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Makalah Orientasi Dan Penempatan

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M^KBEZFPK JFE XBEBIXFZFE

Jmsbe Xbeafipu < Dl. Jfdekfr, PB, I.Pk

Jksusue Mobd Cbomipmc 7<

BWFE P[FJKOOF PR^[FEBAF^F 6768060068862

K^GFRO IKPNFD 61680600>880>

K^IF 64680606>8861

JKFE ZFEFPKF 64680606>8806

^MWK ^MDDKIFZRO @DFPFEFD 64680606>88:;

X^MA^FI PZRJK P6 FCREZFEPK

GFCROZFP BCMEMIK JFE NKPEKP

REKWB^PKZFP OFINREA IFEACR^FZ

NFELF^IFPKE

>8>6

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CFZF XBEAFEZF^ 

Jbeafe ibeybnut efif Zudfe [fea Ifdf Bsf Cfik pfelftcfe rfsf syucur ftfs
cbdfjkrft-Eyf, sbdkeaaf cfik jfpft ibeybobsfkcfe ifcfofd kek.

  Ifcfofd kek tbofd cfik cbrlfcfe sbifcskifo iueacke sb`frf nbrsfif jfe
tbetueyf jbeafe jknfetu mobd ibjkf- ibjkf ofke. Ibsckpue nbaktu, fpfnkof jfrk
ifcfofd kek tbrjfpft cbcurfeafe nfkc jfrk sbak pbeyusuefe nfdfsf ifupue sbak
ofkeeyf,cfik ibinucf jbeafe ofpfea jfjf cbsbipftfe uetuc pbinf`f yfea keake
ibinbrk sfrfe jfe crktkc cbpfjf cfik sbdkeaaf ifcfofd kek jfpft jkifegfftcfe
sbifcskifo iueacke. Cfik nbrdfrfp ifcfofd kek jfpft ibinbrkcfe ifegfft
ifupue kepkrfsk tbrdfjfp pbinf`f.

Nfelfrifske, Ifrbt >8>6

Zki Xbeuoks

>

JFGZF^ KPK

Lujuo………………………………………………………………………………. 6
Cftf Xbeafetfr……………………………………………………………………. >
Jfgtfr Ksk………………………………………………………………………….. 0
NFN K XBEJFDRORFE

Oftfr Nbofcfea……………………………………………………………………. :
^uiusfe Ifsfofd………………………………………………………………… 2
NFN KK XBINFDFPFE

Jbgkeksk Mrkbetfsk…………………………………………………………………. 7
Zulufe Mrkbetfsk…………………………………………………………………... 1
Ifegfft Mrkbetfsk…………………………………………………………………. 4
Lbeks-lbeks Mrkbetfsk……………………………………………………………….. 4
Zfdfp Mrkbetfsk……………………………………………………………………. 66
Cbuetueafe jfe Cbobifdfe Mrkbetfsk……………………………………………. 6>
Pfsfrfe Mrkbetfsk………………………………………………………………….. 60
Xbeabrtkfe Xbebipftfe……………………………………………………………. 67
Zulufe Xbebipftfe…………………………………………………………………67
Gfctmr Xbebipftfe………………………………………………………………….67
Xrkeskp Xbebipftfe…………………………………………………………………6;
Xrmsbjur Xbebipftfe……………………………………………………………….>8
Lbeks-lbeks Xbebipftfe…………………………………………………………….. >6
Ifsfofd jfofi Xbebipftfe………………………………………………………...>0

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NFN KKK XBERZRX
Cbskipuofe………………………………………………………………………… >7 
Pfrfe……………………………………………………………………………….. >7

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NFN K
XBEJFDRORFE
OFZF^ NBOFCFEA

Dfrk pbrtfif ibifsuck juekf cbrlf jfe ibiuofk pbcbrlffe yfea nfru
 nucfeofd dfo yfea jfpft jkfeaafp rbibd. Nfeyfc cfryfwfe yfea ibrfsf auaup
cbtkcf cfok pbrtfif nbcbrlf. Cbauaupfe tbrsbnut jfpft nbrbskcm ibeaurfeak cbpufsfe
cfryfwfe nfru jfe cbifipufe/sbifeaft uetuc nboflfr cbrlf lkcf ifeflbr PJI tkjfc 
jfpft ibeafetkskpfskeyf. Retuc ibinfetu cfryfwfe ibelfjk kejkvkju yfea
 prmjuctkg jfofi nbcbrlf, ifeflbr PJI dfrus ibinuft  gkrst kiprbsskme  tbrsbnut
ibelfjk sbsuftu yfea ibebefeacfe nfak cfryfwfe nfru. Cfryfwfe nfru pbrou
jkskfpcfe sblfc fwfo fafr efetkeyf ifipu ibofcucfe sbsuftu tuafs yfea jknbnfecfe
 pbrusfdffe cbpfjf ibrbcf jbeafe nfkc. Retuc ibinfetu cfryfwfe yfea nfru fafr 
ibrfsf `m`mc, ifcf prmarfi mrkbetfsk sfeaft jkpbroucfe uetuc ibinuft ibrbcf
uetuc obnkd ibeabefo pbrfe, pbrusfdffe ,cbnklfcfe-cbnklfcfe, jfe cfryfwfe ofkeeyf.
Jksfipkea ktu, jfofi ibeadfskocfe ckebrlf pbcbrlf yfea bgbctkg jfe bgkskbe,
 pbrou fjfeyf suftu pbrbe`feffe jfofi ibebetucfe pbafwfk yfea fcfe ibeaksk
 pbcbrlffe yfea fjf jfofi pbrusfdffe yfea nbrsfeacutfe. Cbnbrdfskofe jfofi
 pbeafjffe tbefaf cbrlf tbrobtfc pfjf cbtbpftfe jfofi pbebipftfe pbafwfk, nfkc 
 pbebipftfe pbafwfk nfru ifupue pbafwfk ofif pfjf pmssksk lfnftfe nfru.
 Xrmsbs pbebipftfe ibrupfcfe suftu prmsbs yfea sfeaft ibebetucfe jfofi
ibejfpftcfe pbafwfk yfea cmipbtbe yfea jk nutudcfe pbrusfdffe, cfrbef
 pbebipftfe yfea tbpft jfofi pmsksk lfnftfe yfea tbpft fcfe jfpft ibinfetu
 pbrusfdffe jfofi ibe`fpfk tulufe yfea jk dfrfpcfe

^RIRPFE IFPFOFD

6. Fpf ktu mrkbetfsk=

>. Fpf tulufe mrkbetfsk=
0. Fpf ifegfft mrkbetfsk=
:. Fpf sflf lbeks-lbeks mrkbetfsk=
2. Fpf sflf tfdfpfe jfofi mrkbetfsk=
7. Fpf ifegfft jfe fcknft jfrk mrkbetfsk=
1. Pkfpf sflf sfsfrfe mrkbetfsk=
4. Fpf ktu pbebipftfe cfryfwfe=
;. Fpf tulufe jfrk pbebipftfe cfryfwfe=
68. Fpf sflf gfctmr yfea ibipbeafrudk pbebipftfe cfryfwfe=
66. Fpf sflf prkeskp yfea jkauefcfe jfofi pbebipftfe cfryfwfe=
6>. Fpf sflf prmsbjur pbebipftfe cfryfwfe=
60. Fpf sflf lbeks pbebipftfe cfryfwfe=
6:. Fpf sflf cbejfof yfea jfpft tbrlfjk jfofi pbebipftfe cfryfwfe=

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NFN KK

XBINFDFPFE

M^KBEZFPK

Jbgkeksk Mrkbetfsk

Mrkbetfsk fjfofd pbeabefofe jfe fjfptfsk tbrdfjfp suftu sktufsk ftfu okeacueafe.
Jkifcsuj mrkbetfsk jkskek fjfofd pbeabinfeafe jfe pboftkdfe fwfo nfak pfrf
cfryfwfe nfru yfea ibinbrk ibrbcf kegmrifsk nfak pbrusfdffe, pbcbrlffe, ifupue
cbomipmc cbrlf. Xbeabefofe jfe mrkbetfsk pbrou jkprmaficfe cfrbef fjfeyf sbluiofd
fspbc cdfs yfea iue`uo pfjf sfft sbsbmrfea ibifsuck okeacueafe cbrlf yfea nfru.

