UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

SOLAR REFRIGERATION FOR VACCINE

Report Assignment 1

GROUP 08

GROUP PERSONNEL:
ALIF AHMADSYAH GIBRAN (1706985666)
ATIKAH SYAHIDAH (1706038203)
DIANAH SALSHA DILLA (1706985703)
IVANANDA RIZQULLAH (1706038260)
MUHAMMAD FADHILLAH ANSYARI (1706985786)
VIRA ANNISA INDRIANI (1706038286)

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
FEBRUARY 2020
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Indonesia is a big nation divided by many islands and prefectures, the many
islands and prefectures mean that there are very many people that live in the
country, which creates injustice across the country. There are still so many people
in Indonesia that lives in poverty, and are not able to get access to different things
from the government because they live in remote areas, This leads to a
discrepancy in health welfare among the poor people living in remote areas,
specifically vaccination for the Indonesian people, whether they are adults, kids,
or infants. Many viruses need to be vaccinated in Indonesia, either for preventive
uses or immediate actions, such as the Zika, H1N1, Influenza, Malaria, and many
other viruses. The problem is that many people in Indonesia live in remote areas
that can't be easily accessed, so it is very hard to distribute the needed vaccines to
the people in need because vaccines need to be kept at a certain temperature for it
to still be active and be ready to be used effectively. This means that a device that
eases the distribution of vaccines, specifically a refrigeration system for vaccines.
Other than that, since there are still many areas in Indonesia that are still
considered remote, there are areas that can’t even get access to electricity
provided by the national electrical company. The lack of electricity leads to a need
for an alternative source of energy in the form of solar energy. Solar energy is a
very viable source of alternative energy since the true source of the energy, the
sun, will always be active. Remote areas also mean that the travel time to a certain
area is pretty long, thus a backup energy source is needed to help during times
where the solar energy source can't be relied on, such as at night or during rain.
From all the listed problems above, the authors have discussed about creating a
product that can help ease the problems.
First, the authors have conducted a survey focused on people with a medical
studies background, including doctors, health workers, medical students, and
other people that have worked on vaccines distribution to know the market needs.
Thus, a list of 16 needs have been interpreted based on the survey answered by a
total of 75 people. All of the needs are next grouped into 3 different groups, which
is product performance, product perception, and product regulation. After the

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needs have been divided into groups, they are then ranked. The authors found that
it can be interpreted that the needed product is a refrigeration system for vaccines
with an alternative energy source that can hold a lot of vaccines, keep the vaccines
at the desired temperature for a long time, and have an alarm system.
Next the authors defined the correct product specifications based on the list of
needs that can fulfill the market needs. Then, benchmarking is done to help the
authors know how the proposed product holds up compared to other existing
products in the market by comparing different specifications that the proposed
product has. During this process, the authors also determined the value of the
proposed product specifications, and compared itu to the marginal and ideal value
of the product. By determining the position of the proposed product in the market,
the authors can find gaps and opportunities in the market that can be exploited to
fulfill the market needs and help the proposed product compete businesswise in
the market.
In conclusion, the authors found there is a need for a solar energy-based
refrigeration system for vaccines with the determined specifications in the market.
The authors also found that it is very challenging to create a product that can
fulfill all that market needs that have been found, but it is possible with a big
amount of effort and determination with an intention of helping the people in
need. By finishing this assignment, the authors have seen the bigger picture on
what the market need, and what needs to be done to create a fulfilling product that
can compete in the market.

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 LIST OF CONTENT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................... ii
LIST OF CONTENT ............................................................................................. iv
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ v
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. vi
CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background .............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem Formulations .............................................................................. 2
1.3 Problem Boundaries ................................................................................. 2
1.4 Writing Objective ..................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Refrigeration System ................................................................................ 4
2.2 Solar Refrigerator ..................................................................................... 5
2.3 Different Types of Vaccines and Its Affect .............................................. 7
2.3.1 Live Attenuated Vaccines .......................................................................... 7
2.3.2 Inactivated Whole-cell Vaccines ................................................................ 8
2.3.3 Subunit Vaccines ........................................................................................ 9
2.3.3 Toxoid Vaccine ........................................................................................ 10
2.4.1 Antigens.................................................................................................... 11
2.4.2 Stabilizers ................................................................................................. 11
2.4.3 Adjuvants.................................................................................................. 11
2.4.4 Antibiotics ................................................................................................ 12
2.4.5 Preservatives ............................................................................................. 12
2.5.1 Sensitivity to Heat and Freezing............................................................... 13
2.5.2 Sensitivity to Light ................................................................................... 13
2.5.3 Controlled Temperature Chain (CTC) ..................................................... 14
CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Determining Needs ................................................................................. 16
3.1.1 Market Analysis Method .......................................................................... 16
3.1.2 Target Customers ..................................................................................... 16
3.1.3 Customers Knowledge About Vaccine and Customers’ Needs ............... 19
3.2 Costumer’s Needs Interpretation ............................................................ 24
3.3 Needs Listing .......................................................................................... 27
3.4 Classification and Rank of Needs........................................................... 28
CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................... 30
4.1 Metrics Listing ....................................................................................... 30
4.2 Metric Needs Grouping .......................................................................... 31
4.3 Similar Existing Product Benchmarking ................................................ 32
4.4 Product Spesification .............................................................................. 34
CHAPTER 5 ......................................................................................................... 37
REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 38

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 LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 2
Figure 2. 1. Refrigeration System ........................................................................... 4
Figure 2. 2.Schematic diagram of a photovoltaic operated refrigeration system.... 6
Figure 2. 3.Schematic diagram of a solar mechanical vapour compression
refrigeration system ................................................................................................. 6
Figure 2. 4. Schematic diagram of a solar mechanical vapour compression
refrigeration system ................................................................................................. 7
Figure 2. 5. Recommended Vaccine Storage Temperatures ................................. 12
Figure 2. 6. Vaccine Heat Sensitivity ................................................................... 13
Figure 2. 7. Ice-lined mains electric, solar-battery or solar direct-drive ............... 14
CHAPTER 3
Figure 3. 1. Percentage of Respondent’s Jobs ...................................................... 16
Figure 3. 2. Percentage of Respondent's Subject .................................................. 17
Figure 3. 3. Percentage of Respondent's Experience with Vaccine ...................... 18
Figure 3. 4.Total Immunization Received from Respondents .............................. 18
Figure 3. 5. Respondent's Views on The Evenness of Vaccination Program in
Indonesia ............................................................................................................... 19
Figure 3. 6. The Right Temperature to Store Vaccine .......................................... 19
Figure 3. 7. The Importance of The Vaccine Storage for Maintaining Temperature
while isn't Electricity ............................................................................................. 20
Figure 3. 8. The Times that Required for Maintaining Vaccine Storage
Temperature .......................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3. 9. The Best Vaccine Storage Shape ....................................................... 22
Figure 3. 10. Vaccine Storage Sizes on The Market ............................................. 22
Figure 3. 11. Market Needs for Vaccine Storage .................................................. 23
Figure 3. 12. The Importance of Alarm System for Vaccine Storage................... 23
Figure 3. 13. Innovation or Needs to be Exist in Vaccine Refrigerator ................ 24

