BACHELOR OF COMMUNICATION WITH HONOURS

SEMESTER SEPTEMBER 2021

ABXM1103

MAN, SOCIETY AND CULTURE

MATRICULATION NO : 780614125079001

IDENTITIY CARD NO : 780614125079

E-MAIL : aswanfazli@gmail.com

TEL. NO : 013-9321236

LEARNING CENTRE : KOTA KINABALU LEARNING CENTRE

 Culture consists of the beliefs, behaviours, objects, and other characteristics common
to the members of a particular group of society. Through culture, people and groups define
themselves, conform to society’s shared values, and contribute to society. Thus, culture
includes many social aspects: language, customs, values norms, mores, rules, tools,
technologies, products, organisation, and institutions (CliffsNotes, n.d.). Sociologists define
society as the people who interact in such a way as to share a common culture. The term
society can also have a geographic meaning and refer to people who share a common culture
in a particular location. For example, people living in arctic climates developed different
cultures from those living in desert culture (CliffsNotes, n.d.).

Culture and society are intricately related. A culture consists of the “object” of a
society. Whereas society consists of the people who share a common culture. When the terms
culture and society first acquired their current meanings, most people in the world worked
and lived in small groups in the same locale. In today’s world of 6 billion people, these terms
have lost some of their usefulness because an increasing number of people interact and share
sources globally. Still, people tend to use culture and society in a more traditional sense.

Race and ethnicity are used to categorize certain sections of the population. In basic
terms, race describes physical traits, and ethnicity refers to cultural identification. Race may
also be identified as something you inherit while ethnicity is something you learn. Race and
ethnicity are typically misunderstood as most people often don’t fit into neat categories that
are offered on forms with checkboxes (Morin, 2020). There are not necessarily have any test
or scientific basis to separate people it’s just that people can self-identify.

The dictionary by Merriam-Webster defines race as a “category of humankind that

shares certain distinctive physical traits”(Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, n.d.). Race is
usually associated with biology and linked with physical characteristics, such as hair texture
or skin colour and covers a relatively cover a narrow range of options(Morin, 2020). Yet
people of similar complexion/hair texture can be defined as different races. The example that
can be made is in Malaysia there is three major race which are Malay, Chinese, and Indian.
Meanwhile, ethnicity is a broader term than race. The term is used to categorize groups of
people according to their cultural expression and identification commonalities such as racial,
tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin may be used to describe someone
ethnicity(Morin, 2020). For example, there are a lot of ethnicities in Malaysia such as Bajau,
Iban, Kadazan, and Dusun.

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 When there are many races and ethnicities around the globe, there are certain negative
implications that will occur such as the presence of ethnocentrism and racism. Ethnocentrism
is the belief that one’s own culture is good, beautiful, or important and assume other cultures
are inhumane, disgusting, irrational, ugly, and savage. Marvin Harris has mentioned that
there the reason why ethnocentrism is wrong is that it ignores enculturation which is the
teaching of culture from one generation to the next(Marvin, 1995). Also, it interferes with
scientific understanding and leads to tolerance for and curiosity towards cultural differences.
Ethnocentrism has led to several errors of interpretation and too much bad advice, for
example, western scientists ignored the cumulative wisdom of traditional farmers and
completely misunderstood the energy dynamics of cattle in India(Marvin, 1995).

On the other hand, racism can be set as a set of practices or a set of beliefs. The set of
practices that can be considered as racism is housing segregation, separate and unequal
schools, the law limiting the behaviour of people according to racial classification and
genocide. While the belief that can be considered racism is the belief that physical differences
among races represent real genetic, biological barriers and that therefore, at least some races
are biologically “pure” and therefore that some races are superior to others that are inferiors.

When racism and ethnocentrism occur in a country or community and there are no
people that want to try to stop it, racial strife is bound to happen. Racial strife happens if there
is a group of people that develop hate toward a certain group of people that have different
races/ ethnic. The racial strife can cause the communities to be broken apart and lead to a riot
and lynching. Recently, there are movements made in America called Black Lives Matter
(BLM) which is a decentralized political and social movement protesting against incidents of
police brutality and all racially motivated violence against black people (Schneider, 2020).
During this movement, the whole of America was stirred and an estimated 15 million to 26
million people participated in the 2020 BLM protest in the United States, making it one of the
largest movements in the country’s history (Taylor, 2021). It also causes Riot and leads to a
shop and police stations set ablaze. Looting also happens during this movement which causes
some shop owners to have major losses in their business. Thus, it is bad for a community if
racial strife happens(Taylor, 2021).