Nbrkcut pbeabrtkfe mrkbetfsk ibeurut nbnbrfpf fdok<

6. Ifrkdmt Zuf Bgbejk Dfrkfejlf (>88>) ibejbgkekskcfe mrkbetfsk jbeafe

suftu prmarfi uetuc ibipbrcbefocfe pbafwfk nfru pfjf pbrfe-pbrfe
ibrbcf, mrafeksfsk, cbnklfcsfeffe-cbnklfcsfeffe, ekofk-ekofk, cbyfckefe
cbyfckefe jfe pfjf rbcfe cbrlf ibrbcf. Cbakftfe kek nkfsfeyf jkofcucfe mobd
jbpfrtbibe suinbr jfyf ifeuskf jfe ftfsfe ofeasuea jfrk pbafwfk tbrsbnut
uetuc ibesmskfoksfskcfe ekofk-ekofk mrafeksfsk pfjf pbafwfk nfru.
>. Afry Jbssobr (>862) ibeybnut mrkbetfsk jbeafe ibinbrkcfe kegmrifsk
ibeabefk oftfr nbofcfea cbpfjf cfryfwfe nfru yfea jknutudcfe uetuc 
ibofcucfe pbcbrlffe sb`frf ibiufscfe, sbpbrtk kegmrifsk pbrusfdffe.
Xrmarfi kek nksf jkiuofk jfrk pbrcbefofe skeacft sb`frf kegmrifo ftfu jbeafe
cursus gmrifo yfea pfelfea.
0. Puskom Ifrtmym (>888), Mrkbetfsk fjfofd ibipbrcbefocfe pfrf cfryfwfe nfru
jbeafe pbrfefe ftfu cbjujucfe ibrbcf, jbeafe mrafeksfsk jfe jbeafe pfrf
cfryfwfe ofke.
:. Keadfi (6;18)<tdb `me`bpt gmribj tdb nfsks gmr tdb dfrimekmus vkbw mg 
kejustrkfo rboftkmes ke tdb sifoo gkri fs mrkbetftkme tm wmrc wfs sfkj tm `fusb
kejkvkjufo sbog- sbob`tkme tm tdb sifoo gkri sb`tmr.[fea curfea obnkd ibikokck
frtk< skcfp jfe tkeacfd ofcu cfryfwfe, ibrupfcfe suftu cmesbp yfea jfpft

ibe`kptfcfe dfrimek jfofi nbcbrlf jfe sbdkeaaf jfpft ibeybnfncfe

 pbekeacftfe ckebrlf cfryfwfe sb`frf kejkvkju jfofi sbnufd pbrusfdffe.
2. Amojtdmrpb (6;74) <mrkbetftkme tm wmrc fjfofd frtk sbnufd pbcbrlffe tbrdfjfp
sbmrfea kejkvkju, nbrjfsfrcfe dfrfpfeeyf yfea jkwulujcfe jfofi
 pbcbrlffeeyf.
7. Imejy (>884) Mrkbetfsk fjfofd upfyf pboftkdfe jfe pbeabinfeafe fwfo nfak
 pfrf cfryfwfe nfru yfea ibinbrkcfe ibrbcf kegmrifsk ibeabefk
 pbrusfdffe, lfnftfe, jfe cbomipmc cbrlf.

Zulufe Mrkbetfsk

6. Ibeykfpcfe ibetfo nfak cfryfwfe nfru jfofi ibeadfjfpk pbrfokdfe sufsfef

jfrk okeacueafe pbejkjkcfe cb juekf cbrlf yfea eyftf.
>. Ibeadkofeacfe dfinftfe pskcmomaks jfofi ibifsuck cbomipmc yfea nfru.
0. Ibeabefo sb`frf skeacft okeacueafe pbcbrlffe yfea nfru.

Zulufe mrkbetfsk ibeurut Imbcklft (6;;6<;:) fjfofd sbnfafk nbrkcut <

6. Ibipbrcbefocfe pbafwfk nfru jbeafe pbrusfdffe.

>. Ibeadkejfrcfe fjfeyf cbcf`fufe yfea iueacke jksbnfncfe mobd sbmrfea
 pbcbrlf nfru cbtkcf jksbrfdk pbcbrlffe nfru.
0. Ibinbrk cbsbipftfe pfjf pbafwfk uetuc ibefeyfcfe ifsfofd tbetfea
 pbcbrlffe ibrbcf yfea nfru.
:. Ibeadbift wfctu jfe tbefaf pbafwfk jbeafe ibinbrktfducfe cbpfjf
ibrbcf cb ifef dfrus ibiketf cbtbrfeafe ftfu nfetufe jfofi
ibeybobsfkcfe ifsfofd yfea iueacke tkinuo.
2. Ibebrfeacfe pbrfturfe jfe cbtbetufe pbrusfdffe sbjbikckfe rupf
sbdkeaaf pbafwfk nfru jfpft ibeadkejfrcfe rketfeafe ftfu tkejfcfe

What is Scribd? ducuife yfea fcfe tbrlfjk cfrbef pbofeaafrfe pbrfturfe yfea tkjfc ibrbcf
cbtfduk.
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7. Ibinbrkcfe pbeabrtkfe cbpfjf pbafwfk nfru nfdwf ibrbcf fjfofd nfakfe
yfea pbetkea jk jfofi sbnufd mrafeksfsk.

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Pbjfeacfe ibeurut Jbjbe (>86>), mrkbetfsk yfea bgbctkg fcfe ibe`fpfk
 nbnbrfpf tulufe utfif yfktu<

6. Ibinbetuc cbsfe yfea ibeauetueacfe pfjf cfryfwfe jfrk mrafeksfsk

jfe pbcbrlffe
>. Ibeyfipkcfe kegmrifsk ibeabefk mrafeksfsk jfe pbcbrlffe
0. Ibekeacftcfe pbebrkiffe fetfrprknfjk mobd rbcfe-rbcfe cbrlf
:. Ibipbr`bpft smskfoksfsk jfe ketbarfsk cfryfwfe nfru cbjfofi mrafeksfsk
2. Ibifstkcfe nfwf cbebrlf jfe prmjuctkvktfs cfryfwfe jkiuofk obnkd `bpft
7. Rsfdf-usfdf mrkbetfsk ibeabefk mrafeksfsk jfe pbcbrlffe.

Jbeafe jbikckfe jfpft jkskipuocfe nfdwf tulufe utfif jkofcucfeeyf mrkbetfsk

fjfofd uetuc ibinbrkcfe kegmrifsk yfea sboufs-oufseyf cbpfjf cfryfwfe sbdkeaaf
cfryfwfe nfru nksf sbabrf nbrfjfptfsk jbeafe tbipft cbrlfeyf, jktbrkif mobd rbcfe
cbrlfeyf jfe jfpft sbabrf ibiuofk ckebrlf jfe prmjuctkgktfseyf.

Ifegfft Mrkbetfsk

Ifegfft mrkbetfsk ibeurut Qbrtdbr & Jfvks (6;;7) fjfofd sbnfafk nbrkcut<

6. Ibeaurfeak cb`bifsfe cfryfwfe

>. Cfryfwfe nfru nksf ibipboflfrk tuafseyf jbeafe obnkd nfkc
0. Cfryfwfe ibikokck bcspbctfsk yfea obnkd rbfokstks ibeabefk pbcbrlffeyf
:. Ibe`bafd pbeafrud nuruc jfrk rbcfe cbrlf ftfu ftfsfe yfea curfea
ibejucuea
2. Cfryfwfe nfru ibelfjk obnkd ifejkrk
7. Cfryfwfe nfru ibelfjk obnkd nfkc
1. Ibeaurfeak cb`bejbrueafe cfryfwfe nfru uetuc ibeauejurcfe jkrk
jfrk pbcbrlffe

Lbeks-lbeks Mrkbetfsk

Ibeurut Amojtdmrpb (6;74) fjf 0 lbeks mrkbetfsk cbrlf cfryfwfe jfofi nbcbrlf
yfktu<

