that can send a
13 notification when it is time to ●
change the filter
Facemask that has modular system
14 ●
which user can customize
15 Facemask that has built-in wi-fi ●
Facemask that vibrates and change
16 ●
colour when it detected a virus
Facemask that has an elastic and
3 ●
robust strap
4 ●
practical to use
5 Facemask that reusable ●
Facemask which is safe and
8 ●
comfortable to wear
9 Facemask that has good durability ●
6 Facemask that has a good shape ●
4.3 Similiar Existing Product Benchmarking

Benchmark signifies a set of standards utilized as a reference for assessing
the performance of a product. The necessity to conduct benchmarking is vital as the
product in demand must be studied and refined by existing products.
In this case, benchmarking is used to determine a product's features by
comparing with other similar products on the market and developing the product by
finding the best designations that meet market needs.
Benchmarking also presents product weaknesses by determining needs that
are not in accordance with the market share and customer needs. Therefore, the
36
37
observation of the 2 popular masks in the market is based on the respondents'

choices. Table 4.3 shows the specifications of the 2 popular masks in demand. The
table will be used as a correlation to define the specifications of this product.
Table 4. 3 Spesification of 2 Popular Masks in Demand
Product Score
Needs Metric
No. List of Needs Spec LG
Rank Unit N95
PuriCare
Product Performance
Facemask that seals
to the face to Air leakage 0–
1. 5 % <10%
minimize air rate 5.7%
leakage
Facemask that has a breathability <35
Not
2. good air circulation 5 - differential mmH2O mm
Stated
when it's being used pressure H20
Bacteria :
Facemask that can
Filtration 93,5% ; ≥
7. effectively filter 5 %
efficiency Virus 95%
viruses
:99,7%
Facemask with an
embedded biosensor Respiratory
10. 5 Y/N No No
that can detect the Sensor
respiratory viruses
Facemask that
Air purifier
11. equipped with an air 5 Y/N Yes No
system
purifier
Facemask that can
be connected with a Temperature
12. 3 Y/N No No
gadget to monitor system
the temperature
Facemask that can
send a notification Warning
13. 3 Y/N No No
when it is time to system
change the filter
Facemask that has
modular system Modular
14. 1 Y/N No No
which user can system
customize
Facemask that has Wi-fi
15. 1 Y/N No No
built-in Wi-Fi system
Facemask that
vibrates and change Warning
16. 5 Y/N No No
color when it system
detected a virus
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38
Table 4. 3 Spesification of 2 Popular Masks in Demand (cont’d)

Product Perception
Facemask that has
depending
3. an elastic and 5 Durability day 1 day
on usage
robust strap
Facemask that
4. comfortable and 5 convenience subj •••• •••
practical to use
Product Regulation
Facemask that
5. 5 convenience subj •••• •
reusable
Facemask that has depending
8. 5 durability day 1 day
good durability on usage
Facemask that has
a safe and
9. 5 materials desc Yes Yes
comfortable
material to wear
Product Retailing
131
mm
156 mm × x
Facemask that has
6. 4 size mm 110 mm 114,5
a good shape
× 63 mm mm
x 50
mm
4.4 Product Spesification

