Yverdon De Pestallozi School, Inc.

Igay Rd, Sto. Cristo, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Studies

Solis:(2008), he wrote that “Social Media is about Social Science and

not technology. Social Media is much more than user-generated content. It’s
driven by people in the communities where they communicate and congregate.
They create, share, and discover new content without our help right. They’re
creating vibrant and rich cultures across online networks and using the social tools
that we learn about each and every day to stay connected. – Any social network is
a melting pot of various cultures.”
Mayfield:(2008) stated that Social Media is best understood as a group of
new kinds of online media, which share most or all of the following
characteristics: Participation- social media encourages contributions and
feedback from everyone who is interested. It blurs the line between media and
audience. Openness- most social media services are open to feedback and
participation. They encourage voting, comments and the sharing of information.
There are rarely any barriers to accessing and making use of content – password-
protected content is frowned on. Conversation- whereas traditional media is about
“broadcast” (content transmitted or distributed to an audience) social media is
better seen as a two-way conversation. Community- social media allows
communities to form quickly and communicate effectively. Communities share
common interests, such as a love of photography, a political issue or a favourite
TV show. Connectedness- most kinds of social media thrive on their
connectedness, making use of links to other sites, resources and people.
According to Kaplan et al. (2010), they give a brief definition of Social
Media as “a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and
technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of
User Generated Content". Regardless of how many definitions we gathered, it will
continue to evolve and expand. Social media is a communicating tool allowing us
to share our ideas, express our thoughts or opinions and participate in social
networking. There are some types of Social Media commonly used: Facebook,
Youtube, Twitter and Instagram. Let us know its history and what is it.

According Zeevi: (2013) founder and CEO of DashBurst. Facebook is the

largest social network in the world today but how did it all begin? Because of the
students who invented this social media and founded by Mark Zuckerberg and his
fellow college roommates. The original website was initially limited to Harvard
students only, but quickly expanded to additional colleges in the Boston area,

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Igay Rd, Sto. Cristo, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

other Ivy League schools, then eventually just about every University in North
America, up till now where 1 out of every 7 people on earth is on Facebook. It
was founded by Mark Zuckerberg and some of fellow college roommates at
Harvard University including Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew
McCollum and Chris Hughes. However Facebook is actually started out in theory
on October 23, 2003 when Zuckerberg launched Facemash.com. Facemash
allowed visitors (basically his Harvard classmates) to compare two student
pictures side-by-side to let them decide who was "hot" and who was "not". Mark
was able to populate the site with student pictures by hacking into Harvard's
database. However, days later outraged students demanded Zuckerberg shut down
the site. But one thing was clear, people cn2w3like to go on the Internet and
check out pictures of their friends lawsuit on undisclosed terms. On January 11,
2004 Zuckerberg registered thefacebook.com domain. He mentioned in an article
in The Harvard Crimson that he was inspired by the Facemash incident to create
Facebook, "It is clear that the technology needed to create a centralized Website is
readily available ... the benefits are many." Mark also stated that he wanted to
create a website that can connect people around the University. He figured it
would take Harvard years to implement the system that he and his buddies could
put together in a week or so. Nations (2016) stated that Facebook was created by
Mark Zuckerberg and become the most popular social media on the web. Almost
millions of people used this social media daily. Facebook is a social
networking website and service where users can post comments, share
photographs and links to news or other interesting content on the Web, play
games, chat live, and even stream live video. Shared content can be made publicly
accessible, or it can be shared only among a select group of friends or family, or
with a single person. Website: https://www.facebook.com/ Description: A
general-interest social networking website. Similar Websites: MySpace, Hi5
and Ning. The history and growth of Facebook began in February of 2004 as a
school-based social network at Harvard University. It was created by Mark
Zuckerberg along with Edward Saverin, both students at the college. One of the
reasons credited for the rapid growth and popularity of Facebook was its
exclusivity. Originally, to join Facebook you had to have an email address at one
of the schools in the network. It soon expanded beyond Harvard to other colleges
in the Boston area, and then to Ivy League schools. A high school version of
Facebook launched in September of 2005. In October it expanded to include
colleges in the U.K., and in December it launched for colleges in Australia and
New Zealand. 