6.  Kestruibetfooy
Amojtdmrpb (6;74) ibelbofscfe nfdwf pfjf lbeks pbejbcftfe kek sbtkfp
cfryfwfe ibifejfea pbcbrlffe sbnfafk suftu tulufe fcdkr. Jkifef cfryfwfe-
cfryfwfe tbrsbnut nbcbrlf nbrjfsfrcfe sftu fofsfe yfktu uetuc ibibeudk
cbnutudfe dkjup sbdfrk-dfrk. Pbofke ktu luaf jfofi mrkbetfsk kek, fjf luaf
cfryfwfe yfea ibikokd uetuc nbcbrlf jbeafe fofsfe uetuc ibeuelfea afyf
dkjup ibrbcf sb`frf spbskgkc. Afyf dkjup yfea jkifcsuj fjfofd cmejksk-
cmejksk yfea jkfofik ftfu jklfofek mobd ifskea-ifskea cfryfwfe.
 Kestruibetfooy jknfak ibelfjk juf nfakfe yfktu<
f. Pdmrt-tbri kestruibetfooy mrkbetftkme
Lbeks mrkbetfsk cbrlf kek ibrupfcfe sbnufd upfyf yfea jkofcucfe
cfryfwfe-cfryfwfe uetuc ibejucuea jfe ibefinfd pbejfpftfe utfif
jbeafe `frf nbcbrlf jk tbipft ofke, jfe ibelfjkcfe pbcbrlffe kek sbnfafk
 pbcbrlffe sbcuejbr. Cfryfwfe pfjf lbeks mrkbetfsk kek ibeafeaafp
 pbcbrlffe kek dfeyf nbrskgft sbibetfrf sflf.
 n.  Omea-tbri kestruibetfooy mrkbetftkme
 Omea-tbri kestruibetfooy mrkbetftkme fjfofd upfyf jfrk cfryfwfe-
cfryfwfe uetuc ibelfjkcfe sbnufd pbcbrlffe sbnfafk pbcbrlffe prkibr.
 Omea-tbrikestruibetfooy mrkbetftkme jknfak ibelfjk juf lbeks, yfktu<
  Xfrt-tkib bipomybb (cfryfwfe pfrud wfctu) < Retuc lbeks cfryfwfe
 pfrud wfctu, fofsfe ibikokd uetuc ibelfofek pbcbrlffe jbeafe `frf
kek nkfsfeyf nbrdunueafe jbeafe cbtbrnftfsfe wfctu yfea ibrbcf
ikokck. Nkfsfeyf cfryfwfe lbeks kek fjfofd jfrk amomeafe pboflfr ftfu
ifdfskswf yfea dfrus ibinfak wfctu fetfrf pbcbrlffe jfe wfctu
uetuc nboflfr, sbofke ktu luaf jfrk amomeafe wfektf yfea ibikokck

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fefc-fefc yfea ifskd nbruskf jknfwfd okif tfdue.
  Guoo-tkib bipomybb (cfryfwfe tbtfp) < Lbeks cfryfwfe kek ibrupfcfe
 lbeks cfryfwfe yfea sb`frf cmeskstbe iboufeacfe sb`frf pbeud wfctu

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cfryfwfe tbtfp, jfe tkjfc ibinfak wfctu nbcbrlf yfea jkikokck uetuc 
 nbcbrlf jk tbipft ofke.
>. Pmokjfrkstk`
Jkifef pfjf pbejbcftfe mrkbetfsk cbrlf lbeks kek, Amojtdmrpb (6;74)
ibelbofscfe nfdwf sbtkfp cfryfwfe ibifejfea sbnufd pbcbrlffe nucfe
sb`frf skipob sbnfafk tulufe fcdkr sflf, ibofkecfe sbak yfea jkcbjbpfecfe
fjfofd dunueafe jfe fctkvktfs smskfo yfea nksf jkjfpft, jfe kek jkpfejfea
sbnfafk nbetuc bimtkmefooy rbwfrjkea . Cfryfwfe yfea ibikokd mrkbetfsk cbrlf
 lbeks kek jfofi ibikokd tbipft nbcbrlf, obnkd ibipbrdftkcfe sufsfef nbcbrlf
 nbrjfsfrcfe dunueafe smskfo yfea cuft. Dunueafe smskfo jkskek yfea
jkifcsujcfe fjfofd cmiuekcfsk jfe cbrlfsfif yfea tbrlfoke fetfrf kejkvkju
 nfkc ktu fetfrf sbsfif cfryfwfe jfofi sftu jbpfrtbibe ifupue fetfr 
jbpfrtbibe. Ibeurut Ou`fs (6;;2) jfe Ckt`dkea (6;;1) jkcftfcfe nfdwf nfak
cfryfwfe DK, fjfofd sksk smskfo jfrk sbnufd pbcbrlffe yfea ibinuft pfrf
cfryfwfe tbrsbnut tbtfp ibrfsf nbtfd pfjf pbcbrlffe ibrbcf jfe luaf ibinuft
 pfrf cfryfwfe tbrsbnut uetuc tbtfp ibeamptkifocfe jkrk jfofi nbcbrlf. Pbofke
ktu, dunueafe smskfo yfea cuft yfea cfryfwfe lbeks kek keakecfe nucfe dfeyf
sbnftfs jk okeacueafe cbrlf, ibofkecfe dunueafe smskfo kek dfrus luaf jfpft
jktbruscfe jk cbdkjupfe jkoufr pbcbrlffe. Iksfoeyf jbeafe pbrak ifcfe, lfofe-
 lfofe, cbakftfe ofke jfe nfdcfe sfokea nbrcueluea cb tbipft tkeaafo ifskea-
ifskea cfryfwfe.
0.  Nurbfu`rftk`
Ibeurut Amojtdmrpb (6;74) jklbofscfe nfdwf yfea ibinuft sbmrfea
cfryfwfe ibikokd pbcbrlffe jfe ibeamptkifocfe jkrk pfjf pbcbrlffe yfea
jkpkokdeyf ktu fjfofd dfo-dfo yfea jksbjkfcfe mobd pbrusfdffe tbipft cfryfwfe
tbrsbnut nbcbrlf. Dfo-dfo tbrsbnut jfpft nbrupf gfskoktfs-gfskoktfs yfea jknbrkcfe
sbpbrtk sfrfef trfespmrtfsk, rufeafe cbrlf yfea eyfife uetuc nbcbrlf, sfipfk
cbpbrfoftfe- pbrfoftfe cbrlf yfea`feaakd, imjbre jfe ibejucuea,
 pbeadfraffe ftfs prbstfsk cbrlf, nbsfr cb`koeyf aflk jfe tuelfeafe-tuelfeafe
yfea jktfwfrcfe, cbnklfcfe-cbnklfcfe yfea jktbtfpcfe mobd pbrusfdffe,

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Ibinucf lfour cmiuekcfsk fcfe ibipbriujfd pbafwfk nfru ibeyfipfkcfe

fspkrfskeyf ifupue pbrtfeyffe-pbrtfeyffeeyf. Retuc ktu pbrou jknucfeyf
rufea cmiuekcfsk nfak pbafwfk nfru, nfkc ibofouk cmiuekcfsk rutke ibofouk
tftfp iucf sbpbrtk ibbtkea rutke,  grkjfy sbsskme jfe ofke-ofke, luaf jknucfeyf
 lfour ibjkf cmiuekcfsk sbpbrtk b-ifko ifupue tbobpdmeb.
2. Xrmsbs Imektmrkea
Zbetueyf pfjf fwfo nbcbrlf, sk pbafwfk nfru sujfd jksmskfoksfskcfe tfrabt
cbrlf yfea dfrus jk`fpfk. Xbrou fjfeyf imektmr rutke fcfe dfsko cbrlfeyf,
sbdkeaaf fcfe ibinfetu pbafwfk tbrsbnut obnkd ofak ibekeacftcfe
ckebrlfeyf. Lkcf fjf cbcurfeafe, ifcf jfpft jksfipfkcfe dfo-dfo yfea pbrou
jkf ofcucfe uetuc ibeaftfsk cbcurfeafe tbrsbnut. Jbikckfe luaf lkcf tbreyftf
 pbafwfk tbrsbnut nbrdfsko ibe`fpfk tfrabt yfea obnkd, ifcf
jfpft jktkeacftcfe ofak tfrabt cbrlfeyf. Jbeafe fjfeyf mrkbetfsk pbafwfk nfru
tbrsbnut jkdfrfpcfe jfpft ibinfetu pbafwfk jfpft nbcbrlf jbeafe nfkc, yfea
jfpft ibekeacftcfe prmjuctkvktfs cbrlfeyf, yfea pfjf fcdkreyf fcfe
ibejucuea pbe`fpfkfe tulufe pbrusfdffe.