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 LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER 1
Table 1. 1. Problem Boundaries .............................................................................. 2
CHAPTER 2
Table 2. 1. Live Attenuated Vaccines ..................................................................... 8
Table 2. 2. Inactivated Whole-cell Vaccines .......................................................... 8
Table 2. 3. Freeze Sensitive Vaccines ................................................................... 13
CHAPTER 3
Table 3. 1.Costumers’ Needs Interpretation Table ............................................... 24
Table 3. 3. Arranged List of Needs ....................................................................... 27
Table 3. 4. Grouping and Ranking of Needs ......................................................... 29
CHAPTER 4
Table 4. 1 List of Metrics ...................................................................................... 30
Table 4. 2. Metrics of Needs ................................................................................. 31
Table 4. 3. Spesification of Three Product in Demand ......................................... 33
Table 4. 4. Specification of Own Product Value, Marginal Value, and Ideal Value
............................................................................................................................... 35

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Indonesia is a big nation divided by many islands and prefectures, the many
islands and prefectures mean that there are very many people that live in the
country, 264 million people in total, which leads to injustice across the country.
This injustice leads to a gap of wealthiness between the rich and the poor that is
very visible in the country. Quoting a Republika article in March of 2019,
according to the National Bureau of Statistics, 9% of Indonesia's population is still
poor, which means there are still a total of 25,14 million poor people in Indonesia.
This leads to a discrepancy in health welfare among the poor people living in
remote areas. Since many of Indonesia’s citizens are poor people, which means
that they can only rely on public health insurance.
The specific problem that we are focusing on is a vaccination for the
Indonesian people, whether they are adults, kids, or infants. Infants under the age
of 5 need to be vaccinated from common viruses in the form of immunization.
Other than that, vaccination is also needed for adults. Many viruses need to be
vaccinated in Indonesia, either for preventive uses or immediate actions, such as
the Zika, H1N1, Influenza, Malaria, and many other viruses. The problem is that
many people in Indonesia live in remote areas that can't be easily accessed, so it is
very hard to distribute the needed vaccines to the people in need because vaccines
need to be kept at a certain temperature for it to still be active and be ready to be
used effectively. This means that a device that eases the distribution of vaccines,
specifically a refrigeration system for vaccines,
Other than that, since there are still many areas in Indonesia that are still
considered remote, there are areas that can’t even get access to electricity
provided by the national electrical company. For example, according to another
Republika article in august 2019, there are 260 thousand families in West Java
alone that still don’t get power from the Indonesian electrical company. The lack
of electricity leads to a need for an alternative source of energy in the form of
solar energy. Solar energy is a very viable source of alternative energy since the

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true source of the energy, the sun, will always be active. Another reason for
choosing solar energy is that Indonesia is a tropical country right at the
archipelago line, which means that there will be plenty of sunlight in the country.
Remote areas also mean that the travel time to a certain area is pretty long, thus a
backup energy source is needed to help during times where the solar energy
source can't be relied on, such as at night or during rain.

1.2 Problem Formulations

Based on the identified problems, the authors will assess some problems
referring to the background to create a solar energy-based refrigeration system for
vaccines with a backup energy source, which consists of:
• What conditions do vaccines need to be kept at?
• What are the problems with the current solar energy-based refrigeration
systems for vaccines?
• What needs to be included in a solar-energy based refrigeration system for
vaccines?
• How long does a solar-based refrigeration system for vaccines need to be
active for?

1.3 Problem Boundaries

In the subject of helping the authors focus on the discussion regarding a solar
energy-based refrigeration system for vaccines, the authors have created some
boundaries to limit the scope of the discussion, such as:
Table 1. 1. Problem Boundaries

Problem Boundaries
A solar energy-based refrigeration system for
vaccines that includes a backup energy source, a
Product Description
freezer, a temperature controller, and an alarm
system
A solar energy-based refrigeration system for
Key Business Goals
vaccines

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Table 1. 1. Problem Boundaries (Continued)

Problem Boundaries
Medicine Distributor
Primary Market Health Workers
National Bureau of Health Services
Existing Product
Obstacle
Demand for Product
Customers
Stake Holder Distributors
Government Agencies
(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

1.4 Writing Objective

In general, the objective of writing this assignment is as an initial step in
designing a solar energy-based refrigeration system for vaccines. This assignment
gives us information on how to gather information regarding current market needs
and the problems related to the existing product, and how to overcome those
problems. The final objective is to create a product that could compete with other
existing products by finding gaps in the current market and evaluating the existing
products. There are other objectives regarding the writing of this report, such as:
1. To know about existing refrigeration systems for vaccines.
2. To know the current market needs regarding a solar energy-based
refrigeration system for vaccines.
3. To know the benefits of keeping vaccines in a refrigeration system.
4. To know the benefits of using solar energy as the primary source of
energy.
5. To determine the proper product specifications that fulfill the market
needs.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Refrigeration System
There are several types of refrigeration equipment on the market based on
customer goals such as refrigerators, freezers, walk-in refrigerators, ice producers,
air conditioners, and factory cooling systems. The general goal is to reduce and
sustain certain degrees of temperature. The primary principle of generating the
cool has common characteristics which causes the refrigerant to change its shape
from liquid to gas, leading to a temperature drop.
The initialization of the cooling system begins with the use of the
evaporator from a heat reduction. The heat the refrigerant has carried must heat
itself until it evaporates. In this process, the coolant can absorb heat from nearby
areas of the evaporator through heat transfer or radiation keeping the coolant at
high temperature and low pressure.
For gas, the high temperature refrigerant will be transferred to a
compressor that compresses and increases the pressure before going on to a
condenser to ventilate from the gas refrigerant to convert it back into liquid before
switching to an expansion valve. The expansion valve is used to lower the
refrigerant pressure so that the refrigerant at the next device, an evaporator, is
evaporated at low temperature, and the process is repeated as a cycle as shown in
Figure 2.1.