Based on the study of Exford (2016), he stated that the YouTube started
by Jawed Karim, Steve Chen, and Chad Hurley the employees of PayPal. They
invented YouTube launched in 2005 and now the social media that they invented
is one of the most popular website in the internet. Jawed Karim, Steve Chen, and
Chad Hurley are the inventors of Youtube. YouTube first launched in 2005 and
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Igay Rd, Sto. Cristo, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

has now become one of the most visited websites in the history of the internet. As
employees of PayPal, the three soon realized, in 2004, that there wasn't one
location where videos could be shared. Years later, Karim explained that it was
the Janet Jackson Super Bowl incident as well as the tsunami in December that
triggered the idea. Since 2012, YouTube has gone from strength to strength and
now finds itself as a multi-billion dollar company. In terms of the site itself, it has
recently added live streaming, around 5 billion videos are watched each day, over
1.3 billion people use the site, and 300 hours of video are uploaded each and
every minute. In the years ahead, the support for YouTube is only going to get
stronger and it has been predicted that around half of all under-30s will not pay
for a TV subscription because of YouTube!

Boswell (2016) explains what is Youtube. He said that “It is a site that you
can upload your own videos, share some video so that the others will watch it, and
watch some movies”. Founded in 2005, YouTube is one of the most popular
video sites on the Web today. Millions of videos have been uploaded and shared
here, ranging from movie trailers to amateur videos of cats. Anyone with an
Internet connection can share content on YouTube, whether they be organizations
with large budgets or an individual with a video camera. YouTube is owned by
Google, and is one of their most popular peripheral properties. YouTube was the
first large-scale video sharing site on the Web, and it is available in nearly every
country and over fifty different languages. Anyone can upload content here,
which makes for an utterly astonishing array of watchable content.

The study of MacArthur (2016), stated the history of Twitter. Imagine a

scenario where you're gainfully employed but spending your nights and weekends
working on a side project. It's just something you've been mashing together in
your free time with a few friends at work. Now, pretend to visit yourself five
years into the future and see that your little side project turned into one of the
biggest communications technologies of the last 100 years. Twitter began as an
idea that Twitter co-founder Jack Dorsey (@Jack) had in 2006. Dorsey had
originally imagined Twitter as an SMS-
based communications platform. Groups of friends could keep tabs on what each
other were doing based on their status updates. Like texting, but not. During a
brainstorming session at the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey proposed
this SMS based platform to Odeo's co-founder Evan Williams (@Ev). Evan, and
his co-founder Biz Stone (@Biz) by extension, gave Jack the go-ahead to spend
more time on the project and develop it further. In its early days, Twitter was
referred to as "twttr". At the time, a popular trend, sometimes to gain domain
name  advantage, was to drop vowels in the name of their companies and services.
Software developer Noah Glass (@Noah) is credited with coming up with the
original name twttr as well as its final incarnation as Twitter.

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Igay Rd, Sto. Cristo, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

Based on Walker (2011), his study answered the question of many people
“What is Twitter”. Twitter is a free social messaging service for sending and
receiving short message on time. It is also often called social network or a
microblogging service. “What is Twitter?” is a question many people have been
asking since it burst into the social media world in 2006. The best Twitter
definition is simple--Twitter is a free social messaging service for sending and
receiving short messages in real time. It's often called a social network or a
microblogging service, but it's really just an instant messaging service on steroids.
At its core, Twitter is about sending and receiving group messages. The messages
are limited to 140 characters and they are called tweets. It has many add-ons that
make it powerful, but text messages are the real answer to the “What is Twitter?”
question.

Based on the study of Streatfield (2015), Instagram is a kind of social

media where you can post your pictures and upload or share videos. Instagram
become popular since October 2010 launched by Kevin Systrom and Mike
Krieger. Every day, 80 million people shared photos daily and 3.5 billion people
like their favorite images. Mobile photo and video sharing app Instagram has
revolutionised the way we share photos, growing from a small startup in 2010 to a
hugely popular service used by over 400 million people worldwide. Kevin
Systrom and Mike Krieger launched Instagram in October 2010. The app rapidly
gained interest, with over 1 million people using the app in the space of just two
months. The app has spawned entirely new professions including Instagram
models, photographers, retailers and even a TV show, the Rich Kids of
Instagram (which aired this week) - following the jet-set lives of young, rich kids
who share their lavish lifestyles on Instagram. Today, 80 million photos are
shared daily on Instagram with over 3.5 billion people double tapping their
favorite images. The app is especially popular as a social media platform amongst
celebrities, with stars such Taylor Swift, Beyonce Knowles and Kim Kardashian
each garnering over 50 million followers.