Cbuetueafe jfe Cbobifdfe Mrkbetfsk

Cbuetueafe jfe cbobifdfe mrkbetfsk sb`frf uiui<

6. Cbuetueafe Mrkbetfsk
Rsfdf-usfdf mrkbetfsk yfea bgbctkg luaf nbrcmetrknusk tbrdfjfp cbnbrdfskofe
 lfeacf pbejbc jfe lfeacf pfelfea. Xrfctkc PJI sbnfafk nbrkcut ibeafejuea
sfrfe-sfrfe ibeabefk nfafkifef ibinuft mrkbetfsk cfryfwfe obnkd bgbctkg.
Nbnbrfpf stujk pbeboktkfe jfe survbk ftfs pbinbrk cbrlf ibofpmrcfe nfdwf
smskfoksfsk jfrk cfryfwfe-cfryfwfe nfru jfe cmiktibe fwfo ibrbcf pfjf
 pbrusfdffe sb`frf pmsktkg jkpbeafrudk mobd mrkbetfsk. Pmskfoksfsk kek
ibekeacftcfe ‟cb`m`mcfe fetfrf mrfea-mrafeksfsk’, yfea luaf ibeauftcfe
 pfejfeafe- pfejfeafe pmsktkg tbrdfjfp pbcbrlffe, rbcfe cbrlf, jfe mrafeksfsk,
 pfrf pbinbrk cbrlf tbofd ibebiucfe ekofk jfrk mrkbetfsk nfdwf tkeacft rbtbesk
cfryfwfe fcfe obnkd tkeaak lkcf cfryfwfe-cfryfwfe nfru ibebrkif mrkbetfsk

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yfea bgbctkg. Nbetuc pboftkdfe kek luaf nbrcmetrknusk pfjf ckebrlf
mrafeksfskmefo sb`frf cbsbourudfe cbtkcf pfrf cfryfwfe obnkd `bpft ibrfsf
sbnfafk nfakfe jfrk mrafeksfsk jfe jfpft iuofk nbrcmetrknusk jfofi usfdf-
usfdf cbrlf mrafeksfskmefo.
Pftu `frf uetuc ibeabinfeacfe bgkskbesk jfrk mrkbetfsk fjfofd ibofouk
 pbeaaueffe mrkbetfsk bobctrmekc. Pbluiofd pbinbrk cbrlf ibebipftcfe
kegmrifsk mrkbetfsk cfryfwfe uiui pfjf ketrfebt ftfu sktus Qbn pbrusfdffe.
Xfrf cfryfwfe nfru jfpft ifsuc cb jfofi skstbi jfe ibejfpftcfe nfeyfc 
iftbrk uiui ibeabefk sblfrfd pbrusfdffe, structur, prmjuc jfe lfsf,
 pbreyftffe iksk, jfe kegmrifsk oftfr nbofcfea ofkeeyf, jfe tkjfc dfrus jujuc 
jk rufea cbofs jkifef kegmrifsk tbrsbnut jksfipfkcfe sb`frf prknfjk ftfu
jbeafe vkjbm. Cbiujkfe, pbrtfeyffe jfe smfo yfea obnkd spbskgkc jfpft
jktfeafek mobd stfg PJI jfe ofkeeyf sbtbofd pfrf cfryfwfe ibekelfu
kegmrifsk-kegmrifsk nbrnfsks Qbn tbrsbnut. Pfyfeaeyf nfeyfc sbsk mrkbetfsk
cfryfwfe nfru jkrfsfcfe sbnfafk dfo yfea ibinmsfecfe, tkjfc rbobvfe, jfe
 pbinmrmsfe wfctu mobd cfryfwfe, supbrvksmr, jfe ifeflbr jbpfrtbibe
ibrbcf.
>. Cbobifdfe Mrkbetfsk
Cbobifdfe uiui jfrk prmarfi mrkbetfsk fjfofd pfjf obvbo supbrvksmr.
Qfofupue nfakfe cbpbafwfkfe tbofd ibrfe`fea prmarfi mrkbetfsk sb`frf
bgbctkg jfe luaf iboftkd pfrf supbrvksmr tbetfea `frf nfafkifef ibofcucfe
mrkbetfsk pfjf nkjfeaeyf, efiue sbrkeacfok ibeafofik cbafafofe. Retuc 
jfpft ibeadkejfrcfe cbsfofdfe uiui yfea jkofcucfe mobd pfrf supbrvksmr,
sbnfkceyf nfakfe cbpbafwfkfe ibeybjkfcfe sftu pbjmife yfea nbrkskcfe
tbetfea fpf-fpf yfea sbdfruseyf jkofcucfe mobd supbrvksmr jfofi prmarfi
mrkbetfsk tbrsbnut. @frf ofke yfea jfpft jkofcucfe fjfofd nujjy systbi. [fktu
jbeafe ibebtfpcfe sftu mrfea pbcbrlf yfea tbofd nbrpbeafofife jfe
ibiketf cbpfjfeyf ibeaflfc pbafwfk nfru tbrsbnut.

Pfsfrfe Rtfif Mrkbetfsk

60

Pfsfrfe-sfsfrfe utfif jfofi mrkbetfsk fjfofd ibeauofeak cb`bifsfe fwfo yfea

jkrfsfcfe mobd sbiuf pbcbrlf nfru uetuc ibiuofk pbcbrlffe nfru, uetuc 
ibeafcrfncfe cfryfwfe nfru jbeafe pbcbrlffeeyf, uekt cbrlfeyf jfe mrafeksfsk
sbnfafk cbsbourudfe, jfe fafr ibipbriujfd pbrfokdfe jfrk oufr cb jfofi. Xfjf
jfsfreyf prmarfi mrkbetfsk nfak cfryfwfe nfru sfeaftofd iutofc jkpbroucfe nfkc 
jktkelfu jfrk sujut cbpbetkeafe pbrusfdffe ifupue cfryfwfe ktu sbejkrk yfea
tulufe pmcmceyf fafr sbtkfp cfryfwfe nfru<
6. Jfpft nbrfjfptfsk jfe nbrketbrfcsk jbeafe cmejksk okeacueafe yfea nfru
jkifsuck.
>. Jfpft ibifdfik mrafeksfsk jfe nujfyf pbrusfdffe (vksk, iksk, ekofk ketk
jfe cbakftfe mpbrfskmefoeyf).
0. Ibipueyfk cbsfiffe pmof (pfrfjkaif) pkckr jfe tbrfcdkr,
:. Pbnfafk nbcfo sbnboui yfea nbrsfeacutfe nbrtuafs jk tbipft cbrlfeyf
ifskea ifskea .

Jbssobr (>880) ibeyfipfkcfe nfdwf prmarfi mrkbetfsk yfea jknbrkcfe

cbpfjf cfryfwfe nfru sfft ibrbcf pbrtfif cfok ifsuc cbrlf sbtkjfceyf ibipueyfk
tulufe fetfrf ofke<

6. Retuc ibeaurfeak nkfyf jk ifef mrkbetfsk jkdfrfpcfe ifipu ibinfetu

cfryfwfe nfru fafr `bpft ke`dfrab jfofi pbcbrlffeeyf.
>. Ibeaurfeak cb`bifsfe. Cbnfeyfcfe cfryfwfe ibeafofik cb`bifsfe cbtkcf
ifsuc cb jfofi sktufsk cbrlf yfea nfru. Xbeafofife ibeadfjfpk cb`bifsfe
kek nbrpbeafrud pfjfeyf jfofi ibipboflfrk pbcbrlffeeyf. Mrkbetfsk
ibinfetu cfryfwfe uetuc ibeaftfsk cb`bifsfe tbrsbnut jbeafe ibinfetu
cfryfwfe jbeafe ibinbrkcfe pbjmife yfea jknutudcfeeyf uetuc jfpft
 nbcbrlf jbeafe nfkc.
0. Ibeaurfeak ture mvbr   cfryfwfe. Cfryfwfe pkejfd cbrlf cfrbef ibrfsf tkjfc 
jkdfrafk ftfu ibrfsf tkjfc nbrfjf pfjf pmsksk yfea tbpft pfjf pbcbrlffeeyf.
Xrmarfi mrkbetfsk ibeueluccfe nfdwf pbrusfdffe ibeadfrafk cfryfwfeeyf
jfe ibinfetu ibeybjkfcfe foft / gfskoktfs yfea jknutudcfe uetuc jfpft
sucsbs jfofi pbcbrlffeeyf.