Malaysia is a country in Southeastern Asia that share borders with Thailand, Indonesia,
Singapore, and Brunei. The country has an estimated 32 million people (2019 est.) (Malaysia
- Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette, 2020). Malaysia consists of 13 states and is

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separated into two regions which is Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo’s East Malaysia
(wikipedia, 2021). Malaysia has a very diverse race and ethnicity which live very
harmoniously with each other’s and have a different concept of race and ethnicity from other
country and because of that, the concept of race and ethnicity have been blurted out and hard
to place in their right categories. The community in Malaysia can be separated into several
race categories which are “Malays”, “Aboriginals”, “Chinese”, “Indian”, “: Native Sabah and
Sarawak”. It usually is categorized as a large ethnic group but in Malaysia, other sub-ethnic
groups can be categorized and differentiated with the variety of the races present because
even a casual look reveals considerable heterogeneity within categories as well as vague
boundaries between them.
According to the Malaysian constitution, a Malay is a person who was born locally,
habitually speaks Malay, follows Malay customs and profess Islam (Hirschman, 1987).
While, Aboriginals or Orang Asli are the natives in Peninsular Malaysia and is generally
divided into three major groups, namely the Negrito, Senoi and Proto-Malay (Gomes, 2020).
Most of the Malays comes from peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. They can also broadly be
classified into two main categories (Malay & Melayu, n.d.), Anak Jati (indigenous Malays or
local Malay) and Anak Dagang (trading Malays or foreign Malays). Among the notable
group that are considered the local Malays includes the Bruneians, Kedahans, Kelantanese,
Pahangite, Perkins, Sarawakians, and Terengganuans while the foreign Malays have
Acehnese, Banjarese, Buginese, Javanese, Mandailing and Minangkabau ancestries that come
from Indonesia some foreign Malays May come from other parts such as Chams, Cocos, and
Patani Malays(Malay & Melayu, n.d.). Then, most of Orang Asli live in Peninsular Malaysia
which mainly in Kedah, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan,
Melaka, and Johor. The three main ethnicities of Orang Asli have their own sub-ethnic which
can be seen in Table 1 below. Orang Asli Negrito/ Semang originated from Papua New
Guinea, Andaman Philippines, and South of Thailand and can be describe as a person who
have a dark skin, round face and curly hair. They mainly harvest the forest for food and
medicines. While the Senoi, they mostly live in Cameron Highland and originated from the
hills of Vietnam or North of Thailand on 6000-8000 years ago. Then, Proto-Malay migrated
2500 and 1500 BC and from their physical appearance it is almost similar to the Malay. Most
of the Orang Asli practice animism which were lead with ‘Tok Batin’/Chieftain, but now
some of them convert to Christian or Islam(Gomes, 2020).

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 Table 1: Orang Asli sub-ethnic group in Malaysia