Rouse et al. (2012), explains what is Instagram. It is a free online photo

sharing. It allows the users to edit and share their photos in public. Instagram is a
free online photo sharing and social network platform that was acquired by
Facebook in 2012. Instagram allows members users to upload, edit and share
photos with other members through the Instagram website, email, and social
media sites such as Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, Foursquare and Flickr.Instagram's
editing features include various digital filters, one-click rotation and optional
borders. Photos can be shared on one or several social media sites at once with a
single click. The Instagram app is available for Apple's iPhone and iPod Touch
through the iTunes App Store, and for Android devices running 2.2 or higher
through Google Play. The "Explore" tab of the Instagram app allows members to
search for user accounts to follow or find user photos by following hashtags.
From the "Home" tab, Instagram users can view photos from accounts they follow

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Igay Rd, Sto. Cristo, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

in a format similar to that of Facebook's newsfeed. From this view, users are
pemitted “like” and comment on photos.

According to the study of Regan (2015), she stated on her study the
following 10 amazing Social Media stats from 2015. First, global Active Internet
Users now totals 3.175 Billion, that’s nearly half of the world’s population (7.357
billion). Second, as for Social Media, there are over 2.206 billion active users, a
global penetration of 30%. Third, there are 3.734 Billion Unique Mobile Users as
of this quarter, accounting for a 51% worldwide penetration. Fourth, 1.925 billion
users utilize their mobiles for Social Media platforms. Fifth, Social Media users
have risen by 176 Million in the last year. Sixth, 365 million active mobile social
users have been added over the same time span, an incredible total growth of 541
million. Seventh, Facebook adds ½ million new users every day; 6 new profiles
every second. An ever-expanding market worth tapping into. Eighth, mobile users

constitute half of the world’s population, and 2 million smart phones are sold
worldwide every single day. Ninth, 12 new active mobile social users are added
every second, that’s 1 million per day. Lastly, WhatsApp has gained 300 million
new users since this time last year (August 2014), a year on year growth of 60%. 

Based on Ahmad (2014), he stated in his studies the positive and negative
of social media affecting the students in their studies and if the social media can
help the students by communicating, even if the teachers and the students are not
having a personal conversation so through social media they can talk about their
specific topic or lesson, The positive effects are it enhances social interactions and
connections, a great stress-buster and lets you stay connected.Traditional face-to-
face communication is no longer used today. Instead, social media websites have
become a useful tool for students that support interaction among students,
teachers barring the constraints that existed in the traditional communication
methods. Don’t have the time to come face-to-face to carry on a discussion with a
teacher or your fellow classmates. Well, you just need to log onto a social media
platform or online forum to have a chat with the teacher and ask him/her
questions and receive instant clarifications. Had a long tiring day at your school?
Or are tensed about something related to your education? Social Networking
portals like Facebook, Twitter, etc. let you share your mental stress with your
friends and peers. Thus, a social networking portal provides students with a great
way to entertain them after a busy daily routine. Many students often travel far to
acquire higher standard of education. However, social networking portal makes it
easier to keep students stay in touch with their family and friends, particularly if
they live far away.

Based on Hopkins (2017), he stated in his study that social media are

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Igay Rd, Sto. Cristo, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

having a lot of advantages that will help the on their class. Here are the following
advantages of using Social Media. Social Media can increase student
collaboration. Students become friends with their classmates on social media and
are more likely to collaborate on projects. This can lead to higher retention rates
as students become more connected to the institution.Faculty can use social media
as a way to get students to participate. First, many students are naturally shy in
person, and many may not speak up in a classroom, but that may not be the case
on social media. Today’s students grew up on social media, and for many, it is the
natural way to interact. Second, faculty can ask questions on social media such as
Twitter and students can answer those questions, by including a specific hashtag.
Lastly, this not only allows the faculty to find the student answers but also allows
other students to see what others are answering and create a dialog. Social Media
can be useful for team projects. Many colleges stress the importance of the soft
skill of working in groups. Social Media sites can be helpful to increase this
ability as the students can hold meetings in real time and work on their projects.
This enhances the likelihood that they will also spend time together working on
projects and may not have to make time to meet in person all the time as the
project progresses. Having teams work together using social media only
strengthens advantage one and two in your educational activities. Social media
can provide a richer experience for resources.