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:. Ibeadbift wfctu uetuc supbrvksk. Xrmarfi mrkbetfsk cfryfwfe nfru
ibinfetu cfryfwfe uetuc `bpft ibifdfik pbcbrlffeeyf sbdkeaaf nksf
ofeasuea ke`dfrab jfofi cbrlfeyf. Pupbrvksk ftfu ftfsfeeyf tkjfc pbrou
ibeybjkfcfe wfctu yfea ofif uetuc ibofcucfeibetmrkea fafr ibrbcf
jfpft nbcbrlf sbsufk dfrfpfe.
2. Ibinfeaue dfrfpfe yfea pmsktkg tbrdfjfp pbcbrlffeeyf, skcfp yfea pmsktkg 
jfe cbpufsfe cbrlf. Pfeaftofd pbetkea nfdwf pfrf cfryfwfe nboflfr sbsbabrf
iueacke fpf yfea ibelfjk dfrfpfeeyf, fpf yfea jkdfrfpcfe pfjfeyf, sbofke
 nboflfr tbetfea ekofk jfe skcfp yfea fjf jfofi mrafeksfsk. Lbeks mrkbetfsk yfea
jknbrkcfe cbpfjf cfryfwfe nfru fjf juf if`fieyf yfktu mrkbetfsk mrafeksfsk
jkifef mrkbetfsk jkifcsujcfe uetuc ibinbrktfdu cfryfwfe ibeabefk
tulufe, rkwfyft, gkomsmgk, prmsbjur jfe pbeafturfe mrafeksfsk tbrsbnut, sbrtf
mrkbetfsk uekt cbrlf yfea jkifcsujcfe uetuc ibeafcrfncfe cfryfwfe ktu
jbeafe sfsfrfe uekt cbrlf tbrsbnut, ibipbrlbofs nfafkifef pbcbrlffeeyf
ibeyuinfea pfjf sfsfrfe uekt ktu jfe ibe`fcup pbrcbefofe jbeafe rbcfe-
rbcfe cbrlf nfrueyf.

62

 XOF@BIBEZ 

Xbeabrtkfe Xbebipftfe

Xbebipftfe cfryfwfe nbrfrtk ibeafomcfskcfe pfrf cfryfwfe pfjf pmsksk cbrlf

tbrtbetu,dfo kek cdusus tbrlfjk pfjf cfryfwfe nfru. Cbpfjf pfrf cfryfwfe ofif yfea
tbofd ibejujuck lfnftfe ftfu pbcbrlffe tbrifsuc sfsfrfe gueask pbebipftfe
cfryfwfe jfofi frtk ibipbrtfdfecfe pfjf pmskskeyf ftfu ibikejfdcfe pfjf pmsksk
yfea ofke. Ofeacfd fwfo jfofi ibeadfskocfe suinbr jfyf ifeuskf yfea tbrfipko
jfe dfejfo pbrou fjfeyf suftu pbrbe`feffe jfofi ibebetucfe cfryfwfe yfea fcfe
ibeaksk pbcbrlffe yfea fjf jfofi pbrusfdffe yfea nbrsfeacutfe. Cbnbrdfskofe
jfofi pbeafjffe tbefaf cbrlf tbrobtfc pfjf cbtbpftfe jfofi pbebipftfe cfryfwfe,
 nfkc pbebipftfe cfryfwfe nfru ifupue cfryfwfe ofif pfjf pmsksk lfnftfe nfru.
Xrmsbs pbebipftfe ibrupfcfe suftu prmsbs yfea sfeaft ibebetucfe jfofi
ibejfpftcfe cfryfwfe yfea cmipbtbe yfea jknutudcfe pbrusfdffe,
cfrbef pbebipftfe yfea tbpft jfofi pmsksk lfnftfe yfea tbpft fcfe jfpft ibinfetu
 pbrusfdffe jfofi ibe`fpk tulufe yfea jkdfrfpcfe.

Zulufe Xbebipftfe

Xbebipftfe ibikokck tulufe yfktu fafr cfryfwfe nbrsfeacutfe obnkd nbrjfyf

auef jfofi ibofcsfcfe pbcbrlfffe yfea jknbnfecfe, sbrtf uetuc ibekeacftcfe
cbifipufe jfe cbtbrfipkofe sbnfafk jfsfr cbofe`frfe tuafs.

Ibeurut N. Pkswfetm Pfstrmdfjkwkrym yfea jkcutkp mobd suwftem (>880 < 600)
ifcsuj jkfjfcfe pbebipftfe cfryfwfe fjfofd uetuc ibebipftcfe cfryfwfe
sbnfafk uesur pbofcsfef pbcbrlffe pfjf pmsksk yfea sbsufk jbeafe crktbrkf yfktu
cbifipufe, cb`fcfpfe, jfe cbfdokfe.

Gfctmr-Gfctmr [fea Jkpbrtkinfeacfe Jfofi Xbebipftfe Xbafwfk

Ibeurut Nfinfea wfdyujk yfea jkcutkp suwftem (>880 < 6>;) jfofi
ibofcucfe pbebipftfe cfryfwfe dbejfceyf ibipbrtkinfeacfe gfctmr-gfctmr 
sbnfafk nbrkcut<

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6. Xbejkjkcfe
Xbejkjkcfe yfea dfrus jkikokck mobd sbmrfea cfryfwfe, pbejkjkcfe ikekiui
yfea jksyfrftcfe ibokputk<
f. Xbejkjkcfe yfea jksyfrftcfe yfktu stfejfr pbejkjkcfe yfea jktbtfpcfe
sbnfafk syfrft mobd pbrusfdffe.
 n. Xbejkjkcfe fotbreftkg yfktu pbejkjkcfe cdusus jfrk nbrnfafk prmarfi
 pbejkjkcfe yfea jkofcucfe jbeafe `frf nbrnbjf jfrk `frf trfjkskmefo
 nbrjfsfrcfe ikeft jfe pbeafofife.
>. Xbeabtfdufe cbrlf
Xbeabtfdufe yfea dfrus jkikokck mobd sbmrfea cfryfwfe jbeafe wflfr 
yfktu pbeabtfdufe cbrlf sbnboui jktbipftcfe jfe yfea nfru jkpbrmobd
 pfjf wfctu cfryfwfe tbrsbnut nbcbrlf jfofi pbcbrlffe tbrsbnut.
0. Cbtbrfipkofe Cbrlf
Cbtbrfipkofe cbrlf ibrupfcfe suftu tkejfcfe yfea jfpft jkpboflfrk jfe
jkjfpft ibe`fcup suftu ifekpuofsk tfeafe, oksfe, ftfu ibetfo jfrkpfjf jftf,
mrfea, ftfu nbejf-nbejf. Cb`fcfpfe ftfu cbfdokfe uetuc ibofcucfe suftu
 pbcbrlffe yfea dfrus jkpbrmobd jfofi prfctbc, cbtbrfipkofe cbrlf kek jfpft
jkcbomipmccfe ibelfjk 0 (tkaf) cftbamrk yfktu<
f. Cbtbrfipkofe ibetfo, sbpbrtk ibeafefoksf jftf, ibinuft cbputusfe jfe
ofke-ofke.
 n. Cbtbrfipkofe gkskc, sbpbrtk ibinbtuocfe okstrkc, ibcfekc jfe ofke ofke.
`. Cbtbrfipkofe smskfo, sbpbrtk ibipbeafrudk mrfea ofke, ibefwfrcfe nfrfea
ftfu lfsf jfe ofke-ofke.
:. Xbeafofife Cbrlf
Xbeafofife sbmrfea cfryfwfe uetuc ibofcucfe pbcbrlffe tbrtbetu.
Xbeafofife cbrlf jfpft ibelfjk nfdfe pbrtkinfeafe uetuc <
f. Xbcbrlffe yfea dfrus jktbipftcfe
 n. Ofifeyf ibofcucfe pbcbrlffe
2. Gfctmr Cbsbdftfe Lfsifek jfe ^mdfek