Negrito Senoi Proto-Malay

Kensiu Temir Jakun

Kintaq Semai Temuan

Lanoh Semaq Beri Semelai

Jahai Jah Hut Kuala

Mandriq Mah Meri Kanaq

Batek Cheq Wong Selar

The Chinese and Indian are supposed to consist of the descendants of immigrants from
China and the Indian Subcontinent. Most of the Chinese that came to Tanah Melayu at that
time came from the South of China and the ethnic subgroup of Chinese people in Malaysia
include Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Hainan, Foochow and Kwongsai (Chinese &
Lumpur, 2010). Different Chinese dialects are spoken in Malaysian towns and cities.
However, Mandarin is now widely used as a working language or lingua franca among
different Chinese ethnicities, particularly in the younger generation. Most of the Malaysian
Chinese have maintained their heritage but some have assimilated with the native Malay and
formed a distinct sub-ethnic group, such as Peranakans in Kelantan and Terengganu, Baba-
Nonya in Malacca and Penang, and the Sino-Natives in Sabah (Chinese & Lumpur, 2010).
While, majority of Indian Malaysian are ethnic Tamil people, with other smaller groups such
as the Malayalee’s, Telugus, Sikhs and others.
Sabah’s population is made up of 33 indigenous groups that communicate in over 50
languages and 80 ethnic dialects (People & History | SABAH.Gov, n.d.). The Kadazan-Dusun
is the largest ethnic group in Sabah that makes up almost 30% of the population. The Bajaus,
or also known as “cowboys of the east”, and Muruts, the hill people and headhunters in the
past, are the second and third largest ethnic group in Sabah respectively. Other indigeniouse
tribes include the Bisaya, Brunei Malay, Bugis, Kedayan, Lotud, Ludayeh, Rungus, Suluk,
Minkok, Bonggi, the Ida’an and many more. Meanwhile, the Sarawak-native also known as
Dayak people compromises the Iban, Bidayuh, Orang Ulu and other tribes. The race and
ethnicity in Sarawak can also be categorised into two which are coastal residents and inland
residents. The coastal resident consists of Melayu and Melanau while inland residents are
Iban and Orang Ulu.

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 The social and cultural aspect is important for every community. The ethnic relations for
the people of Sabah are very unique due to the multi-ethnic that lives there and its affect the
social and cultural aspect of the people there such as its festivities, marriages traditions,
funeral customs, the local dances and many others. There are a lot of festivities that the
people in Sabah celebrate such as Pesta Kaamatan, Regatta lepa, Hari Raya Aidilfitri,
Perayaan Magahau. Kaamatan or Pesta Kaamatan is a form of harvest festival celebrated
annually, it is normally celebrated by the ethnic Kadazan-Dusun, as well as by other related
ethnic groups in the state. Pesta Kaamatan lasts for the whole month of May, ending with a
public holiday on a date selected by a priestess known as the bobohizan(Jubilee, 2018).
During this festival, a beauty pageant known as Unduk Ngadau will be held and it ends the
harvest festival with a newly crowned Unduk Ngadau in the annual host district, KDCA
Penampang (Jubilee, 2018). Bajau laut also have a festival that they celebrate in April called
Regatta Lepa (Husna, 2019). This festival is celebrated in Semporna and usually, the road
will be decorated with colourful screen viewer/pemidang layar at the sidewalk all over the
town. During this festival, all sorts of sport, arts and culture will be held such as boat races
and swimming competitions and ethnic dance and songs. The main highlight for this festival
is the arrival of all sorts of decorated boat/ Lepa from all around the village in the Semporna
district which were led by their village-chief accompanied by their ethnic dances and music
in the boat/Lepa(Husna, 2019).
Marriage tradition can be said one of the most important social and cultural aspects of one
community. Ethnic Brunei that lives in Sabah has their customs when it comes to marriage,
besides following the Syariah Laws in Islam others were made that followed the customs
such as Merisik, Meminang, Menghantar Berian, Akad Nikah, Majlis Bersanding and many
other customs. The blog written by Mohammadia bin Wahab has mentioned the Brunei ethnic
customs on the wedding ceremony which stated that the purpose of ‘merisik’ is to ask and
confirm whether the daughter already has their candidate or boyfriend and when there is no
specific candidate mentioned by the woman side and the women side have their certainty than
the act of ‘meminang’ can be done. The act of ‘meminang’ is when the men sides send an
entourage as a representative from the men to ask hand in marriage. When the act of
‘meminang’ is over then, and the woman side has given their blessing and wants to proceed
with the wedding, the act of ‘menghantar berian’ will be done. In this act, the men side must
prepare the engagement ring or money that has been set by both sides. This act also set the
date for both sides to set the date for ‘akad nikah’ and ‘majlis persandingan’. ‘akad nikah’
also known as Islamic marriage contract that is considered an integral part of an Islamic