Figure 2. 1. Refrigeration System

(Source: HARN)

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2.2 Solar Refrigerator

Solar power is a very growing, inexhaustible energy source. The electricity from
the Earth's captured sun is roughly 1.8 × 1011 MW which is much higher than all
commercial energy sources on Earth's current consumption rate. Solar energy is
also much cleaner than most conventional energy sources. Use solar energy could
thus be a choice to meet the ever-increasing demand for energy. The predicted
lack of traditional sources of energy such as fossil fuels and the resulting adverse
effect on the environment are the driving forces for solar energy use. Refrigeration
and air-conditioning systems are among the most suitable areas for using solar
energy.
Solar refrigeration device is operated using electricity produced directly by solar
radiation using photovoltaic cells or using solar radiant heat obtained by the
various types of solar collectors. This form of refrigeration system is expected to
be used more and more with lowering conventional energy sources and rising
environmental pollution in the future. Solar refrigeration can be used in freezers,
refrigerators, air conditioning systems for the building, food storage, ice-making,
cooler etc. Solar refrigeration systems can be divided into three distinct
categories: photovoltaic operated refrigeration system, solar mechanical system,
and absorption refrigeration system.

Photovoltaic operated refrigeration system

In this system, using semiconducting materials, the solar radiation is
directly converted to direct current electricity. A photovoltaic solar refrigeration
process is simple to operate. Solar photovoltaic panels produce DC electrical
power which can be used to drive a DC motor which is coupled to a vapor
compression cooling system compressor. The mechanism that allows refrigeration
is the conversion of sunlight into DC electrical power, accomplished through the
PV panel. The DC electrical power powers the compressor through a vapor
compression refrigeration system that removes heat from an enclosed cavity to
circulate the refrigerants. The structure contains the thermal reservoir and a lining
for phase changes. Figure 2.2 shows the schematic diagram of a photovoltaic
operated refrigeration system.

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Figure 2. 2.Schematic diagram of a photovoltaic operated refrigeration system

(Source: LinkedIn, 2017)

Solar mechanical refrigeration

In this type of refrigeration system a solar Rankine cycle provides the
compressor power required to drive the compressor in the refrigeration process.
The solar panel that powers a Rankine cycle and generates work in the turbine is
struck by sunlight. This work is then used to power the vapour compression
refrigeration system compressor. The schematic diagram of a solar mechanical
refrigeration system has been shown in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2. 3.Schematic diagram of a solar mechanical vapour compression

refrigeration system
(Source: LinkedIn, 2017)

Solar absorption refrigeration system

In this system, low grade energy as heat from solar panel is used as input
for chilling purpose. Figure 2.4 shows the schematic diagram of a solar absorption
refrigeration system. This system is different from a traditional refrigeration
system for vapor compression. These refrigeration system's basic components are

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absorber, generator, solar panel, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator, DC

battery and ventilator. The compressor in the vapour compression system is
replaced by a generator, absorber and pump. Refrigerant (NH3) absorbs the heat
from the refrigerated room in the evaporator and becomes evaporated. It is then
transferred to the absorber where the absorbent (H2O) is dissolved and pumped to
the generator. Solar panel electrical energy is used for generator heating and the
refrigerant reaches the condenser. In the condenser, the refrigerant is transformed
into liquid and, with the aid of an expansion system (ED), the liquid refrigerant
pressure is reduced to the evaporator level. The main advantage of the absorption
method is trapping of liquid instead of vapour, resulting in less need for
mechanical work as input. The method is however very flexible compared to the
compression refrigeration system.

Figure 2. 4. Schematic diagram of a solar mechanical vapour compression

refrigeration system
(Source: LinkedIn, 2017)

2.3 Different Types of Vaccines and Its Affect

2.3.1 Live Attenuated Vaccines
Live Attenuated Vaccines (LAV) are one type of vaccine made from a
pathogenic microorganism (viruses or bacteria) that have been weakened under
laboratory conditions. They will grow in the body of the recipient of the vaccine
but will cause no or very mild disease because it has been attenuated.

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Table 2. 1. Live Attenuated Vaccines

Bacteria Virus
Tuberculosis (BCG) Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV), Measles,
Rotavirus, Yellow Fever
(Source: Vaccine-safety-training.org)

LAVs stimulate an excellent immune response that is nearly as good as

compared to an infection with the wild-type pathogen. Live microorganisms
provide continual antigenic stimulation giving sufficient time for memory cell
production. In the case of viruses or intracellular microorganisms where cell-
mediated immunity is usually desired, attenuated pathogens are capable of
replicating within host cells.
Since LAVs contain living organisms, there is a degree of unpredictability
raising some safety and stability concerns, such as:
• Weakened pathogens can change to their original shape and cause disease.
• Potential to be dangerous for individuals with compromised immune
systems (HIV).
• Infection persists (BCG- local lymphadenitis)
• Tissue culture contamination.
• Immunization procedure errors (dissolving, cold chain)
• Usually not given to pregnant women.
2.3.2 Inactivated Whole-cell Vaccines
Inactivated vaccines are made from microorganisms (viruses, bacteria,
other) that have been killed by the process of using certain chemicals or
physically. These dead organisms cannot cause disease.
Table 2. 2. Inactivated Whole-cell Vaccines

Bacteria Virus
Whole-cell Pertussis (wP) Inactivated Polio Virus (IPV)
(Source:Vaccine-safety-training.org)

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Immune response of Inactivated Whole-cell Vaccines:

• Does not always stimulate an immune response at the first dose.
• The response does not provide long-term protection, so it requires several
doses.
Safety and stability of Inactivated Whole-cell Vaccines:
• Has no component of life, no risk of stimulating a disease.
• Safer and more stable than vaccines that contain attenuated germs.
2.3.3 Subunit Vaccines
Immune response of Inactivated Subunit Vaccines:
• Subunit vaccines, like the whole-cell inactivated vaccines, do not
contain components of living pathogens that can stimulate the
formation of an immune response.
• The part of the pathogen that can function as an antigen must be
properly investigated to obtain an immune response through the
correct administration.
• Often a response can be elicited, but there is no guarantee that
immunological memory will be formed in the correct manner.
Safety and stability of Inactivated Subunit Vaccines:
• Have no live components, no risk of inducing the disease.
• Safer and more stable than LAVs.
2.3.3.1. Protein-based subunit vaccines
Protein-based subunit vaccines, containing specific proteins that are
isolated from pathogens, and do not contain particles from viruses. A
weakness of this technique is that isolated proteins, if denatured, may bind to
different antibodies than the protein of the pathogen. Commonly used protein-
based subunit vaccines are the following:
• Acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines contain pertussis toxin (protein) which
has been activated and may contain one or more other bacterial
components.
• Hepatitis B vaccines are composed of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen
(HBsAg), a protein produced by hepatitis B virus. This production method
has been replaced by recombinant technology that can produce HBsAg