61

Cbsbdftfe brft cfktfeeyf jbeafe suinbr jfyf ifeuskf. Xbcbrlffe-pbcbrlffe

yfea nbrft jfe nbrnfdfyf iksfoeyf dfeyf iueacke jkcbrlfcfe mobd mrfea-
mrfea yfea ibipueyfk gkskc sbdft jfe cuft, sbjfeacfe suinbr jfyf ifeuskf
yfea gkskceyf obifd jfe nbrmtfc `brjfs jfpft jktbipftcfe pfjf nkjfea
fjikekstrfsk, pbinuftfe cmesbpftfu pbrdktueafe-pbrdktueafe yfea
ibibroucfe cbtbcuefe oufr nkfsf, efiue gf`tmr cbsbdftfe kek ifskd pbrou
jkpbrdftkcfe jfofi pbebipftfe ibrbcf. Dfo kek jfpft jkpfdfik, ibsckpue tbs
cbsbdftfe tbofd ibououscfe sbiuf suinbr jfyf ifeuskf nfru,tbtfpk cfjfea-
cfjfea tbs cbsbdftfe tbrsbnut jkofcucfe sbpketfs ckofs curfea jfpft
ibejbtbcsk cmejksk lfsifek sb`frf rke`k.
7. Gfctmr Riur Puinbr Jfyf Ifeuskf
Zbreyftf yfea ibibroucfe pbcbrlffe ktu nucfe suinbr jfyf ifeuskf iujf
yfea nfru sbobsfk jfe sbcmofd sflf, tbtfpk luaf suinbr jfyf ifeuskf yfea
sujfd ibipueyfk uiur tuf. Dfo kek jfpft jkpfdfik cfrbef jk ofpfeafe yfea
ibinutudcfe pbcbrlffe nucfe sflf suinbr jfyf ifeuskf yfea nbruiur 
iujf, tbtfpk cfjfea-cfjfea mrfea yfea sujfd tuf pue ftfu pfrf pbeskuefe
 nfeyfc yfea ibibroucfe pbcbrlffe uetuc ibeyfinuea dkjup fefc jfe
kstrkeyf. Nfdcfe jfrk sbak cbifeuskffe pfrf pbeskuefe ktu pbrou jktmomea
cfrbef ibrbcf iueacke ifskd ibipueyfk nbnfe ibeadkjupk fefc-fefceyf
yfea ifskd sbcmofd. Pbjfeacfe suinbr jfyf ifeuskf yfea ifskd iujf
 nboui ibipueyfk rfsf tfeaauealfwfn cboufraf.
1. Gfctmr Lbeks Cbofike
Lbeks cbofike suinbr jfyf ifeuskf pbrou ibelfjk nfdfe pbrtkinfeafe
jfofi pbebipftfe pbafwfk. Qfofupue dfsko ouousfe sbobcsk jfe pboftkdfe
 prf tuafs cfjfea-cfjfea tkjfc ibipbrdftkcfe lbeks cbofike prkf jfe wfektf,
uetuc pbcbrlffe yfeaibinutudcfe abrfc gkskc tbetu yfea obnkd `m`mc fjfofd
suinbr jfyf ifeuskf prkf, tbtfpk uetuc tbefaf-tbefaf sbcrbtfrkft, omcbt-
omcbt pbofyfefe ftfu mpbrftmr tbobpme yfea obnkd `m`mc iueacke suinbr jfyf
ifeuskf wfektf. Jbikckfe luaf uetuc nbcbrlf pfjf ifofi dfrk, uejfea-
uejfea ibofrfea ibipbrcbrlfcfe wfektf pfjf ifofi dfrk, cfrbef wfektf

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yfea jkpbcbrlfcfe pfjf ifofi dfrk obnkd nfeyfc iujfrft (ruak) jfrk pfjf
ifegfft yfea jkpbrmobd.
4. Gfctmr Ikeft jfe Dmnk
Pbsbmrfea fcfe nbcbrlf jbeafe rflke jfe tbcue nkof fpf yfea jkcbrlfcfeeyf
ktu sbsufk jbeafe ikeft jfe dmnkeyf. Ofeacfd yfea pbrou jkofcucfe mobd
ibeblbr suinbr jfyf ifeuskf nfakfe pbebipftfe uetuc ibipbrmobd
kegmrifsk tbetfea ikeft jfe dmnk suinbr jfyf ifeuskf nfru fjfofd yfea
 nbrsfeacutfe pbrou ibiketf ofak nbrcfs dfsko sbobcsk yfea sujfd fjf, ftfu
ibiketf dfsko wfwfe`frf yfea tbofd jkofcucfe lfud sbnboui suinbr jfyf
ifeuskf ktu jktbrkif sbnfafk cfryfwfe.

Xrkeskp ‐ Xrkeskp Xbebipftfe Puinbr Jfyf Ifeuskf

Xrkeskp-prkeskp yfea dfrus jkpbrdftkcfe jfofi pbebipftfe cfryfwfe yfktu<

6. Xrkeskp Cbifeuskffe
Xrkeskp yfea ibeafeaafp ifeuskf sbnfafk uesur pbcbrlf yfea
ibipueyfk pbrsfiffe dfraf jkrk, cbifufe, cbkeakefe, `ktf-`ktf, jfe
cbifipufe dfrus jk dfrafk pmskskeyf sbnfafk ifeuskf yfea ofyfc tkjfc jk
feaafp ibske.
>. Xrkeskp Jbimcrfsk
Xrkeskp kek ibeuelucfe fjfeyf sfokea ibeadmriftk, sfokea ibeadfrafk, jfe
sfokea ibeaksk jfofi ibofcsfefcfe pbcbrlffe.
0. Xrkeskp Zdb ^kadt Ife Me Zdb ^kadt Xof`b
Xrkeskp kek pbetkea jk ofcsfefcfe jfofi frtk nfdwf pbebipftfe sbtkfp mrfea
jfofi sbtkfp mrafeksfsk yfea nbrfrtk nfdwf pbebipftfe sbtkfp mrfea jfofi
mrafeksfsk yfea nbrfrtk nfdwf pbebipftfe sbtkfp mrfea jfofi mrafeksfsk pbrou
jkjfsfrcfe pfjf cbifipufe, cbfdokfe, pbeafofife, sbrtf pbejkjkcfe yfea jk
ikokck mobd mrfea yfea nbrsfeacutfe.
:. Xrkeskp Bqufo Xfy Gmr Bqufo Qmrc 
Xbinbrkfe nfofs lfsf cfryfwfe nfru jkjfsfrcfe ftfs dfsko prbstfsk cbrlf yfea
jkjfpft mobd pbafwfk yfea nbrsfeacutfe.

6;

2. Xrkeskp Cbsftufe Frfd

Xrkeskp kek jk tbrfpcfe jfofi pbrusfdffe tbrdfjfp sbtkfp cfryfwfe yfea
 nbcbrlf fafr jfpft ibofcsfefcfe tuafs-tuafs, jknutudcfe cbsftufe frfd,
cbsftufe pbofcsfeffe tuafs sblfofe jbeafe prmarfi jfe rbe`fef yfea jk
afrkscfe.
7. Xrkeskp Cbsftufe Zulufe
Xrkeskp kek brft dunueafeeyf jbeafe cbsftufe frfd frtkeyf frfd yfea
jkofcsfefcfe cfryfwfe dfrus jk gmcuscfe pfjf tulufe yfea jk`fpfk
1. Xrkskp Cbsftufe Cmifejm Cfryfwfe yfea nbcbrlf sbofou jk pbeafrudk fjfeyf
cmifejm yfea jk nbrkcfe sbdkeaaf sbtkfp cfryfwfe dfeyf ibipueyfk sftu
mrfea ftfsfe.
4. Xrkeskp Bgkskbesk jfe Xrmjuctkgktfs Cbrlf
Xrkeskp kek ibrupfcfe cue`k cb frfd tulufe pbrusfdffe cfrbef bgkskbesk
jfe prmjuctkgktfs cbrlf dfrus jk`fpfk jfofi rfeacf ibe`fpfk tulufe
 pbrusfdffe.

Xrmsbjur Xbebipftfe Xbafwfk

Xrmsbjur pbebipftfe pbafwfk nbrcfktfe brft jbeafe skstbi jfe prmsbs yfea
jkauefcfe. Nbrcfktfe jbeafe skstbi pbebipftfe N. Pkswfetm Pfstrmdfjkwkrym yfea
jkcutkp mobd Puwftem (>880<608) ibeabiucfcfe ’Dfrus tbrjfpft ifcsuj jfe tulufe
jfofi ibrbe`fefcfe skstbi pbebipftfe cfryfwfe" . Retuc ibeabtfduk prmsbjur 
 pbebipftfe cfryfwfe dfrus ibibeudk pbrsyfrftfe yfktu <

6) Dfrus fjf wbwbefea uetuc ibebipftcfe pbrsmefokf yfea jftfea jfrk

jfgtfr pbrsmefokf yfea jk cbinfeacfe ibofouk fefoksks tbefaf cbrlf.
>) Dfrus ibipueyfk stfejfr yfea jkauefcfe uetuc ibinfejkeacfe `fome
 pbcbrlffe.
0) Dfrus ibipueyfk pbofifr pbcbrlffe yfea fcfe jksbobcsk uetuc jktbipftcfe.

