BIOLOGY PROJECT

Name – Subham Dash

Class - XII
Roll no – 10
School no – 1309
AISSCE no –
Topic – Biotechnology in
agriculture
Guided by – Mr. B K
Verma
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that subham dash , a student of class
XII , has completed his research successfully on this
project title
“biotechnology in agriculture” under guidance of Mr.
B.K.Verma (subject teacher) during the year 2021-2022
in partial fulfilment of biology practical examination
Conducted by AISSCE, New delhi.

AISSCE No –

Subject teacher External

Examiner
Principal school stamp

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to thank my
teacher , Mr. B.K.Verma whose support ,guidance
and encouragement had enabled me to complete
this project. I would also like to thank our lab
assistant for his cooperation
 CONTENT
Sl no Topic
Page

01 Types of biotechnology 05
02 Introduction 06
03 Objective 07
04 History 08
05 Tissue culture 09
06 New initiatives 10
07 Bibliography 11
TYPES OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture and its allied sectors are the mainstay for nearly half of
the Indian population and significantly contribute to the socio-
economic fabric of the country. Agricultural intensification has led to
unprecedented gains in food production making India self-sufficient.
However, sustainable growth in agricultural production and
 productivity has become a priority area in wake of multilateral
challenges of burgeoning population, climate change & associated
biotic/abiotic stress factors, shrinking arable land and natural
resources. Adequate food supply is no longer a cause for
complacency due to complex issues of hidden hunger thus putting
more emphasis on nutritional security. Despite these challenges,
India has huge advantage in terms of its rich biodiversity and vast
human resource pool. Plant Biotechnology has been instrumental in
augmenting crop productivity to improve food, feed, and fiber
security, and in reducing the environmental footprint of agriculture.
Quantum leaps in molecular biology including genomics, proteomics,
genome engineering/editing offer remarkable economic,
environmental and social opportunities in spearheading current and
future agriculture research.

OBJECTIVES
 R&D support for basic as well as translational research to develop
improved varieties/technology to mitigate the challenges of climate
change.
 To conduct basic and applied research for improved yield, bio-
fortification and improved quality parameters of major crop plants.
 Genome analysis/sequencing and genetic characterization of
indigenous germplasm
 To train quality human resource and develop infrastructure in
Agriculture biotechnology
 To generate network programs in the priority areas of Agriculture
research
 To establish CoEs in priority crop plants across the country as per
regional needs.

HISTORY
Humans have used biotechnology since the dawn of civilization.
Egyptians used yeasts to bake leavened bread, the Chinese
developed fermentation techniques for brewing and cheese making,
and the Aztecs used Spirulina algae to make cakes. Today, when
most people think of biotechnology, they probably think of
recombinant DNA. Although much of modern biotechnology does
deal with manipulating DNA, classical biotechnology began long
before we even knew about genes or chromosomes. What began as
recipes for production of food now includes technology to enhance
everything from farming to pharmaceuticals.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, industry and agriculture

started to incorporate biotechnology. The growing automobile
industry, for example, used fermentation processes to produce
acetone and paint solvents. By mid-century, major advances in
genetics dominated biotechnology research. The discovery that DNA
carries the genetic code and the structure of the "double helix" were
described by Watson and Crick. Soon, new techniques were
developed to allow manipulation of DNA. Genetically engineered
plants, microbes, animals, and products like insulin, highlight the
future of biotechnology.

Tissue culture
Miniaturized in vitro multiplication of plant material under aseptic
and controlled artificial conditions, also known as micropropagation,
has been used for decades to speed up the propagation process for
several vegetatively propagated crops. This is the case for fruit trees
(e.g. banana, date palm), roots and tubers (e.g. potato, cassava),
vegetables (e.g. strawberry, asparagus), and ornamentals (e.g. roses,
orchids). Many companies and institutions worldwide have invested
or specialized in this activity, to provide farmers and growers with
high quality and healthy planting material.

Somatic embryogenesis, a variation of micropropagation (where

embryos are directly regenerated instead of shoots and roots), is
being used widely for oil palm. In the early 1980s, several
organizations investigated the possibility with some crops to use
somatic embryos that could be encapsulated with different chemical
and biological compounds. These “artificial seeds” would have been
planted and treated as seeds. Potential benefits would have been
tremendous from a plant breeding, seed production and seed
treatment point of view. However, technical and economic
constraints have not allowed commercial development of this
technology.

NEW INITIATIVES
 Mission mode programme on “Characterization of Genetic
Resources” in various crops. The mission mode programme is aimed
at sequencing/re-sequencing and phenotypic characterization of
available germplasm resources of Oilseeds (Sesame, Linseed,
Safflower, Niger), Cereals (Rice and Wheat) and Pulses (Chickpea)
 Mission program on “Genetic Enhancement on Pulses”. Programme
envisages development of improved varieties for productivity and
disease/climate resilience.
 A major network programme on “Pathogenomics of Plant
Viruses” to study crop pathogens  which lead to losses in the
agricultural sector in terms of both quality and quantity. R & D in this
direction is an important step considering Bio-security implications
on food security.
 National Genomics and Genotyping Facility (Phase I) anchored at
National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi
 DBT-UDSC Partnership Centre on Genetic Manipulation of Brassicas.
 Development of superior haplotype based near isogenic lines (Haplo-
NILs) for enhanced genetic gain in rice
 Mission Programme on “Minor oilseeds of India origin” (Linseed,
Safflower, Niger and Sesame).
 Establishing a Genomic selection and speed breeding facility at
ISARC, Varanasi.
 Indo-UK Crop Science fellowship for capacity building.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.google.co.in
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.slidesharenet.in
 www.dbtindia.gov.in