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without requiring human plasma increasing the safety of the vaccine by

excluding the risk from potential contamination of human plasma.
2.3.3.2. Polysaccharide vaccines
Certain types of bacteria when they infect a person are often protected
by polysaccharide capsules to survive a person's body's defence system.
Polysaccharide vaccines create a response against the molecules in the
pathogen’s capsule. These molecules are small, and often not very
immunogenic. As a consequence, they tend to:
1. Not be effective in infants and young children (under 18–24 months),
2. Induce only short-term immunity (slow immune response, slow rise of
antibody levels, no immune memory).
2.3.3.3. Conjugate subunit vaccines
The conjugate subunit vaccine stimulates a response to the capsule
molecules of the pathogen. This vaccine can bind polysaccharides with carrier
proteins and can cause long-term immune responses.
Various protein carriers are used for conjugation, including diphtheria
and tetanus toxoid. Conjugate subunit vaccines can therefore prevent common
bacterial infections for which plain polysaccharide vaccines are either
ineffective in those most at risk (infants) or provide only short-term protection
(everyone else).
The advent of conjugate subunit vaccines heralded a new age for
immunization against diseases caused by encapsulated organisms such as
meningococcus, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcus.
2.3.3 Toxoid Vaccine
The toxoid vaccine is made from a toxin produced by certain bacteria
(tetanus and diphtheria). The toxin invades the bloodstream and is largely
responsible for the symptoms of the disease. The protein-based toxin is rendered
harmless (toxoid) and used as the antigen in the vaccine to elicit immunity. To
increase the immune response, the toxoid is adsorbed to aluminium or calcium
salts, which serve as adjuvants.
Immune response of Inactivated Subunit Vaccines:
• Requires several doses and usually requires adjuvant.

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Safety and stability of Toxoid Vaccines:

• The vaccine does not cause disease to prevent.
• Local and systemic reactions are very rare.
• Stable and durable.
2.4 Components of a Vaccine
The vaccines contain various ingredients including antigens, stabilizers,
adjuvants, antibiotics, and preservatives. They may also contain residues from the
production process. Knowing precisely what is in each vaccine can be helpful
when investigating adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) and for
choosing alternative products for those who have allergies or have had an adverse
event known or suspected to be related to a vaccine component.
2.4.1 Antigens
Antigens are components produced from the structure of disease-causing
organisms known as "foreign bodies" by the human immune system. This antigen
can stimulate the formation of immunity.
2.4.2 Stabilizers
Stabilizers are used to ensure the stability of the vaccine when stored.
Stability is very important if stored in a cold chain system that is not good.
Instability can cause loss of antigenicity and reduce live vaccine infectivity
(LAV). Factors affecting vaccine stability include temperature, pH. Unstable
bacterial vaccines are caused by hydrolysis or aggregation of carbohydrate and
protein molecules. Materials used as stabilizers include MgCl2 (for OPV),
MgSO4 (for measles vaccine), lactose-sorbitol and sorbitol – gelatine.
2.4.3 Adjuvants
Adjuvants are added to vaccines to stimulate the formation of antibodies to
antigens in vaccines more effectively
In conventional vaccines the addition of adjuvants into formulations is
intended to stimulate, enhance, and prolong specific immune responses to vaccine
antigens. Newly developed purified subunit or synthetic vaccines using
biosynthetic, recombinant, and other modern technology are poor vaccine
antigens and require adjuvants to provoke the desired immune response.

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2.4.4 Antibiotics
Antibiotics (in small amounts) are used in the process of making vaccines,
with the aim of preventing bacterial contamination of cell culture in which the
virus is being propagated. Usually the level of antibiotics detected in vaccines is
very low, for example in MMR and IPV vaccines, there is only 25 µg neomycin
for each dose of vaccine (<0.000025 gr). People who are allergic to neomycin
must be monitored closely, because of the possibility of allergic reactions can
occur, so that it can be treated quickly if allergies arise.
2.4.5 Preservatives
Preservatives are added to the vaccine in multi-dose packaging to prevent
bacterial and fungal growth. There are several types of preservatives such as
Thiomersal, Formaldehyde, and Phenol Derivatives.

2.5 Temperature Requirements for Vaccine

Vaccines are sensitive biological products. Some vaccines are sensitive to
freezing, some to heat and others to light. Vaccine potency, meaning its ability to
adequately protect the vaccinated patient, can diminish when the vaccine is
exposed to inappropriate temperatures. Once lost, vaccine potency cannot be
regained. To maintain quality, vaccines must be protected from temperature
extremes. Vaccine quality is maintained using a cold chain that meets specific
temperature requirements.

Figure 2. 5. Recommended Vaccine Storage Temperatures

(Source: WHO, 2015)

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2.5.1 Sensitivity to Heat and Freezing

Figure 2.5 shows the relative heat sensitivity of vaccines. These vaccines
are grouped into six categories. Within each of these six categories, the vaccines
are arranged in alphabetical order, not in order of sensitivity to heat within the
group. The most heat sensitive vaccines are in Group A and the least heat
sensitive vaccines are in Group F.
Note that the heat stability information shown for freeze-dried vaccines
applies only to unopened vials; most freeze-dried vaccines rapidly lose potency
after reconstitution. In addition, it is important to keep opened multi-dose vaccine
vials that do not contain preservative – whether lyophilized or liquid – cooled at
temperatures between +2 °C and +8 °C during the immunization session, or
within six hours after opening, whichever comes first.
Vaccines that are sensitive to freezing and should be protected from sub-
zero temperatures are listed in Table 2.3.

Figure 2. 6. Vaccine Heat Sensitivity

(Source: WHO,2015)

Table 2. 3. Freeze Sensitive Vaccines

Freeze Sensitive Vaccines

Cholera, DTaP-hepatitis B-Hib-IPV (hexavalent), DTwP or DTwP-hepatitis B-Hib (pentavalent),
Hepatitis B (Hep B), Hib (liquid), Human papillomavirus (HPV), Inactivated poliovirus (IPV),
Influenza, Pneumococcal, Rotavirus (liquid and freeze-dried), Tetanus, DT, Td.
(Source: WHO,2015)

2.5.2 Sensitivity to Light

Some vaccines are very sensitive to light and lose potency when exposed
to it. Such vaccines should always be protected against sunlight or any strong
artificial light, and exposure should be minimized. Vaccines that are as sensitive
to light as they are to heat include BCG, measles, measles-rubella, measles-

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mumps-rubella and rubella. These vaccines are often supplied in dark glass vials
that give them some protection from light damage; but they should be kept in their
secondary packaging for as long as possible to protect them during storage and
transportation.
2.5.3 Controlled Temperature Chain (CTC)
An increasing number of vaccines are being examined to determine their
compatibility with a Controlled Temperature Chain (CTC), which would allow
their use at ambient temperatures. WHO defines a CTC as the on-label use of a
WHO-prequalified vaccine out of the traditional +2 °C to +8 °C cold chain for a
limited period of time, at temperatures of up to 40 °C, just before administration.
Vaccines licensed accordingly can be used in a CTC. The CTC approach can be
adopted by countries for carefully chosen circumstances.
2.6 Health Facility Refrigerator
Refrigerators at health facilities may be powered by electricity, solar or
gas (or kerosene). A refrigerator for the health facility should be chosen based on
the most reliable power supply available and the combined capacity necessary for
storage of the vaccine and the water pack. Apart from cleaning and preventive
maintenance, solar refrigerators are more expensive to buy and install than electric
refrigerators. The two types are: a) solar-battery units connected to a battery bank,
which is charged by the solar panels and b) solar direct-drive units that are
powered directly by the solar panels.