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Fpfnkof tbrlfjk sfofd pbebipftfe (iksspof`bibet ) ifcf pbrou jkfjfcfe suftu
 prmarfi pbeybsufkfe cbinfok (rbjlustibet ) cfryfwfe yfea nbrsfeacutfe sbsufk
jbeafe cbfdokfe yfea jkikokck, yfktu jbeafe ibofcucfe<

6) Ibebipftcfe cbinfok (rbpof`bibet ) pfjf pmsksk yfea obnkd sbsufk.

>) Ibeuafscfe cbinfok (rbfskaeibet ) jbeafe tuafs-tuafs yfea sbsufk jbeafe
 nfcftjfe cbifipufe.

Lbeks ‐ Lbeks Xbebipftfe Puinbr Jfyf Ifeuskf

Zbrjfpft 0 lbeks pbetkea jfrk pbebipftfe yfktu prmimsk, trfesgbr, jfe jbimsk.
Pbtkfp cbputusfe dfrus jkkrkeak jbeafe mrkbetfsk jfe tkejfc ofelut. Nbrkcut kek jk
 lbofscfe 0 lbeks pbebipftfe<

6. Xrmimsk
Xrmimsk tbrlfjk fpfnkof sbmrfea cfryfwfe jk pkejfdcfe jfrk sftu pbcbrlffe
cb pbcbrlffe ofke, yfea cbiujkfe jfrk lfnftfe nfrueyf tbrsbnut jkf
ibipbrmobd pbinfyfrfe yfea obnkd tkeaak, tfeaauealfwfn yfea obnkd nfeyfc 
jfe oufs jfe ftfu tkeacftftfe mrafeksfskmefo yfea obnkd tkeaak. Cblfjkfe kek
ibrupfcfe dfo yfea ibeybefeacfe nfak pfrf cfryfwfe jfe sbymayfeyf luaf
 nfak mrafeksfsk. Riuieyf, prmimsk jknbrkcfe sbnfafk pbeafcufe tbrdfjfp
dfsko cbrlf cfryfwfe jk ifsf ofou jfe ibrupfcfe lfelk uetuc ifsf jbpfe.
Xrmimsk jknbjfcfe ibelfjk > yfktu<
f.  Ibrkt Nfsbj Xrmimtkme fjfofd prmimsk jkjfsfrcfe ftfs lfsf/prbstfsk yfea
tbofd jk nbrkcfe nbrjfsfrcfe pbrgmrife`b fpprfksfo.
 n. Pbekmrkty Nfsbj Xrmimtkme fjfofd prmimsk jkjfsfrcfe ftfs ofifeyf
(wfctu) sbmrfea pbafwfk nbcbrlf pfjf pbrusfdffe ftfu ofifeyf pbafwfk
tbrsbnut nbcbrlf jk suftu lfnftfe tbrtbetu, tkjfc nbrjfsfrcfe uiur 
cfryfwfe.
[fea jk ifcsuj jbeafe sbekmr fjfofd pbafwfk yfea pfokea ofif tbofd nbcbrlf
jk pbrusfdffe. Cbuetueafe `frf kek fjfofd nfdwf cbputusfe yfea jknuft fcfe
obnkd mnlbctkg. Cbobifdfe yfea sbrkea iue`uo fjfofd nfdwf tkjfc fjf

>6

 lfikefe mrfea yfea jk prmimskcfe ibipueyfk cbifipufe ftfu tbofd

ibeueluccfe dfsko cbrlf yfea obnkd nfkc jfrkpfjf pbafwfk ofke yfea tkjfc 
jkprmimskcfe
>. Zrfesgbr jfe Jbimsk
Zrfesgbr jfe jbimsk fjfofd juf cbakftfe utfif pbebipftfe cfryfwfe
ofkeeyf yfea fjf pfjf pbrusfdffe. Zrfesgbr tbrlfjk lkcf sbmrfea pbafwfk jk
 pkejfdcfe jfrk suftu lfnftfe cb lfnftfe ofkeeyf, yfea pbinfyfrfe, tfeaauea
 lfwfn sbrtf tkeacft/lbelfea lfnftfeeyf sfif ftfu rboftkvb sfif. Ibofouk
trfesgbr, pbrusfdffe jfpft ibipbrnfkck `frf pbifegfftfe pbafwfk. Zrfesgbr 
 nfdcfe jfpft ibipueyfk ifegffft nfak pbafwfk yfeajk trfesgbr. Xbeafofife
yfea obnkd oufs ofak ibeueluccfe nfdwf trfesgbr ibeybjkfcfe sbsbmrfea
jbeafe cbtbrfipkofe-cbtbrfipkofe nfru jfe suftu prmspbctkg ofke yfea
ibinufteyf ibelfjk `fome uetuc jfpft jk prmimskcfe. Zrfesgbr luaf jfpft
ibipbrnfkck tkeacft imtkvfsk jfe cbpufsfe cbrlf, cdususeyf lkcf pbafwfk
ibebiucfe sbjkckt tfetfeafe pfjf lfnftfe ofifeyf. Xmsksk nfru, ibsckpue
 nucfe suftu prmimsk, nksf ibefwfrcfe tfetfeafe-tfetfeafe nfru
(nfkc jfrk sbak tbceks ifupue dunueafe fetfr prknfjk).
Jbimsk tbrlfjk lkcf sbmrfea cfryfwfe jkpkejfdcfe jfrk suftu lfnftfe cb
 lfnftfe ofke yfea pbinfyfrfe, tfeaauea lfwfn, tkeacft lfnftfeeyf obnkd
rbejfd. Jbimsk uiuieyf ibipueyfk bgbc pmsktkg yfea sfeaft cb`ko nfak
kejkvkjuftfupuenfak pbrusfdffe. Riuieyf jbimsk nfeyfc nbrcfktfe jbeafe
ifsfofd jkskpoke cbrlf.Pbmrfea cfryfwfe jk jbimsk, cfrbef ckebrlfeyf sfeaft
rbejfd ftfu tkeacft fnsbeskeyf tbrofou nfeyfc. Pftu fcknft jfrk jbimsk fjfofd
jbimtkvftbj. Cfjfea cfof jbimsk jkauefcfe sbnfafk suftu `frf dfous uetuc 
ibib`ft pbafwfk, jbeafe dfrfpfe pbafwfk tbrsbnut ifu ibeauejurcfe jkrk.
0. Lmn Xmstkea Xrmarfi
 Lmn Xmstkea Xrmarfi ibinbrkcfe kegmrifsk cbpfjf cfryfwfe tbtfea
 pbinucffe omwmeafe cbrlf pbrsyfrftfeeyf. Xbeauiuife tbetfea omwmeafe
cbrlf tbrsbnut ibeauejfea pfrf cfryfwfe yfea ibibeudk syfrft uetuc 
ibofifreyf. Nkfsfeyf jkuiuicfe ibofouk nuoobtke ftfu surft cfnfr 