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marriage. This ceremony is usually attended by only a few people such as the
parents/guardians of both sides, witnesses and close family. ‘Majlis bersanding’ can be
considered as the climax of the Brunei ethnic marriage ceremony where both the bride and
groom sit on the couch also known as ‘Pelamin’.
While for Kadazan-Dusun, there are also several marriage customs that they have to
follow such as ‘mongoi panau’ and miohon do pinisi’. Minah Sintian has made a study on the
Kadazan-Dusun ethnic marriage ceremony, she mentioned in her journal that Kadazan-Dusun
ethnic consider marriage ceremony as a sacred ritual for both men and female side (Minah
Sintian, 2016). The marriage was set by the parents and both bride and groom will only know
when the date set is close. Kadazan-Dusun community only allows marriages that don’t have
any blood relationship. The involvement of both parents in the marriage is to prevent the
marriage with one family lineage from occurring. It is believed that it can cause catastrophic
‘kepanasan’ for the bride and groom, family and the community in that place(Minah Sintian,
2016).
‘mongoi panau’ tradition means that the entourage invites the bride and paraded to the
groom house. A few of the groom entourage will go to the bride house to invite the bride to
go with them to the groom house. Usually, when the bride and groom live in the same village
the groom entourage will only walk to the bride house. In the ‘mongoi panau’ tradition, there
is a couple of ceremony happening such as polituhun which means allowing the daughter to
wed the groom ceremony. The polituhun ceremony is one of the phases on delaying the
daughter to go to the groom family and act as a symbol to the family feeling loss of their
daughter(Minah Sintian, 2016). In the Kadazan-Dusun community, the daughter is
considered as a priceless treasure to their parents and the groom will be asked to give
‘nopung’ in the form sanang gong to the bride family. Usually, the wedding ceremony from
the bride side will be held massively to remember the bride services when she is with her
family. If there is death in the village the ceremony will be delayed and if the ceremony is
ongoing, the ceremony will be put on hold for a moment. the ‘mogoi panau’ ceremony will
be held during the night and with the accompaniment of the Kadazan-Dusun traditional
specific poem for the wedding which is called tondiadi. During the night of ‘mongoi panau’
the bride and groom are not allowed to sleep together, the bride will sleep with her friends in
the entourage. The next day, the bride will go back to her family, and if the bride feels
reluctant to return to the groom house, in the old times the groom will play the mouth organ
sompoton to help his wife to feel more relaxed and ready to follow him back.

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 The ‘miohon pinisi’ means to exchange balls of rice (wedding). This ceremony is one of
the most important symbols for the journey of married life is full of trials and challenges. The
implicit core that this ceremony wants to tell is the readiness for both sides to accept each
other in love and sorrow. Usually, one expert (usually an old lady in the village) will help
both bride and groom to make the ceremony goes smoothly. The food that is prepared is a
plate of rice, a bowl of chicken soup and a bottle of lihing(Minah Sintian, 2016). The couple
will simultaneously feed the rice ball into each other mouths. After eating the rice balls, then
the other foods such as chicken soup, chicken meat, and others will be fed into each other
mouths. Lastly, the helpers will pour the lihing into to small glass and the couple will
simultaneously feed into each other mouths. The ‘miohon pinisi’ is considered done when
both couples rise from the kohobon and serve both of their parents and family.
The other customs that are in effect due to ethnic relations is the law from the Kadazan-
Dusun ethnic called ‘sogit’. Sogit is one of the forms of compensation whenever a custom is
breached as provided by Kaedah Mahkamah Anak Negeri (Undang-Undang Adat Anak
Negeri Sabah)1995(Ismail & Musa, 2018). One type of sogit is ‘kepanasan kampung’ sogit.
Based on a customary belief of the Sabahan natives, sogit kepanasan kampung is a practice
and a belief of the pagan community to prevent the guardian spirit from wrath as a result of a
breach of any customs made by its people. Sogit is a kind of law, acting as a suit with
compensation from the guilty party. Compensation is usually in the form of livestock such as
pigs, buffaloes, cows, goats, or chickens(ADAT RESAM DAN BUDAYA KAUM
KADAZANDUSUN ADAT SOGIT, n.d.). Among the offences that can be imposed on sogit
are stealing crops or livestock, damaging crops, killing livestock, rape and running away with
one daughter or wife.
The practice of sogit in the Tambunan district which is called monogit is held on the side
of the river in the highest part of the village(Ismail & Musa, 2018). Bobolian will slaughter
the animals that were given as sogit and the blood from the animals will be let if flows to the
river to cleanse the village. The meat then will be cooked and eaten by the villagers at the
place of the slaughter. The animal meat cannot be taken home. The highest offence in the
sogit law is the sexual offense done to one daughter and wife. Based on the tradition of the
native Sabah community, the offender will be imposed on sogit and exiled from the village
which they will be placed in a boat and the boat will be flow without any row and the boat
will be flowing towards the sea meanwhile the babies from the adultery must be killed(Ismail
& Musa, 2018).