Ahmad (2014). Stated the negative effects of using social media. He wrote in
his studies that social media are also the reason on why the student who are using
social media encounters stress and uncomfortable feelings. Cyberbullying is one
of the major cause. First one, it diverts learning. Social networking critics believe
that social networking portals divert a student from learning, and rather engage
them into unnecessary group chats and gossips. In simple words, a social
networking portal can divert a student’s interest from learning by connecting them
to some community outside the learning community. Next is cyberbullying.
Cyberbullying has become a big problem, as everything is being performed
behind a screen. Most of the people often take advantage of the fact that no one
can uncover their identity and stop the bullying when it happens. Lastly, it is time-
consuming. A lot of students today are increasingly becoming dependent on the
Internet. With diverse educational forums, ebooks, educational guest topics etc.
being available on the educational sites, students often get so engrossed in finding
the best that they may wind up spending the entire day behind the screen, thereby
wasting their precious time.

Osharive (2015) show in his research if Social Media has a relative to

academic achievement of the students. He concluded that the results obtained
showed that, students’ addictiveness to social network has a significant influence
on their academic performance; Student’s exposure to social media network has
significant influence on students’ academic performances; Use of social media

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Igay Rd, Sto. Cristo, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

has significant influence on the academic performance of the students; there is a

significant influence on student’s usages of social media network by age.The
result from the findings of this study showed that, though Social media have
negative effects on teenagers such as lack of privacy, distracting students from
their academic work, taking most of their productive time, and such like, they also
have benefits and can be used appropriately. The findings of this study and earlier
ones showed some noteworthy results. The first independent variable influencing
the academic performance of students, that is, social media participation was
negatively related with students’ outcome, while the other independent variables
were positively related with students’ outcome. The results of this study suggests
that lecturers should come up with a template on how their students can maximize
the benefits of Social media, that school management should incorporate rules and
regulations on the use of the social media in the school and, that the government
should put in place adequate control measures to regulate their use among
students and lecture.

Based on Dunn (2011), there are ten (10) best and worst ways social
media affects the education of a student. Here are the five negative ways and five
positive ways that social media impacts education. In the negative side, first is
that many students rely on the accessibility of information on social media
specifically and the web in general to provide answers. That means a reduced
focus on learning and retaining information. Next is students who attempt to
multi-task, checking social media sites while studying, show reduced academic
performance. Their ability to concentrate on the task at hand is significantly
reduced by the distractions that are brought about by YouTube, stumbleupon,
Facebook or Twitter. Then, the more time students spend on social sites, the less
time they spend socializing in person. Because of the lack of body signals and
other nonverbal cues, like tone and inflection, social networking sites are not an
adequate replacement for face-to-face communication. Students who spend a
great deal of time on social networking are less able to effectively communicate
in person. Lastly the degree to which private information is available online and
the anonymity the internet seems to provide has made students forget the need to
filter the information they post. Many colleges and potential employers
investigate an applicant’s social networking profiles before granting acceptance or
interviews. Most students don’t constantly evaluate the content they’re publishing
online, which can bring about negative consequences months or years down the
road.

For the positive effect the first will be, social networking has increased the
rate and quality of collaboration for students. They are better able to communicate
meeting times or share information quickly, which can increase productivity and

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Igay Rd, Sto. Cristo, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

help them learn how to work well in groups. Then, social networking teaches
students skills they’ll need to survive in the business world. Being able to create
and maintain connections to many people in many industries is an integral part of
developing a career or building a business. Next will be, by spending so much
time working with new technologies, students develop more familiarity with
computers and other electronic devices. With the increased focus on technology in
education and business, this will help students build skills that will aid them
throughout their lives. Fourth, the ease with which a student can customize their
profile makes them more aware of basic aspects of design and layout that are not
often taught in schools. Building resumes and personal websites, which are
increasingly used as online portfolios, benefit greatly from the skills obtained by
customizing the layout and designs of social networking profiles.