The product specification contains a set range value of metric measurement
unit obtained from the benchmarking results. These values are categorized as
marginal value and ideal value. The ideal value is the best value for each
specification. In contrast, the marginal value is the real value of the specification
that can be effective for consumers as the best specification for each metric unit.
Understanding the value of each specification limits the boundaries for the
specification of this product. This value would define the initial specification of the
product and provide the first concept of the design space to begin the design
approach.
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39
Table 4. 4 Specification of Own Product Value, Marginal Value, and Ideal Value
Product Score
Needs Metric
No. List of Needs Spec Own Marginal Ideal
Rank Unit
Value Value Value
Product Performance
Facemask that
seals to the face Air leakage
1. 5 % <10% <10% 0–5.7%
to minimize air rate
leakage
Facemask that N/A, N/A, Fan N/A,
breathability -
has a good air Fan air air Fan air
2. 5 differential mmH2O
circulation when control control control
pressure
it's being used flow flow flow
Facemask that
Filtration
7. can effectively 5 % > 99% ≥ 95% 99,7%
efficiency
filter viruses
Facemask with
an embedded
biosensor that Respiratory
10. 5 Y/N Yes Yes Yes
can detect the Sensor
respiratory
viruses
Facemask that
Air purifier
11. equipped with 5 Y/N Yes Yes Yes
system
an air purifier
Facemask that
can be
connected with Temperature Yes /
12. 3 Y/N No Yes
a gadget to system No
monitor the
temperature
Facemask that
can send a
notification Warning
when it is time system
to change the
filter
Facemask that
has modular
Modular
14. system which 1 Y/N No No No
system
user can
customize
39
40
Tabel 4. 4 Specification of Own Product Value, Marginal Value, and Ideal Value (cont’d)
Facemask
that has
15. 1 Wi-fi system Y/N No No No
built-in Wi-
Fi
Facemask
that vibrates
and change Warning
color when system
it detected a
virus
Product Perception
Facemask
that has an Depending Depending Depending
3. 5 Durability day
elastic and on Usage on Usage on Usage
robust strap
Facemask
that
4. comfortable 5 convenience subj •••• ••• ••••
and practical
to use
Product Regulation
Facemask
5. 5 convenience subj •••• •••• ••••
that reusable
Facemask
that has Depending Depending Depending
8. 5 durability day
good on Usage on Usage on Usage
durability
Facemask
that has a
safe and
9. 5 materials Y/N Yes Yes Yes
comfortable
material to
wear
Product Retailing
Facemask 156 mm × 131 mm x 156 mm ×
6. that has 4 size mm 110 mm × 114,5 mm x 110 mm ×
good shape 63 mm 50 mm 63 mm
40
CONCLUSION
Based on the research, some conclusion can be made as follow:
• Biosensors are devices that combine a biological component to detect an
analyte and a physicochemical component to produce a measurable signal,
that applicable to embedded into face masks for the prevention of viruses
spread.
• Face-mask product commonly only have several layer of filter that can
filtered foreign objects such as, droplets, pollutant, virus, and bacteria.
• Based on the survey and interview we conducted, the disadvantage of a face
mask nowadays it does not have a good air circulation, not tight, causing
glasses to fog up, uncomfortable strap mask, the design is uncomfortable,
not practical, and not reusable.
• One of the face-mask product that has been benchmarked are not
comfortable and breathable to wear.
• Based on the survey and interview we conducted, the current user of face-
mask product have shown interests in the new product of face mask with
embedded biosensors that can detect the presence of virus.
• Our product is about facemask with embedded biosensor that can detect the
presence virus that includes air purifier
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42
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Weston, S. and Frieman, M., 2018. Respiratory Viruses. Reference Module in
Biomedical Sciences.
42
APPENDICES
INTERVIEW SURVEY RESPONSES
1. Interviewees Characteristics
- Name : Catherine Nastasya
- Age : 21
- Jobs : Chemical Engineering Student at University of Indonesia
- Interviewees Concern About Respiratory Virus : (tidak khawatir/biasa
saja/sangat khawatir)
- Kind of Respiratory Virus that Interviewees Concerning About :
Covid-19
- Kind of Facemask's Material that Respondents Like to Use :
Duckbill Sensi
Needs Determination of Interviewees

No. Question Answer
Masker nya tidak ketat di daerah hidung
What is the disadvantage of
1. makanya suka turun - turun, tetapi apabila
a facemask in general?
diikat akan lebih kencang sih.
Seberapa akurat nya masker tersebut dalam
According to you, what
menyaring virus, dan benda - benda asing,
2. quality do you think is most
mungkin selain itu dari penampakan visual
important in a facemask?
nya.
What features do you expect Bisa menghilangkan virus tersebut sih ,
3. is in the biosensor mungkin juga biar lebih canggih bisa di
facemask? connect ke smartphone.
What kind of signal do you
Mungkin notifikasi hape ya, soalnya kan di
expect from the biosensor
4. masa sekarang semua nya bergantung
facemask when it detects a
dengan smartphone
virus?
What shape of facemask do
Paling enak dan bagus sejauh ini sih
5. you think is most
duckbill.
comfortable to wear?
43
44
Do you have any advice for

Mungkin bisa dibikin yang canggih namun
us regarding the
tetap simple, agar pembeli juga merasa
6. development of this face
mengeluarkan uang untuk investasi ke diri
mask with a biosensor
sendiri.
product?
- Name : Suryani Manurung
- Age : 53
- Jobs : Lecturer at Poltekkes Jakarta 1
Covid-19
Surgical mask yang di dobel dengan Fabric Mask

No. Question Answer
Kurang rapet dan juga kurang akurat dalam
1. menyaring virus, terkadang juga suka
membuat kuping sakit.
2. quality do you think is most Keakuratan dalam menyaring virus tersebut.
What features do you expect Simple cara pemakaian dan fitur-fiturnya,
3. is in the biosensor supaya yang lanjut usia juga mudah
facemask? mengerti cara penggunaan nya.
expect from the biosensor Mungkin cahaya, atau perubahan warna, jadi
4.
facemask when it detects a lebih simple.
virus?
44
45

Masker apa saja nyaman sih tapi menurut
saya KN95
us regarding the Mungkin masker nya dibuat reusable
6. development of this face sehingga walaupun nanti harga nya mahal
mask with a biosensor tetap dapat dipakai terus menerus.
product?
- Name : M. Firmansyah
- Age : 50 years old
- Jobs : Trade and Remittance at PT Bank Nationalnobu Tbk
Covid-19
Disposable surgical and KF94

