•

bio
• technology

•
• submitted by
• adithyan a
• 5927
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this biology investigatory project on the topic “ DRUGS AND
THEIR EFFECTS ON HUMAN BODY ” has been successfully completed by
Adithyan A of class XII-B under the guidance of Mr. Lal Abraham Thomas in
particular fulfillment of the Curriculum of Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE) leading to the award of annual examination of the year 2023-24.

TEACHER IN CHARGE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL
 Acknowledgements
• I HAVE TAKEN EFFORT IN THIS PROJECT . HOWEVER IT WOULD NOT
HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE WITHOUT THE KIND SUPPORT AND HELP OF MANY
INDIVIDUALS.
• I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY PRINCIPAL COL. DHIRENDRA KUMAR AND
SCHOOL FOR PROVIDING ME FACILITIES REQUIRED TO DO THE PROJECT.
• I WOULD ALSO THANK OUR BIOLOGY LAB ASSISTANT MR. LAL
ABRAHAM THOMAS FOR HELPING ME WITH THE TECHNIQUES,
PROCEDURES ETC. AND LETTING ME DO MY PROJECT SUCCESSFULLY.
• I AM HIGHLY INDEBTED TO MY BIOLOGY TEACHER MR. MAHADEVAN G
FOR HIS INVALUABLE GUIDANCE WHICH HAS SUSTAINED MY EFFORTS
IN ALL STAGES OF THIS PROJECT WORK.
• I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK MY PARENTS FOR THEIR CONTINUOUS
SUPPORT AND ENCOURAGEMENT.
• MY THANKS AND APPRECIATION ALSO GO TO MY FELLOW CLASSMATES
IN DEVELOPING THE PROJECT AND TO THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE
WILLINGLY HELPED ME OUT WITH THEIR ABILITIES.
 INDEX
SL.NO Contents Pg.no
1 WHAT ARE DRUGS? 5-5
2 TYPES OF DRUGS 6-6
3 STIMULANTS 7-8
4 OPIOIDS 9-10
5 DEPRESSANTS 11-13
6 HALLUCINOGENS 14-15
7 DISSOCIATIVES 16-17
8 INHALANTS 18-19
9 CANNABIS 20-21
10 HOW DRUGS ARE MADE? 22-26
11 HOW DRUGS AFFECT OUR 27-28
BRAIN
12 CONCLUSION 29-29
INDEX
 BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Biotechnology is the integration of natural sciences and 
engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells,
parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services.  The
term biotechnology was first used by Károly Ereky in 1919, meaning the
production of products from raw materials with the aid of living organisms.
The core principle of biotechnology involves harnessing biological systems
and organisms, such as bacteria, yeast, and plants, to perform specific tasks
or produce valuable substances. Key techniques include genetic
engineering, tissue culture, and fermentation. Biotechnology has led to the
development of essential products like life-saving drugs, biofuels,
genetically modified crops, and innovative materials.
 History
People were using biotechnology techniques thousands years before but
they did not named their working field as biotechnology. The name
biotechnology was given by Hungarian engineer Karoly Ereky in 1919 to
describe a technology based on converting raw materials into a more
useful product. The Second World War became a major impediment in
scientific discoveries. After the end of the second world war some, very
crucial discoveries were reported, which paved the path for modern
biotechnology and to its current status
In 1953, JD Watson and FHC Crick for the first time cleared the mysteries around
the DNA as a genetic material, by giving a structural model of DNA, popularly
known as, ‘Double Helix Model of DNA’. This model was able to explain various
phenomena related to DNA replication, and its role in inheritance.
Dr. Hargobind Khorana was able to synthesize the DNA in test tube, while Karl
Mullis added value to Khorana's discovery by amplifying DNA in a test tube,
thousand times more than the original amount of DNA. Using this technological
advancement, other scientists were able to insert a foreign DNA into another host
and were even able to monitor the transfer of a foreign DNA into the next
generation. In 1997, Ian Wilmut an Irish scientist, was successful to clone a sheep
and named the cloned sheep as ‘Dolly’.
In 2003, the Human Genome Project completes sequencing of the human genome
 In 1978, Boyer was able to isolate a gene for insulin(a hormone to regulate
blood sugar levels) from human genome using biotechnology. He then inserted it
into bacteria, which allowed the gene to reproduce a larger quantity of insulin for
diabetics.
 BioTechnology in Everyday Life
Biotechnology can be used in the medical, agricultural, and industrial
fields, all of which play an important role in everyday life.
Biotechnology offers a renewable source of food, energy, and even
industrial chemicals.