Staff (2016), they concluded that the use of social media by students has a
positive effects in education. The following things will be the positive influences
of social networking sites or social media. First is socializing an important part of
growing up, is to socialize and make friends, it allows the children to exchange
ideas and learn new things. The more they interact, the more they learn. This will
invariably result in them becoming more confident in life. Also in sharing
knowledge, It provides an easy and an effective way in which students can share
knowledge. Then learning from various sources, the social networking
technologies are built in such a manner that students will be able to choose the
group, activity or the person they would want to follow for daily updates. If
students were to follow an education site, or an educator, or an institute they may
want to go to for higher studies, or a technology they want to keep a tab on; all
these and more can be done via social networking technologies. The ways of
learning is plenty. Next is in being prepared, the social networking technologies
are all about showcasing the trends that run around the world. Students can get an
idea of what might be expected out of them in the future by observing the changes
that are being updated, shared, discussed or spoken about on the social
networking sites. Lastly is in sharing of their feelings or their thoughts, Students
often don't get the right platform to share their thoughts or their feeling. Through
social networking technologies they are given an option to sound their thoughts.
Researchers concluded that cell phones, cell phones, social networking, television

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Igay Rd, Sto. Cristo, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

and magazines had severe impact on students' academic results for their fall
semesters.

According to Guest Blogger (2012), there are negative effects of social

networking sites for students due to the rapidly increasing of the popularity of it in
this last decade. Here are the things he pointed out. First the reducing of learning
and research capabilities, students have started relying more on the information
accessible easily on these social networking sites and the web. Then multitasking,
students who get involved in activities on social media sites while studying result in
reduction in their focus of attention. This causes reduction in their academic
performance, and concentration to study well. Next is the reduction in real human
contact, the more time the students spend on these social media sites, the less time
they will spend socializing in person with others. This reduces their communication
skills. They will not be able to communicate and socialize effectively in person with
others. The employers are getting more and more unsatisfied with the communication
skills of the fresh graduates due to this reason. The effective communication skills are
key to success in the real world. Followed by reducing command over language use age
and creative writing skills, students mostly use slang words or shortened forms of words
on social networking sites. They start relying on the computer grammar and spelling
check features. This reduces their command over the language and their creative writing
skills. Fifth is the time wastage, students, while searching and studying online, get
attracted to using social media sites and sometimes they forget why they are using
internet. This wastes their time and sometimes students are not able to deliver their
work in the specified time frame. Then low grades, students get low grades in school
due to lack of the desired information and writing skills. And finally loss of motivation in
students, the student’s motivational level reduces due to the use of these social
networking sites. They rely on the virtual environment instead of gaining practical
knowledge from the real world.

Based on Karadkar (2015), Today’s world is a global village. Everyone is

connected to one another in this vast network generated by the Internet. As said
by Marshall McLuhan, a philosopher of communication theory, “The new
electronic independence re-creates the world in the image of a global village.”
This electronic independence is inherently dependent upon the Internet.It
illuminates the lives of thousands of people by spreading knowledge
internationally, thereby making us global citizens. In the past, the communicating
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Igay Rd, Sto. Cristo, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

and free sharing of thoughts among people were restricted by long distance,
nationality and/or religion. But now, even these barriers cannot stop the flow of
information and knowledge. The new world of social networking allows free
sharing of thoughts. Online social networks are created by websites such as
Facebook, which has emerged as a giant in this social world.The students have
become prone to frequent fluctuations in mood and self-control. If one of a
student’s friends posted about his or her present relationship with someone, then
other friends are pressed to do the same thing. Actions that attract more public
attention hold more value, even despite some of them being immoral or illegal.
We even see that many students are worried about their looks, and so they always
try to upload nicer pictures than their friends. A recent survey has stated that
whenever someone uploads a profile picture, it immediately affects the moods of
friends. It often produces stress, anxiety or fear about their identities as people.
Consistently thinking in this way can sometimes lead to depression.
Also, these relationships tend to terminate easily due to a lack of personal
contact. Social networks have become an integral part of student social life (Tavares,
2013). These networks have become important as they serve as platforms for users to
interact and relate with their peers. Social networks are now been seen as learning
platforms or communities that could be utilized to enhance student engagement and
performance. A number of researchers have found several positive outcomes in online
community engagement among students and their peers. A study by Tiene (2000),
showed that “written communication on cyberspace enables students to take part in
discussions at a time convenient to them and articulate their ideas in more carefully
thought-out and structured ways. In support of Tiene’s (2000) findings, Deng and
Tavares (2013) also concluded that “Web-based discussions can contribute to the
development of students’ reflective ability and critical thinking skills. Also, compared to
face-to-face (F2F) interaction, students are more willing to voice their views or even
disagreement and are more attuned to others’ opinions in online discussions”.
According to Apeanti and Danso (2014), students believed that it would be fun for their
lecturers to use social media. Also, their grades would be better if they could contact
lecturers through social media and lecturers should hold lecture hours on social media.
This was revealed in their study among students of the University of Education,
Winneba. A number of researchers have outlined a number of student benefits in
relation to education as a result of social network participation. Yunus et al. (2012),
indicates that students gained more vocabulary and improved their writing skills as a
result of their participation on social networks such as Facebook and Twitter. Asad,
Mamun and Clement (2012) stated the exchange of assignments, resources and
discussions on academic work and other issues on social networks among students.
They indicated that teachers share course related materials with their students and
create student groups to collaborate on projects and communicate with their fellow