No. Question Answer
Karena pengguna kacamata, jadi sering
1. berembun pas pakai masker di cuaca
hujan/dingin
According to you, what Bisa menyaring virus dan bakteri, dan juga
2. quality do you think is most kenyamanan pas dipakai olahraga biar ga
important in a facemask? pengap
What features do you expect Fitur yang seperti LG Purifier ada
3. is in the biosensor sirkulasinya biar ga pengap ditambah
facemask? dengan fitur yang bisa mendeteksi virus
45
46

Mungkin bisa dalam getaran, mengingat
4. masker yang dipake umum bisa dipakai
sama orang tuli dan buta juga
virus?
bentuknya yang nyaman dan rapat aja pas
dipake
us regarding the
Jika beneran dijual, diharapkan harganya
affordable
product?
- Name : Habib Alfarobi
- Age : 20 years old
- Jobs : Biomedical Engineering Student at University of
Indonesia
Covid-19
Disposable surgical

No. Question Answer
Saat pakai masker, suka pengap dikarenakan
1. sirkulasinya kurang baik dan juga
maskernya tidak bisa dipakai berkali-kali
According to you, what Keefektifan dalam menyaring virus, ga
2. quality do you think is most pengap, dan juga tali masker yang nyaman
important in a facemask? gak bikin sakit
46
47
What features do you expect

Bisa mendeteksi adanya virus pernafasan,
3. is in the biosensor
khususnya yg lagi merajalela di dunia
facemask?
4. Bisa dengan adanya timbul cahaya
virus?
Mungkin masker yang bentuknya seperti
KN-95
Maskernya kalo bisa berstandar seperti
us regarding the
surgical mask, tetapi bisa reusable. Soalnya
kalo di bidang medis masker yang
digunakan harus surgical mask
product?
- Name : Muhammad Azhar Faiq
- Age : 20
- Jobs : Mahasiswa – Biomedical Engineering Student from
Institut Teknologi Bandung
- Interviewees Concern About Respiratory Virus : Sangat khawatir
Covid-19 dan influenza
Surgical Mask

No. Question Answer
What is the disadvantage of Tidak rapat gitu jadi tidak menutup semua
1.
a facemask in general? bagian muka
47
48
According to you, what Kemampuan untuk memfilter virusnya

2. quality do you think is most sampe berapa persen sama kenyamanan saat
important in a facemask? dipakai
What features do you expect Kalo bisa terhubung dengan gadget jadi bisa
3. is in the biosensor memantau maskernya, mungkin kalo bisa
facemask? ada notifikasi juga kalo lagi ada virus
Ada seperti cahaya gitu sama kalo bisa
4. terhubung ke gadget sih bisa seperti ada
notifikasi gitu
virus?
5. you think is most Masker medis biasa
Udah bagus idenya dan kalian coba nanti
us regarding the
baca-baca mengenai nanowire based
biosensor, sepertinya cocok dengan ide
kalian.
product?
- Name : Ivandy Arifin
- Age : 21
- Jobs : Biomedical Engineering Student from Institut Teknologi
Bandung
Covid-19, pneumonia
Surgical mask
No. Question Answer
48
49
What is the disadvantage of Kurang nyaman karena sulit bernafas dan

1.
a facemask in general? tali nya juga terkadang bikin tidak nyaman
Kemampuan untuk memfilter virus sama
2. quality do you think is most
design bentuknya
What features do you expect bisa deteksi virus dengan cepat dan
3. is in the biosensor dilengkapi air purifier supaya lebih nyaman
facemask? dan aman
expect from the biosensor Dengan adanya pergantian warna supaya
4.
facemask when it detects a lebih cepet notice
virus?
5. you think is most bentuk yang seperti N95
us regarding the Dipastikan aja nanti produknya bisa punya
6. development of this face sistem sensor yang baik sehingga deteksinya
mask with a biosensor cepat
product?
- Name : Sofia Alissandra
- Age : 20
- Jobs : Biomedical Engineering Student at University of
Indonesia
COVID-19
Disposable KF94 Mask
49
50
No. Question Answer