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 Based on the YouTube video ‘Survey: Most Malaysian ‘averagely racist’’ made by
KiniTV channel, a survey claims that some Malaysian would not vote for an MP of a
different race, despite them deeming themselves not racist(KiniTV, 2016). The survey,
commissioned led by the Centre For A Better Tomorrow (Cenbet) and carried out by
independent consulting firm Anderson Market Analytics, was only held in Peninsular
Malaysia and they only interviewed Malaysian citizens (KiniTV, 2016). Personally, the cause
of racism and ethnocentrism that can lead to racial strife in the country is politics, customs,
religion, and discrimination.
The reason why politics is the cause of racism and ethnocentrism is that most of the
parties in Malaysia were divided by race. Carnegie Endowment has made an article about the
polarization over race, religion, and reform that has affected Malaysia for decades and
powerfully shaped its electoral politics. Malaysia's polarization feeds on three primary
divisions, each of which has deep historical roots(Welsh, 2020). The country's main dividing
line is ethnic. Ever since independence, the dominant narrative of national identity has been
that Malaysia is for the Malays while the other communities have not enjoyed equal rights
and status in various ways. The country’s prevailing racial hierarchy has faced repeated
challenges, which have exposed ethnic cleavages and led to different levels of inclusion over
time(Welsh, 2020). Hindu Rights Action Force (HINDRAF.20) the strategic partner for
Pakatan Harapan (PH) have made headline where they demanded qual right for the Indians
with lower income to have some special right the same as Malays and the main point is to
demand equal rights for other race such as Indian and Chinese to enter UiTM which is set
specially to be only for the Malays and Native Sabah and Sarawak (Patho Rohman et al.,
2018). Racial strife also has occurred due to the politic which is the dark history of the 13
May incident. The 13 May 1969 incident was the Sino-Malay sectarian violence that took
place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia(Negara, 1971). the riot occurred in the aftermath of the
1969 Malaysia general election when opposition parties made gains at the expanse of the
ruling coalition, the Alliance Party. The official number of deaths due to the riot at 196, the
racial riot led to a declaration of a state of national emergency or Darurat by the Yang di-
Pertuan Agong resulting in the suspension of the Parliament by the Malaysian government,
while the National Operations Council (NOC) was established as a caretaker government to
temporarily govern the country between 1969 and 1971(Negara, 1971).
Customs and religion are also one of the causes of racism and ethnocentrism that lead to
racial strife in the country. Malaysian has multiple races and religions and when there is no
respect for each other religion it can cause potential strife in the country. Religious

8
discrimination is treating a person or group differently because of the particular beliefs which
they hold about a religion(Asia, n.d.). For example, Pakistan, religious discrimination in
Pakistan is a serious issue, several incidents of discrimination have been recorded with some
finding support by the state itself. In a case of constitutionally sanctioned religious
discrimination, non-Muslin in Pakistan cannot become Prime Minister or President even if
they are Pakistani citizens(Asia, n.d.). Malaysia will face similar situations as Pakistan if the
country or community doesn’t try to curb it from the start. Recently, there is a heated
controversial headline that shock the whole country which the Christian practitioners in
Malaysia can use the word ‘Allah’(Abdul Patah, 2021). This issue started 13 years ago after
Jill Ireland apply to the judicial review on 20 August 2008 on the use of the word ‘Allah’ in
Christian publication which not all the Muslims in the country can accept and can lead to a
racial strife in the country if there are no agreement and compromise from both religions.
Custom can also lead to the racial strife because when both certain communities cannot
accept and respect the customs of the other community there are bound to have racial strife.
For example, the customs that the Kadazan-Dusun has been practising such as sogit that have
been previously mentioned when the Muslim Native of Sabah have sort of problem on how
the sogit have some spiritual element that clashes with how the Muslim practice. There is a
journal written by Pg Ismail Pg Musa which involves the sogit customs that were imposed
toward the Sabah native which have Islam as their religion(Ismail & Musa, 2018). There are
some of the sogit customs that clash with the Islamic religion and can be caused the offender
with Islamic religion to be swayed from the religion. The writer has mentioned that some of
the sogit practices still maintained the pagan spiritual practice and the writer proposed that for
Muslim offenders should pay compensation in the form of money (extra) to replace sogit
kepanasan kampung to avoid any racial strife in the country.
The discrimination and inequalities between Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia can
also cause racial strife to occur. There is a newspaper article written by The Borneo Post in
2013 that address this discrimination when there is a wage gap between an employee in
Sabah and Sarawak will be paid minimum monthly wages of RM 800 while in Peninsula
Malaysia will get RM900(Munan, 2013). This can cause the Malaysian citizen that lives in
Sabah and Sarawak to enrage because the cost of living in East Malaysia is higher than in the
Peninsula. The Borneo Post also state that the National Cabotage Policy contributes to the
higher cost of living in Sabah and Sarawak(Munan, 2013). It causes the price of the local
item in Sabah and Sarawak to be higher than in the Peninsula. When there is inequality and