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lecturers from other universities through SNSs, thus facilitating teaching and 12 learning
process and the enhancement of academic performance. English and Duncan-Howell
(2008), also used Facebook as a tool to enhance peer support among business education
students during their training programme and detected that students’ exchanges were
mostly of the affective type facilitating group cohesiveness through encouragement and
support.

According to Mehmood and Tawir (2013), the use of technologies such as social
media networks and the Internet is one of the most important factors that can influence
educational performance of students positively or adversely”. A study conducted by
Roberts and Foehr (2008), in the United Studies about student extracurricular activity,
rather suggested that new media, such as Facebook, Twitter etc. replace or enhance
other leisure activities, but do not take away time from the youth. In other words, they
were of the view that the time spent by students on social network sites is the same
time that normally use for extracurricular activities and therefore do not take away their
productive time for studies. Negussie and Ketema (2014), study in Ethiopia also
indicated that there is no significant relationship between times spent on social
networks such as Facebook with students’ 13 grade point average (GPA). This was also
consistent with a study by Ahmed and Qazi (2011) who conducted a study in Pakistan
among six universities. They discovered that there no much difference between times
spent on social media networks and students’ academic performance. Conversely, a
number of researchers and studies have also found a negative impact that social
network participation has on students’ academic performance. In the study of Kirschner
and Karpinski (2010), they found a “significant negative relationship between Facebook
use and academic performance. Facebook users reported lower mean GPAs and also
reported spending fewer hours per week studying on average than Facebook nonusers.
A majority of students claimed to use Facebook accounts at least once day”. Malaney
(2005), found that 8.9% of students in 2000, and 4.4% in 2003, reported that their
grades had suffered as a result of too much time spent on the Internet as well as on
social media networks. It is estimated that even those students who do graduate high
school, one out of three does not have possess the knowledge and skills that would lead
him or her to the next level, such as college or an advanced trade school (Bowen, 2008).
The top academic areas that many school professionals are concerned about are English
(ELA) and advanced literacy (Williams, 2008). The current generations of teens live in a
fast-paced technological world with many different types of communication happening
all at the same time. For example, he or she may be on the computer on a SNS, while
also talking on the phone, sending instant messages to a friend, and emailing someone
else all 29 at the same time (Williams, 2008). While there may be some advantages to
this, such as the teen learning how to type faster and multi-task many things at once,
there may also be a breakdown in much of that communication (Williams, 2008).
Literacy has also taken a dive in the past decade, which has caused many educators to
question what can be done to help students improve their reading, writing, speaking,

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and thinking- all of the most basic skills for a successful future (Wise, 2009). As one
researcher stated, “Literacy is, in reality, the cornerstone of student achievement, for
any student, in any grade” (Wise, 2009, 373).

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Local Studies

“Social media has become a convenient way for traditional media to take
the pulse of the nation, even if the subjects skew toward the more affluent with
way more idle time on their hands” and “Social media has become an instantly
gratifying capsule of discussion on the national elections”. These lines came from
Reyes (2016) article because he thinks that Social Media could influence the
Philippine election.