Figure 2. 7. Ice-lined mains electric, solar-battery or solar direct-drive

(source: WHO, 2015)

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Since 2009, all ice-lined, solar battery and direct-drive solar refrigerators
prequalified by the WHO have been equipped with thermostats that the user can
not adjust. The temperature in these refrigerators should always stay between+ 2 °
C and+ 8 ° C if power cuts are not excessive. If there is a recurrent temperature
control issue in these models, you must alert your supervisor and call the
technician for the refrigeration. All of these newer refrigerators have a round red
and blue sticker: the top red semi-circle shows the maximum operating
temperature permitted, and the bottom blue semi-circle shows the minimum
operating temperature.
A refrigerator in a health facility must never be packed tightly–always
leave plenty of space around the vaccines and diluents to allow air to circulate
freely and make vaccine handling simpler. Usually a refrigerator for the health
facility should be selected so that it can hold:
• at least one month’s supply of vaccines and diluents in the refrigerator
compartment
• a one- or two-week reserve stock of vaccines and diluents (usually an additional
25–50% of the one-month supply)
• a minimum of four water packs in the freezer/cooling compartment. (Note: For
technical reasons, some solar direct-drive refrigerators cannot freeze ice packs.)

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 CHAPTER 3
NEEDS IDENTIFICATION AND IDEAS SELECTION

3.1 Determining Needs

The first step in designing a product is to determine needs. To determine
the needs of the customer, we share the online survey and then use data from that
for determining the real needs from costumers.
3.1.1 Market Analysis Method
For analysis a need of the customer, we use an online questionnaires
method. This method is a very effective way for collecting so much data. This
method also very simple because we all know that today almost of people always
use gadgets for communication. From the online questionnaires, we can identify
the customers’ needs and find what the expectation from our customer. Total of
our respondents is 75 people. Most of our respondents are health worker and
college student in medical studies background that have the ability about vaccine
and immunization program.
3.1.2 Target Customers
3.1.2.1 Jobs
Total respondent of our surveys is 75 people. Based on the data given
by our respondents, most of the respondents are college students (69.3%),
followed by medical personnel such as doctors, nurses, etc (25.3%), private
employees (4%), and lastly housewives (1.4%).

4% 1.40%

25.30% College Student

Medical Personnel
69.30%
Private employee
Housewives

Figure 3. 1. Percentage of Respondent’s Jobs

(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

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3.1.2.2 Respondent’s Subject

Most of our respondents are college students. Because of that, we go to
the next question that is about the respondent’s subject. Based from the data,
most of the respondents are from Faculty of Medicine (43.5%), followed by
Faculty of Farmacy (19.4%), Faculty of Nursing (16.1%), Faculty of Public
Health (14.5%), Faculty of Engineering (4%), Midwifery (1.5%), and health
analyst (1%). The data have shown that most of our respondents come from a
medical studies background. So, we can say that our survey is valid.

1.50%
4% 1%
Faculty of Medicine

14.50% Faculty of Farmacy

43.50%
Faculty of Nursing
16%
Faculty of Public Health
19.40% Faculty of Engineering
Midwifery
Health Analyst

Figure 3. 2. Percentage of Respondent's Subject

(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

3.1.2.3 Respondent’s Experience with Vaccine

The next question in our survey is about the respondent's experience
with vaccines. This question is intended to find out how many respondents
have a lot of experience with vaccines. After we know about the respondent's
experience with vaccines, we can know how valid our survey is. From the data
below, the total of respondents who have used the vaccine is 66 respondents.
Meanwhile, 38 respondents had held the vaccine and 17 respondents had
injected the vaccine.

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Injecting vaccine

Holding a vaccine

Using vaccine

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Respondent's Experience with Vaccine

Figure 3. 3. Percentage of Respondent's Experience with Vaccine

(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

3.1.2.4 Total Immunization Received from Respondents

According to the data, 62.7% of the respondents received vaccination
2-5 times during their lifetime. Then 24% of the respondents did vaccination
6-15 times during their lifetime. While not many respondents did vaccination
more than 15 times during their lifetime. It means the respondents didn't
receive vaccination more than 15 times.

6.7% 1.30% 5.30%

Never
24.00%
1 time
2-5 times
62.7%
6-15 times
More than 15 times

Figure 3. 4.Total Immunization Received from Respondents

(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

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3.1.3 Customers Knowledge About Vaccine and Customers’ Needs

3.1.3.1 Respondent's Views on The Evenness of Vaccination Program in
Indonesia
Based on the data, 54.7% of 75 respondents said that a vaccination
program in a backward village is still not good enough. It means Indonesia
needs to distribute the vaccine evenly to remote areas.

6.70% 4%
20%

14.70%

54.70%

Not very good Not good Enough Good Very good

Figure 3. 5. Respondent's Views on The Evenness of Vaccination Program in

Indonesia
(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

3.1.3.2 The Right Temperature to Store Vaccine

The data shows that 68% of the respondents said the right temperature
to storage vaccine is around 2-8 degrees, and others said the temperature must
not more than 20 degrees. It means the vaccine storage must preserve the
temperature around 2-20 degree to maintain quality of the vaccine.

6.70% 0%
5.30%
20%
Less than 2oC
2oC - 8oC
8oC - 14oC
14oC - 20oC
More than 20oC
68%

Figure 3. 6. The Right Temperature to Store Vaccine

(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

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3.1.3.3 The Importance of The Vaccine Storage for Maintaining Temperature

while isn't Electricity
According to data, 89.3% of the respondents feel it's very important if
the vaccine storage can maintain the cold while the power down or while there
isn't electricity. It means while the power down, the temperature of vaccine
storage must still be cold.