Kalau pakai surgical mask itu bentuknya
1. tidak pas di muka jadi ngerasa ga aman, dan
talinya juga mudah putus
According to you, what Kenyamanan, keleluasaan bernafas, dan
2. quality do you think is most jumlah lapisan masker atau keefektifan
important in a facemask? maskernya untuk menyaring virus
What features do you expect Dilengkapi dengan sensor yang efektif
3. is in the biosensor untuk mendeteksi virus dengan design yang
facemask? nyaman dan praktis
Mungkin bisa connect ke gadget jadi
4. sewaktu ada virus di sekitar kita bisa
langsung mengirimkan notifikasi ke hp.
virus?
5. you think is most Model KF94 dan 4 lapis (4ply)
Idenya udah bagus dan inovatif, tapi tetap
berusaha untuk realistis dan sebisa mungkin
us regarding the
beneran bisa diaplikasikan ke produk
aslinya. Untuk teknologinya bisa research
lebih lanjut lagi dan tanya-tanya ke expert
product?
biosensor.
- Name : Enung
- Age : 48
- Jobs : Perawat - Mayapada Hospital
- Kind of Respiratory Virus that Interviewees Concerning About : covid
- Kind of Facemask's Material that Respondents Like to Use : KN95
50
51

No. Question Answer
What is the disadvantage of Tidak leluasa bernafas dan juga jadi banyak
1.
a facemask in general? sampah karena pake masker sekali pakai
2. quality do you think is most bisa melindungi dari virus/bakteri
What features do you expect
bisa mendeteksi virus/bakteri secara akurat,
3. is in the biosensor
dapat leluasa bernafas (tidak pengap)
facemask?
4. ada perubahan warna
virus?
5. you think is most yang kayak KN95
Yang penting dari masker adalah menyaring
Do you have any advice for polusi (virus, bakteri, racun), jangan sampai
us regarding the kemampuan menyaring itu dikesampingkan
6. development of this face karena adanya sensor ini. Untuk sinyal
mask with a biosensor sensor sebaiknya jangan dalam bentuk suara
product? atau cahaya karena bisa saja mengganggu
orang sekitar
51

TK-14 - Report - Assignment 1

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89

FACE MASK WITH EMBEDDED BIOSENSORS THAT CAN

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Based on that problem, the authors have conducted the survey by

different groups, which is product performance, product perception, product

In designing a new product, it is important for having a benchmark to the

The global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still

biological component that detects an analyte with a physicochemical component

1.2 Problem Formulation

(Source: Personal Data, 2021)

1.4 Writing Objectives

2.1 Type of Masks

• Full masks (normed following EN 136)

2.2.2 Main Components and Mechanism of Biosensors

Figure 2.1. A schematic of the biosensors work

(source: Morrison, et. al., 2007 “reproduced”)

microscope if the probe is tagged with a fluorescent compound. Polymerase chain

reactions and biological membrane receptors, conductometric biosensors use ion

2.2.4 Characteristics of Biosensor

A biosensor's limit of detection (LOD) or sensitivity refers to a small

Other common types of respiratory viruses include rhinovirus/enterovirus,

Respiratory viruses are the leading cause of disease in humans, worldwide.

Most common respiratory viruses cause mild cold symptoms in healthy

Coronaviruses are part of the Coronaviridae family in the Nidovirales order

Coronavirus virions are spherical with an approximate diameter of 125 nm

NEEDS IDENTIFICATION AND IDEAS SELECTION

3.1 Determining Needs

Before we design a product, we need to identify the needs of the customer.

Figure 3.1. Percentage of Respondents' Age

The first question we ask is about the respondents's age to determine

Figure 3.2. Percentage of Respondents's Job

• How Often Respondents Buying Facemask in a Month

Figure 3.3. Percentage of How Often Respondents buy facemask in a month

• Respondents' Concern About Respiratory Virus

Figure 3.4. Respondents’ Concern About Respiratory Virus

In the following question, we ask about the respondent's concern

• Kind of Respiratory Virus that Respondent's Concerning About

Figure 3.5. Kind of Respiratory Virus that Respondent's Concerning About

Our respondents have many varieties for kind of respiratory virus

• Kind of Facemask's that Respondents Like to Use

Figure 3.6. Kind of Facemask's that Respondents Like

We want to know what kind of facemask that respondents like to

Figure 3.7. Disadvantage of Facemask

• The Most Important Quality in a Facemask

Effectiveness in filtering viruses 69

• Respondent's Interest in Biosensor Facemask

Figure 3.9. Respondent's Interest in Biosensor Facemask

• Expected Features in Biosensor Facemask

It can detect the respiratory virus 71

Equipped with an air purifier 43

Can be connected with a gadget to monitor

It has built in Wi-Fi 1

Figure 3.10. Expected Features in Biosensor Facemask

• Type of Signal in Biosensor Facemask

• The Most Comfortable Facemask Shape

Figure 3.12. Options for Facemask Shape

We share a question about the shape of the facemask that is

Figure 3.13. The Most Comfortable Facemask Shape

3.2 Costumer's Needs Interpretation

Table 3.2 Costumers’ Needs Interpretation

Table 3.2 Costumers’ Needs Interpretation (cont’d)

3.3 Needs Listing