According to an article by Tapnio et al. (2011) they wrote that “Social

media is most effective when it supplements the traditional mode of campaigning
to encourage collective action against human rights abuses. As mobile phones
reach even the most remote citizens, and internet penetration – and along with it
social media usage – widens its reach in the Philippines, these tools will become
potentially more valuable to civil society, citizens, and officials in their advocacy
efforts. As skills in these tools are acquired, careful attention needs to be paid to
how much impact is generated on the daunting development challenges facing the
country”.

Romualdez (2015) from The Philippine Star said these lines “The social
media phenomenon which has become a powerful medium not only for news and
information dissemination, but as an effective tool in driving intelligent
discussion on hot issues like the Bangsamoro Basic Law for instance. Social
media is now the vehicle for real people power – and this was very evident in the
aftermath of the January 25 Mamasapano encounter when a video that showed a
Special Action Force member being cold-bloodedly shot on the head triggered a
huge outcry that compelled legislators to take a closer look at the proposed
Bangsamoro Basic Law – which would have been passed without very serious
scrutiny.” And also according to him we should utilize this very powerful medium
not only to spread awareness about our various advocacies and projects but more
importantly, to express our collective concern about issues that impact the future
of our country.

Based on Castro (2015), she stated in her study on how often people use
social media and the percentage of the following according to the data that she
gathered. First, internet penetration up from 36% to 44% in 2015. It seems like we
will definitely reach 50% internet penetration by the end of the year as predicted
on some articles. Second, social media penetration up from 32% to 40%. Social
media continues to be an integral part in the lives of Filipinos who have increased
access to the internet via mobile devices.  And of course, we can say that we
remain as the social media capital of the world. Although now we are at par with

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Argentina on social media usage . Let’s take back this crown! Both internet and
social media penetration has also increased by 18% since last year. Third, time
spent on the internet and social media remains the same. Filipinos spend the same
amount of time – 6.3 hours in the internet and 4.3 hours on social media.
Global averages at 4.4 and 2.4 respectively. With the increase of 33% of mobile
social accounts, we’ll be expecting increase of time spent on social media (which
is now up to about 15-17mins more on average).Fourth, average TV viewing time
by internet users at 2 hours 47m daily. This is a new data added on the
wearesocial.sg reports. The multi-screen lifestyle is surely invading the Filipinos
attention. How do you account for usage of the internet, social media, and the
television at the same time? Via multitasking. Fifth, internet speed still terrible at
2.5 mbps average net connection speed. I jokingly mentioned on the Global
Voices Summit 2015 that perhaps the reason why we spend too much time on the
internet is because we are waiting for our websites to load due to our crappy
internet speed in the Philippines. That may be true with the 2.5 mbps average
speed which brings us within the bottom 3 of the crappiest speed along with
Vietnam and India. Lastly, top 3 social media platforms of choice by Filipinos
remain the same. Filipinos still use prefer these three social media platforms in
order- Facebook, Twitter, and Google+.

Parnala:(2016), stated the advantages of social media. Social media have

many aspects that can affect a students to mental and emotional disorders, he
wrote also in his studies that most of the people spend their time hanging around
the web to browse the most popular networking sites. \What are the benefits a
student can get by using Social Networking Sites? Here are some points. First is
get in touch with your loved ones, relatives, and friends. Get to know the latest
news and issues. Participate in online discussions. Communicate with your
classmates. Be reminded of assignments, projects, and quizzes. Conduct group
meetings for group projects and announcements. Lastly, get the latest status and
messages of your friends through the News Feed. Obviously, social sites have a
lot of uses for people with their exceptional functionalities. Even without meeting
in person, people can now interact with each other and make a productive
gathering. However, despite the fact that Social Media are extremely helpful, it is
still not perfect because there are still some negative points we encounter while
using it.