10.7%

Very Important
Important
Not Important

89.3%

Figure 3. 7. The Importance of The Vaccine Storage for Maintaining

Temperature while isn't Electricity
(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

3.1.3.4 The Times that Required for Maintaining Vaccine Storage

Temperature
Based on data, 30,7% of the respondents said that the vaccine storage
must preserve the temperature still cold more than 8 hours. but, 21,3% of the
respondent said that it must be maintaining the temperature around 7-8 hours.
And others said it must preserve the temperature around 1-2 hours, 3-4 hours,
and 5-6 hours. It means the times depend on the kind of vaccine, where there
is a vaccine that does require a minimum storage time of 8 hours, and so on.

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16.0%
1-2 Hours 30.7%
3-4 Hours
5-6 Hours 16.0%

7-8 Hours
More than 8 Hours
21.30% 16.00%

Figure 3. 8. The Times that Required for Maintaining Vaccine Storage

Temperature
(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

3.1.3.5 The Best Vaccine Storage Shape

We share a question about the shape for Vaccine Refrigerator. From

our survey, 64% of the respondents choose no 4 which is the vaccine storage
box with separation in it, so it looks like there is two separate storage in one
device.

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6.70% 14.70%
64.00%
No 1
14.7% No 2
No 3
No 4

Figure 3. 9. The Best Vaccine Storage Shape

(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

3.1.3.6 Vaccine Storage Sizes on The Market

Based on data, 76% of the respondents said the vaccine storage size on
the market is enough. But, 14.7% said it isn't big enough, and others said it's
small less.

1.3% 0.00%
8.00% 14.70%

Too Small
Small
Enough

76.0% Big
Too Big

Figure 3. 10. Vaccine Storage Sizes on The Market

(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

3.1.3.7 Market Needs for Vaccine Storage

The data shows that 58 respondents need portable vaccine storage that
can bring it to many places until remote areas. 57 respondents need a rack for
classifying types of vaccines, and 55 respondents need vaccine storage with a

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 23

freezer or cool pack inside. It means our team must combine their needs with
our product.

Low cost energy

Easy to carry

The basic functions are fulfilled and compact

a freezer to provide the frozen vaccine

Vaccine refrigerator with a portable size

Some racks for grouping a vaccine

Rack with a railing system

Some racks with holes to prevent the vaccine…

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Market Needs for Vaccine Storage

Figure 3. 11. Market Needs for Vaccine Storage

(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

3.1.3.8 The Importance of Alarm System for Vaccine Storage

The Importance of Alarm System for Vaccine

Storage
4.0%

Yes
No

96.0%

Figure 3. 12. The Importance of Alarm System for Vaccine Storage

(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

The data shows that 96% of the respondents feel that the alarm system is
essential to inform the vaccine storage condition whether the temperature of
vaccine storage is too hot or too cold for the vaccine that saved in the vaccine
storage.

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3.1.3.8 Innovation or Needs to be Exist in Vaccine Refrigerator

The indicators that can inform a quality of…

Sterilization system in preparation vaccine
Space between another vaccine
Time controller with alarm to announce about…
Quality controller for make sure about vaccine…
Cooler box with an additional battery
Ensuring vaccine quality is good in remote areas
Portable cool pack easy to carry
Vaccine checking regularly
The use of alternative energy
a device to keep the vaccine from shaking
a cooler to keep the temperature in condition…
Real-time digital temperature indicator
An information label about a vaccine in…
The indicators that can inform a quality of…
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Figure 3. 13. Innovation or Needs to be Exist in Vaccine Refrigerator

(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

3.2 Costumer’s Needs Interpretation

The next step after doing interviews and spreading the questionnaires is
the interpretation of costumers’ needs. From this interpretation, it can help us to
classify and then list the consumers’ needs. Costumer’s needs interpretation is
arranged in Table 3.1. below.
Table 3. 1.Costumers’ Needs Interpretation Table

No Question Answer Statement of Needs

How important is the
Vaccine refrigerator that can
ability to keep vaccine
1. Very Important keep a vaccine in condition
storage in condition
without electricity
without electricity?
How important is the
ability to keep the Vaccine refrigerator that can
2. temperature in the Very Important keep a vaccine in the desired
desired temperature temperature range (2 – 8 o C)
range? (2 – 8 o C)

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Table 3.1. Costumers’ Needs Interpretation Table (continued)

How much time do we
Vaccine refrigerator that can
need to keep the
3. More than 8 hours keep a vaccine in condition
vaccine in condition
without electricity
without electricity?
What is the shape do
Cube shapes vaccine
4. you want for the (figure 4)
refrigerator with racks
vaccine refrigerator?
According to existing
Vaccine refrigerator that have
product, what do you
5. Enough the similar size with existing
think about the size of
product
vaccine refrigerator?
Some racks with holes
Vaccine refrigerator that have
to prevent the vaccine
some racks with holes
from shaking
Rack with a railing Vaccine refrigerator with a
system railing system
Some racks for Vaccine refrigerator with some
grouping a vaccine racks for grouping a vaccine
Vaccine refrigerator Vaccine refrigerator with a
What features do you with a portable size portable size
6. want in vaccine a freezer to provide the Vaccine refrigerator with
refrigerator? frozen vaccine freezer
Vaccine refrigerator that can
The basic functions are
fulfil with a lot of vaccine
fulfilled and compact
(high capacity)
Vaccine refrigerator with a
Easy to carry
portable size
Vaccine refrigerator that
Low cost energy doesn’t consume a lot of
energy

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 26

Table 3.1. Costumers’ Needs Interpretation Table (continued)

According to you, is
an alarm system
needed for vaccine
refrigerator? Vaccine refrigerator with an
7. Yes
(to inform the alarm system
condition about the
vaccine inside the
refrigerator)
The indicators that can
Vaccine refrigerator with
inform a quality of
What kind of vaccine quality indicator
vaccines
innovation do you
An information label
need to be exist in Vaccine refrigerator with some
about a vaccine in
vaccine refrigerator? racks for grouping a vaccine
refrigerator
Vaccine refrigerator with Real-
Real-time digital
8. time digital temperature
temperature indicator
indicator
a cooler to keep the
temperature in Vaccine refrigerator with back-
condition without up energy sources
electricity
a device to keep the Vaccine refrigerator that have
vaccine from shaking some racks with holes
The use of alternative Vaccine refrigerator with back-
energy up energy system
Vaccine checking Vaccine refrigerator with
regularly vaccine quality indicator
Portable cool pack easy Vaccine refrigerator with a
to carry portable size
Ensuring vaccine Vaccine refrigerator with
quality is good in vaccine quality indicator