9
double standard happen, people are bound to be angry and the tension between people in the
Peninsula and people in Sabah and Sarawak will be higher.
The suggestion that I can give on ways Malaysians can avoid racial-strife is by learning
about the communities, teaching about the ethnic relation in school and universities, then
using social media to form a good relationship with people with different religions and
ethnicities. Learning about the communities is one of the important ways to prevent racial
strife. When learning about the community’s ethnic relations and religion, we as a member of
the communities can learn to be respectful and tolerant with the other communities. The thing
that we learn from the communities should be documented and when all of the confusion that
each of the members of the communities has with the different races and religions, we can
invite a group or learned or an expert on the topic to teach and explain the other communities.
Besides, schools and universities are some of the channels that will help Malaysians to
avoid racial strife. There should be a subject that teaches the student about ethnic relations to
deepen the Malaysian student understanding of the others race and religions there is in
Malaysia. In the schools and Universities, there should be multiple races and ethnicities in
there, and asking them to form a multi-ethnic group project might help them understand the
other in their ways and not the social stigma that they are heard from others is not correct.
The example that can be made is the Open Universities Malaysia (OUM) have their ways to
teach the student about other ethnic such as the implementation of the course ABXM1103
Man, Society, and Culture help the student to learn about the basic concepts related to society
and culture, in particular, those widely used in anthropology; analyze cultural behaviour and
differences, especially in the context if multi-ethnic societies; and elaborate on the issue
related to human relations and social life.
Then, the help of social media on preventing any racial strife. The Malaysian should learn
about etiquette when on social media. When Malaysia have learnt about the proper etiquette
on the internet, the netizen can formulate their word better without making any side being
offended. Social media can also help spread about other cultures and customs in Malaysia.
Social media such as Facebook and Instagram can help the communities to post a picture of
any festivities that each of the ethnicities are celebrating and spread awareness. The thing that
can be posted on social media that will help prevent racial strife in Malaysia such as
traditional clothes, food, dances and customs which will help increase their bond with each
other.
In conclusion, I was able to learn more about race and ethnicity diversity and how the
concept of race and ethnicity in Malaysia is different from what is normally described.

10
Normally there are three types of races which are Caucasoid, Negroid, and Mongoloid but
due to the assimilation and interracial marriages, it's hard to categorize Malaysian with this
categorization. Thus, Malaysia mainly has Malay, Chinese, Indian, indigenous, native Sabah
and Sarawak. The ethnic in Malaysia is the sub-ethnic of the respective races. After learning
about the diversity of races and ethnicity in Malaysia, I was able to learn about its
relationship with the social and cultural aspects. Malaysia has many festivities and customs,
especially in Sabah and Sarawak. There are many celebrated festivities by each ethnic in
Sabah such as Pesta Kaamatan, Regatta lepa, Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Perayaan Magahau.
Besides the festivities, the native of Sabah also has multiple wedding customs that were
practised by different ethnicities there. The law that most people don’t know which is sogit
also signifies the variation of the social and cultural aspects of Sabah Natives. The cultural
insensitivities and lack of knowledge in other religions and ethnicities can cause racism and
ethnocentrism to occur and will lead to racial strife in the country and all Malaysian should
be more assertive to avoid repeating the inter-racial strife that occurs on 13 May 1969.
(4684 words)

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eFrdulTk0Y
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