Biotechnology can also be used to get rid of toxic and harmful

chemicals and materials to help solve environmental problems.
 Among the most important modern technologies are the so-called
genetic engineering and Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, plant and
animal tissue culture, as well as the processing and transferring of genetic
codes in animals, improving embryo transfer technology in animals, treating
human infertility cases through assisted reproductive technology such as
external fertilization (IVF) and using stem cells in cellular therapy, in addition
to discovering cloning and cellular fusion methods, and other multiple and
different techniques.

With the progress of the industrial revolution in the last century, humans are
active in using innovative machines to improve the efficiency of traditional
biological techniques. This has caused a great leap in the fields of plant and
animal production, the production of vaccines, and disease diagnosis....etc.
 Limitations of Biotechnology
Ethics
Debates over the ethics of biotechnology have been ongoing for decades. The question mostly lies in
the morality of various practices employed in research and development. Ethics-related concerns
include cloning, xenotransplantation, stem cell research, fetal tissue use, and genetic modification of
organisms
Uncertainty
The biggest concern over biotechnology is the uncertainty in its long term effects. The immediate
advantages are clear in many circumstances, but they may directly or indirectly impact the future in
unforeseen ways.
Cost
Balancing benefits of biotechnology with cost, especially in the field of medicine, can be
one tricky aspect. In terms of investment, the value of biotech products is often
miscalculated with failure to include the factors of risk and product development periods,
which can ultimately lower the return on
 Government’s Initiatives
•

BIRAC(Biotech Industry Research Assistance Council)- to increase

participation between educational research and industry. Would also enable
start-ups and SMEs
Biotech SEZS
 PPP projects between DBT and various industries Small Business Innovative
Research Initiative (SBIRI)- to fund early stage research by DBT.
 Biotech Industry Partnership Programme.
Introduction of Biotech Bill in the Parliament for setting up a regulatory
authority to oversee the progress in the field and to carry out risk assessment
of all biotech products
Career opportunities in Biotech
Job Profiles for Graduates in Medical Biotechnology:
• Clinical Laboratory Technician
• Biological Supplier Manufacturing
• Environmental Technician
• Food Safety Mechanism
• Pharmaceutical Research Technician

• Job Profiles of a Pharmaceutical Biotechnologist

• Medical Scientist
• Chemical Engineer
• Biological Technician
• Chemical Technician
• Job Profiles of a Plant Biotechnologist
• Greenhouse or field Technician
• Laboratory Assistant
• Genomics Technician
• Molecular Biology Technician
• Plant tissue Culture Technician
• Research Associate
• Lecturer
• Trainer
• Research Investigator
• Project Assistant
• Employment Sector for Food Biotechnologists
• Storage Units
• Research Units
• Laboratories
• Food and Beverage Department
• Food Marketing
• Processing and Distributing Units
• Job Profiles of a Food Biotechnologist
• Quality Manager
• Food Technologist
• Regulatory Affairs Officer
• Technical Brewer
• Chefs
• Nutritional Therapist
• Product Development Scientist
• Job Profiles of an Environmental Biotechnologist
• Environmental Science and Protection Technician
• Environmental Scientist
• Agricultural Engineer
• Sustainability Specialist
• Environmental Engineer
• Top Job Profiles in Bioinformatics
• Bio Analysts
• Data Scientists
• Informatics Developer
• Bioinformatics Researcher
• Pharmaco-genetic Engineer

In short, Today’s biotechnology is continuing to help improve the way we live, and it helps us do so more
responsibly. The result of biotechnology is a diverse and nearly endless set of practical biotechnology
products helping us live longer and healthier lives, have a more abundant and sustainable food supply.
Biotechnology has brought humanity to this level of comfort; the next question is, where will it take us?
Biotechnology has both beneficial and destructive potentials. It is, WE who should decide how to use this
technology to help humanity rather than to destroy it
 Conclusion
WITH THIS PROJECT I BELIEVE I HAVE GIVEN A BRIEF
INFORMATION ON ABOUT BIOTECHNOLOGY,ITS
IMPORTANCE AND UPCOMING AND VARIOUS CAREER
OPPURTINITIES AVAILABLE IN THIS FIELD
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.wikipedia.org/
https://www.google.com/
https://www.health.gov.au/
https://www.yourgenome.org/