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remote areas

Cooler box with an

Vaccine refrigerator with back-
additional battery
up energy system
system
Quality controller for
Vaccine refrigerator with
make sure about
vaccine quality indicator
vaccine condition
Time controller with
Vaccine refrigerator with
alarm to announce
vaccine quality indicator and
about an expired
alarm
vaccine
Space between another Vaccine refrigerator that have
vaccine some racks with holes
Sterilization system in
Sterile vaccine refrigerator
preparation vaccine
The indicators that can
Vaccine refrigerator with
inform a quality of
vaccine quality indicator
vaccines
(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

3.3 Needs Listing

After we do interpretation of customers’ needs, we need to make list and
then classify the needs. The interpretation of customer’s needs is list in the table
below:
Table 3. 2. Arranged List of Needs

No Needs
Vaccine refrigerator that can keep a vaccine in the desired
1
temperature range (2 – 8 o C)
Vaccine refrigerator that can keep a vaccine in condition
2
without electricity

3 Cube shapes vaccine refrigerator with racks

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Table 3.2. Arranged List of Needs (continued)

Vaccine refrigerator that have the similar size with existing
4
product

5 Vaccine refrigerator that have some racks with holes

6 Vaccine refrigerator with a railing system

7 Vaccine refrigerator with some racks for grouping a vaccine

8 Vaccine refrigerator with a portable size

9 Vaccine refrigerator with freezer

Vaccine refrigerator that can fulfil with a lot of vaccine

10
(high capacity)

11 Vaccine refrigerator that doesn’t consume a lot of energy

12 Vaccine refrigerator with an alarm system

13 Vaccine refrigerator with vaccine quality indicator

Vaccine refrigerator with Real-time digital temperature

14
indicator

15 Vaccine refrigerator with back-up energy system

16 Sterile vaccine refrigerator

(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

3.4 Classification and Rank of Needs

The next step is we must classification and rank of needs. The function of
ranking the needs is to make it easier to prioritize some aspects that most
important. Rank decision are determined by team’s discussion, literature review,
and market survey. The ranking system is by number presenting:
1: Undesirable
2: Not Important
3: Nice to have
4: Highly desirable
5: Essential

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Table 3. 3. Grouping and Ranking of Needs

No List of needs Rank

Product Performance
Vaccine refrigerator that can keep a vaccine in condition
2 5
without electricity
8 Vaccine refrigerator with a portable size 4
9 Vaccine refrigerator with freezer 3
Vaccine refrigerator that can fulfil with a lot of vaccine (high
10 5
capacity)
11 Vaccine refrigerator that doesn’t consume a lot of energy 5
Product Perception
3 Cube shapes vaccine refrigerator with racks 3
Vaccine refrigerator that have the similar size with existing
4 3
product
5 Vaccine refrigerator that have some racks with holes 4
6 Vaccine refrigerator with a railing system 3
7 Vaccine refrigerator with some racks for grouping a vaccine 3
12 Vaccine refrigerator with an alarm system 5
13 Vaccine refrigerator with vaccine quality indicator 4
Vaccine refrigerator with Real-time digital temperature
14 4
indicator
15 Vaccine refrigerator with back-up energy system 4
Product Regulation
Vaccine refrigerator that can keep a vaccine in the desired
1 5
temperature range
16 Sterile vaccine refrigerator 5
(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

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 CHAPTER 4
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

4.1 Metrics Listing

After the classification and rank of needs are made, the next step is to
convert these qualitative list of needs into product specifications which can be
measured quantitatively called metrics. Metrics are important property in product
specification as it gives the designer an objective to create a product that fits the
customer needs. These list of needs that have been ranked and classified are given
unit and specification as it serves as a standard for benchmark analysis and gives
the final specification for the product.
Table 4. 1 List of Metrics

Needs
No. List of Needs Specification Metric Unit
Rank
Product Performance
Vaccine refrigerator that
2 can keep a vaccine in 5 Time Hour
condition without electricity
Vaccine refrigerator with a Dimension mm.mm.mm
8 4
portable size Weight Kg
Vaccine refrigerator with o
9 3 Temperature C
freezer
Vaccine refrigerator that
10 can fulfil with a lot of 5 Volume L
vaccine (high capacity)
Vaccine refrigerator that
11 doesn’t consume a lot of 5 Power Watt
energy
Product Perception
Cube shapes vaccine
3 3 Shape Subj.
refrigerator with racks
Vaccine refrigerator that
Dimension
4 have the similar size with 3 mm.mm.mm
(H.W.L)
existing product
Vaccine refrigerator that
5 4 Ratio of Hole Mesh
have some racks with holes
Vaccine refrigerator with a
6 3 Accesibility Yes/No
railing system
Vaccine refrigerator with
7 some racks for grouping a 3 Jumlah rak Quantity
vaccine

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Table 4.1 List of Metrics (continued)

Vaccine refrigerator with an Warning

12 5 Yes/No
alarm system System
Vaccine refrigerator with Indicator
13 4 Yes/No
vaccine quality indicator System
Vaccine refrigerator with
Temperature
14 Real-time digital 4 Yes/No
Sensor
temperature indicator
Vaccine refrigerator with
15 4 Power Watt
back-up energy system
Product Regulation
Vaccine refrigerator that
o
1 can keep a vaccine in the 5 Temperature C
desired temperature
Concentration
16 Sterile vaccine refrigerator 5 %
of bactery
(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

4.2 Metric Needs Grouping

There are metric units which are used for multiple needs. A matrix of
needs and metric are used in order to organize the correlation between needs and
metric unit. The relation between needs and the metric unit used are shown in
Table 4.2.
Table 4. 2. Metrics of Needs

Metrics
mm.mm.mm

Quantitiy
Yes / No

Mesh
Hour

Watt

Subj

No. List of Needs Kg

C

%
L
o

2
Vaccine refrigerator that
can keep a vaccine in
• •
condition without electricity
8
Vaccine refrigerator with a
portable size
•
9
Vaccine refrigerator with
freezer
•
10
Vaccine refrigerator that
can fulfil with a lot of
•
vaccine (high capacity)

11
Vaccine refrigerator that
doesn’t consume a lot of •
energy

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Table 4.2. Metrics of Needs (Continued)

3
Cube shapes vaccine
refrigerator with racks •
4
Vaccine refrigerator that
have the similar size with •
existing product
5
Vaccine refrigerator that
have some racks with holes •
6
Vaccine refrigerator with a
railing system •
7
Vaccine refrigerator with
some racks for grouping a •
vaccine
12
Vaccine refrigerator with an
alarm system •
13
Vaccine refrigerator with
vaccine quality indicator •
14
Vaccine refrigerator with
Real-time digital temperature •
indicator
15
Vaccine refrigerator with
back-up energy system •
1
Vaccine refrigerator that can
keep a vaccine in the desired •
temperature
16 Sterile vaccine refrigerator •
(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

4.3 Similar Existing Product Benchmarking

Benchmark is a set of standard used as a reference for evaluating
performance of a product. In order to benchmark, product that are in demand
should be researched and improve the existing product. For this case,
benchmarking is used to determine the product speciality by comparing this
product with another product that have similarity in market. The result of
benchmarking helps the product to improve by finding the best specification
which satisfies the market needs. Benchmarking also shows the product weakness
by defining needs that doesn’t meet the market expectation. For this reason,
benchmarking to three popular products in market were carried out based on the
respondents’ choice. Table 4.3 shows the specification of three product in
demand. The table will be used as comparison in order to define this product
specification.