Dublin:(2015) articulated in her study that social media communities have

benefits. It helps the student by communicating to their classmates on their
assignments, task etc. Also she stated in her studies that social media are now part
of the education tool used by teachers. Social media is a fundamental part of daily
life for most people. Schools are no exception. Recently, many schools have
started tapping social media to provide better service and assistance to teachers

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and students. The most common social media sites nowadays are Facebook,
Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram. These sites are not only easy to use and access
but most certainly, anyone can join. Here are some of the benefits of using social
media in schools:
She also stated that social media can build an online community.
“Building an online community is a good opportunity for everyone in school to
keep in touch. Even without physically being on campus, students and teachers
can find out what the current events are and what everyone is up to at school.
Thus, it makes it easier to reconnect with people who have already graduated in
the case of planning reunions or school gathering. And Facebook has a feature to
create groups. Groups can facilitate better group discussion and sharing. Meetings
can become more convenient”. Utilize social media as bulletin boards for
announcements. She explained, since most of the school population has access to
social media, it is one good venue for announcements. Posts can be viral, and the
administration can take advantage of this information dissemination tool. At the
click of a button or at a gentle tap on the screen, the administration can save time,
effort, energy, and even paper, in spreading urgent concerns to parents and the
whole community. Schools planning to publicize enrollment procedures are also
advised to go set up an account online. If anybody is interested to enroll in a
school, they can easily check out the school’s Facebook. “Social media as a tool
for education. Social media is also a platform where students, teachers, and
administrators share insights to one another. Commenting, sharing, posting, etc.
can be fun. There are a lot of articles online that can be linked and shared. Posting
students’ projects, such as art works, performances, and other activities online can
also boost the confidence of students.

According to the study of Parnala:(2012), stated the disadvantages of

social media. Social media have negative effects in many aspects of the students.
Social media have many risk that will harm people by using it, here are some of
the bad effects. It invades your privacy, it distracts you in everything you do, too
much attachment to it may lead to spending too much time in it without doing
your tasks and there are some wrong information released by unauthorized people
that causes fear. The mentioned good and bad effects were only partial and it also
varies depending on the person involved. Though some people still makes the best
out of Social Media, we can’t still forget the negative side of it. Maybe, we should
just ask ourselves on what is our current position in the Social Networking World.
The ever-growing technology helps us make our life easier and better but we must
be sure that we should treat it with moderation.

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A research by Dela Cruz et al. (2014) they present the relativity of Social
to the academic achievement of the students. They conclude that “based on the
results of the study, using Social Media has great effects on Academic
Performance of the students. Using Social Media impedes in student’s learning
and directly affects the student’s attendance on school. The used of scatter
diagram to plot the points so that a clear view of correlation or relationship of
variables showed that the results of the study was the variables: Social Media and
Academic Performance has effect to each other. It only means that when a student
is indulge in Social Media it has effects in the performance to class activities and
academic performance.” Here are the following conclusions drawn based on the
findings of their
study. First is that seventy one (71) or 51.4% of the respondents have reached
below satisfactory grade average and only sixty seven (67) or 48.6% students
have successfully reached the satisfactory academic performance. That more than
50% of the respondents performed below satisfactorily at school. Student’s
diversion from school activities to Social Media usage largely affect their
academic performance. Next is based on the results of the study, using Social
Media has effect on Student’s Academic Performance. Students who participated
in the study rarely participate on class activities, perform well on class and attend
class regularly. Lastly, a moderate correlation or relationship of +0.690 is higher
than the tabular value of +1.000 at .05 level of significance, therefore the null
hypothesis is rejected and that there is no significant relationship between Social
Media and academic Performance of the BSIT students of CEU-Malolos. That
scatter diagram depicts the frequency of Social Media usage affects the academic
performance of the students. Students with lower grades are Frequent User of
Social Media while the Occasional User tends to concentrate on school works and
get satisfactory ratings.

Based on the study of Morallo (2013) majority of the respondents are female,
16-19 years old, from the College of Engineering and College of Arts and Sciences and
have Facebook or SNSs account. The established effects show that SNSs decrease
students’ study time and increase leisure time. They use SNSs mainly for non-academic
purposes or entertainment activities and for communicating with friends and classmates
about school work and assignments. The student academic performance in terms of
GPA of the First Semester School Year 2012-2013 shows that the mean GPA ranges from
2.0 to 1.50, which is equivalent to 87 to 95 percent. The perceived effects of SNSs to the
students’ academic performance show that SNSs contribute in the attainment of higher
grade by interacting online about school work. The results show that there is no
significant relationship between SNSs usage and student academic performance
because correlation coefficients show a negative relationship between SNSs use and

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Igay Rd, Sto. Cristo, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

academic performance. The probability result has a very small average of correlation,
thus the study found a negligible relationship between SNSs and academic performance.

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