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Table 4. 3. Spesification of Three Product in Demand

Products Score
Needs Metric
No. List of Needs Spec Sure Medical Sun
Rank Unit
Chill System Danzer
Product Performance
Vaccine
refrigerator that
can keep a
2 4 Time Hour 86.4 85.4 83.5
vaccine in
condition without
electricity
1030 1030 x
Vaccine mm.m 962 x 711
Dimension x 560 1300 x
8 refrigerator with 4 m.mm x 868
x 600 800
a portable size
Weight Kg 123 99 115
Vaccine -12
Temperatur o -10 s/d -
9 refrigerator with 3 C s/d - -11 s/d -19
e 15
freezer 18
Vaccine
refrigerator that
10 can fulfil with a 5 Volume L 27 42 56
lot of vaccine
(high capacity)
Vaccine
refrigerator that
11 5 Power Watt 850 780 820
doesn’t consume
a lot of energy
Product Perception
Cube shapes
vaccine
3 3 Shape Subj. Yes Yes Yes
refrigerator with
racks
Vaccine
refrigerator that 1030 1030 x
Dimension mm.m 962 x 711
4 have the similar 3 x 560 1300 x
(H.W.L) m.mm x 868
size with existing x 600 800
product
Vaccine
refrigerator that Ratio of Holes/
5 4 0 0 0
have some racks Hole m2
with holes
Vaccine
6 refrigerator with 3 Accesibility Yes/No No No No
a railing system

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Table 4.3. Spesification of Three Product in Demand (continued)

Vaccine
refrigerator with
7 some racks for 3 Jumlah rak Quantity 3 4 2
grouping a
vaccine
Vaccine
Warning
12 refrigerator with 5 Yes/No No No No
System
an alarm system
Vaccine
refrigerator with Indicator
13 4 Yes/No No No No
vaccine quality System
indicator
Vaccine
refrigerator with
Temperature
14 Real-time digital 4 Yes/No Yes Yes Yes
Sensor
temperature
indicator
Vaccine
refrigerator with
15 4 Power Watt 115 100 90
back-up energy
system
Product Regulation
Vaccine
refrigerator that
can keep a o
1 5 Temperature C 1-7 oC 1-9 oC2 2-8 oC
vaccine in the
desired
temperature
Sterile vaccine Concentration
16 5 % 0.9 0.8 0.9
refrigerator of battery
(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

4.4 Product Spesification

Result from benchmarking several products gives a set range value of
metric measurement unit for each specification. This value are categorized as
marginal value and ideal value. Marginal value is the minimum acceptability for
each product specification to satisfy customer. Ideal value, on the other hand, is a
value, which fully satisfies the customer as the best specification for each metric
unit. Knowing the value of each specification limits the boundaries for this
products specification. This value will determine the product’s final specification
to gives first idea of the design space in order to continue the design conception.

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Table 4. 4. Specification of Own Product Value, Marginal Value, and Ideal

Value

Needs Metric Own Marginal Ideal

No List of Needs Specification
Rank Unit Value Value Value
Product Performance
Vaccine
refrigerator that
2 can keep a vaccine 4 Time Hour 90 82 – 90 88
in condition
without electricity
1030 x 1030 x 962 x
Vaccine mm.mm
Dimension 560 x 1300 x 711 x
8 refrigerator with a 4 .mm
600 800 868
portable size
Weight Kg 123 99 115
Vaccine
o -12 s/d -10 s/d -
9 refrigerator with 3 Temperature C -15
-20 20
freezer
Vaccine
refrigerator that can
10 fulfil with a lot of 5 Volume L 54 50-60 52
vaccine (high
capacity)
Vaccine
refrigerator that
11 5 Power Watt 800 820 810
doesn’t consume a
lot of energy
Product Perception
Cube shapes
vaccine
3 3 Shape Subj. Yes Yes Yes
refrigerator with
racks
Vaccine
500.500.5
refrigerator that
Dimension mm.mm 600.90 00 s/d 700.90
4 have the similar 3
(H.W.L) .mm 0.500 1500.150 0.700
size with existing
0.1500
product
Vaccine
refrigerator that
5 4 Ratio of Hole Holes/m2 10 10 10
have some racks
with holes
Vaccine
6 refrigerator with a 3 Accesibility Yes/No Yes Yes/No Yes
railing system
Vaccine
refrigerator with
7 3 Jumlah rak Quantity 3 3 3
some racks for
grouping a vaccine

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Table 4.4. Spesification of Own Product Value, Marginal Value, and Ideal
Value (continued)
Vaccine
Warning
12 refrigerator with 4 Yes/No Yes Yes/No Yes
System
an alarm system
Vaccine
refrigerator with Indicator
13 4 Yes/No Yes Yes/No Yes
vaccine quality System
indicator
Vaccine
refrigerator with
Temperature
14 Real-time digital 4 Yes/No Yes Yes/No Yes
Sensor
temperature
indicator
Vaccine
refrigerator with
15 4 Power Watt 100 90-110 100
back-up energy
system
Product Regulation
Vaccine
refrigerator that
o
1 can keep a vaccine 5 Temperature C 2-8 2-8 2-8
in the desired
temperature
Sterile vaccine Concentration
16 5 % 0.5 0.2 – 1 0.5
refrigerator of bactery
(Source: Personal Data, 2020)

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 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

• There are 4 types of vaccines classified according to the type of antigen in

them, including: Live Attenuated Vaccines, Inactivated Vaccines, Subunit
Vaccines, and Toxin Vaccines.
• Each vaccine has various components including antigens, stabilizers,
adjuvants, antibiotics, preservatives, and residues from the production
process.
• The vaccine is a biological product that is easily damaged so it must be
stored at a certain temperature, which is between +2 °C and +8 °C for
frozen sensitive vaccines, and at temperatures between -15 °C and -25 °C
for heat sensitive vaccines.
• Customers needs about vaccine refrigerator is a solar energy-based
refrigeration system for vaccines with the determined specifications in the
market.
• Our product is about vaccine refrigerator with a solar energy-based with a
portable size that have an alarm controller

37
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