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 pbrusfdffe nfkc surft cfnfr nkfsf ifupue bobctrmekc. Cufokgkcfsk jfe
cbtbetufe ofkeeyf nkfsfeyf jkfinko jfrk kegmrifsk fefoksks pbcbrlffe, ibofouk
 pbe`fomefe jkrk ftfupue jbeafe rbcmibejfsk supbrvksmr cfryfwfe yfea
tbrtfrkc jfpft ibeaflucfe pbrimdmefe cbpfjf jbpfrtbibe PJI.
Zulufe prmarfi Lmn Xmstkea kek fjfofd uetuc ibinbrkcfe jmrmeafe nfak
cfryfwfe uetuc ibe`frk prmimsk jfe trfesgbr sbrtf ibinfetu jbpfrtbibe
PJI jfofi ibeaksk lfnftfe ketbrefo. Jbeafe jbikckfe, lmn pmstkea jfpft
ibipbrtbiucfe fetfrf
cbpbetkeafe pbrusfdffe jbeafe cbpbetkeafe cfryfwfe.Zkjfc sbiuf lfnftfe
jfpft ibofouk lmn pmstkea kek, nkfsfeyf dfeyf nfak lfnftfe obvbo nfwfd yfea
 nbrskgft cobrkcfo,tbceks,jfe pmsksk supbrvksmr. Efiue, pbcbrlffe pfjf obvbo
yfea obnkd tkeaak jfpft puof jkuiuicfe uetuc ibibeudk tuetutfe fgkrifsk
jfe pbrsfiffe cbsbipftfe pbcbrlffe,sbdkeaaf pfrf cfryfwfe yfcke nfdwf
ibrbcf jfpft ibeaksk pbcbrlffe fpf sflf jfofi pbrusfdffe, Cfrbefeyf
 pbetkeaeyf nfak jbpfrtbibe PJI uetuc ibinuft fturfe tbetfea prmarfi lmn
 pmstkea jfe cmeskstbe jkofcsfefcfe.
Qfofupue cbnfeyfcfe pbe`frk pbcbrlffe ktu ibe`frk prmimsk, tbtfpk
 nfeyfc pbe`fome jkrk ktu ibe`frk trfesgbr uetuc ibipbroufs cbtbrfipkofe
ftfu fofsfe prknfjk, Nfdcfe ibe`fomecfe jkrk uetuc jbimsk luaf iueacke nkof
sbsbmrfea yfea grustfsk sbdkeaaf ibe`frk pbcbrlfffe ofke yfea obnkd nfkc.
Iksfoeyf sflf sbmrfea pköftf durug pfjf surft cfnfr fcfe jbimsk uetuc pmsksk
wfrtfwfe cfrbef jfofi lfeacf wfctu pfelfea prmgbsk wfrtfwfe obnkd
ibelfelkcfe.
Xbe`fomefe jkrk luaf jkauefcfe mobd pbeabomof pboftkdfe. Nfeyfc pbrusfdffe
yfea ibipbcbrlfcfe ouousfe sfrlfef uetuc prmarfi pboftkdfe. Retuc 
cbiujkfe pfrf fouiek pboftkdfe jknbrkcfe cbsbipftfe uetuc ibe`fomecfe
jkrk pfjf lfnftfe yfea jknutudcfe.

Nbnbrfpf Ifsfofd Jfofi Xbebipftfe Puinbr Jfyf Ifeuskf

>0

Zbrjfpft 0 dfo yfea ibejfsfrk cbputusfe pbebipftfe nfak PJI yfktu

bgbctkvktfs,tuetutfe ducui jfe prbvbesk XDC.

6. Bgbctkvktfs
Bgbctkvktfs pbebipftfe dfrus ifipu ibikekifokskr cbiueackefe tbrlfjkeyf
cbcf`fufe nfak cfryfwfe jfe pbrusfdffe. Retuc ibeaurfeak
cbcf`fufe,cbputusfe prmimsk jfe trfesgbr dfrus jk nuft sbsufk jbeafe
ofeacfd-ofeacfd sbobcsk. Cbtkcf pbebipftfe jktbtfpcfe, cfryfwfe nfru dfrus
ibejfpftcfe pbeabefofe uetuc ibeaurfeak cb`bifsfe jfe ibipbr`bpft
smskfoksfsk jfe prmsbs nboflfr.
>. Zuetutfe Ducui
Pbofif kek dunueafe cbrlf yfea tkjfc jkjfsfrcfe pfjf cmetrfc rbsik tbrtuoks
jksbnut dunueafe cbrlf sucfrbof jfe jk ofelutcfe jbeafe pbrsbtulufe. Cbjuf
 pkdfc dfrus ibinbrktfducfe fpfnkof dunueafe ktu nbrfcdkr. Dfc pbrusfdffe
uetuc ibinbrdbetkcfe pbcbrlf sbtkfp sfft tfepf sbnfn ibelfjk jkcbefo
sbnfafk jmctrke pbinbrk cbrlf. Jmctrke kek ibeybnutcfe nfdwf pbikokc ftfu
ifeflbibe pueyf dfc jkftfs dfc pbcbrlf ftfs pbcbrlffe ibrbcf. Pb`frf
sbjbrdfef jkcftfcfe nfdwf sbmrfea pbcbrlf jfpft jk pb`ft jbeafe fofsfe fpf
 pue tbrifsuc tfepf fofsfe. Pbofif kek puof, pbibrketfd jfe ducui tbofd
ibinftfsk dfc kek. Efiue pbinbrdbetkfe jk ofrfea mobd<
f. Cbfjffe yfea jk cbejfokcfe mobd ducui pbrsfiffe cbsbipftfe, sbpbrtk
rfs, fafif, cbnfeasffe, lbeks, cbofike, cbdfikofe, jfe uskf.
 n. Cbakftfe sbrkcft pbcbrlf.
`. Xbemofcfe tbrdfjfp pbofeaafrfe cbsbofiftfe jfe cbsbdftfe cbrlf.
j. Dfc uetuc ibemofc pbeuafsfe yfea jk yfckek nbrnfdfyf ftfu ibeafe`fi
eyfwf.
b. Dfc uetuc ibemofc tkejfcfe yfea nbrtbetfeafe jbeafe ducui sbpbrtk
cbrlf sfif jfofi pbebetufe dfraf.

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Ofrfeafe kek jfpft jk tbrfpcfe sbsufk jbeafe cbfjffe jfe ducui om`fo.
Xbinbrdbetkfe jfpft jktbetfea nkof jk ofcucfe sbwbefea-wbefea jfe tkjfc 
fjko, Luaf tkjfc nmobd nbrtbetfeafe jbeafe cbnklfcfe punok`.

0. Xbe`bafdfe sbpfrfsk (XDC)

Cbtkcf jbpfrtbibe PJI jfpft ibe`bafd pbrusfdffe cbdkofeafe PJI yfea
 nbrekofk,ifcf ufea yfea jk tfefi jfofi rbcuktibe, sbobcsk, mrkbetfsk jfe
 pboftkdfe tkjfc dkofea.Rfea luaf jfpft jkdbift jbeafe ibeaurfeak cbpbroufe
 pbeybnfrfe pbcbrlf yfea tbrsksf.

>2

NFN KKK
XBERZRX
CBPKIXROFE<
Mrkbetfsk jfe pbebipftfe ibipueyfk pbrfe yfea sfeaft pbetkea jfofi
ibifstkcfe cfryfwfe nfru ifupue cfryfwfe ofif yfea jktbipftcfe pfjf nkjfea
yfea nfru uetuc jfpft ibeueluccfe ckebrlfeyf jbeafe ifcskifo jfe prmjuctkgktfs
cbrlf yfea jkdfrfpcfe.
Ibifea pfrf cfryfwfe tbrsbnut nksf lfjk sujfd ibifdfik jbeafe nfkc 
ibeabefk fspbc-fspbc uiui pbrusfdffe, sbpbrtk strftbak, cmipbesfsk, pbrfturfe jfe
sbnfafkeyf. Efiue ibrbcf pfstk ibeafofik cb`bifsfe tbrcfkt ifsfofd ketbrpbrsmefo
jfe dfo-dfo yfea nbrdunueafe jbeafe pbcbrlffe nfrueyf. Retuc ktuofd, mrkbetfsk
ifskd dfrus tbrus jkofcucfe cbtkcf jktbipftcfe jknkjfea yfea nfru.
Xbebipftfe pbafwfk ibrupfcfe usfdf ifeflbibe uetuc ibeaksk sbtkfp pmsksk
yfea omwmea jfofi suftu mrafeksfsk jbeafe pbafwfk yfea ibibeudk syfrft pfjf
sfft yfea jknutudcfe. Xrmsbs sbobcsk jfe pbebipftfe pbafwfk jk jfofi pbrusfdffe
sbsufk jbeafe nkjfea pbikeftfe jfe cbfdokfe yfea jkikokckeyf luaf, cfrbefeyf
 nbrpbeafrud nfak prmjuctkvktfs pbrusfdffe. Xrmsbs sbobcsk jfe pbebipftfe yfea nfkc 
jfe nbefr fcfe ibinuft pbafwfk ibikokck sbifeaft jfofi nbcbrlf, cfrbef nkjfea
yfea jkaboutkeyf ibrupfcfe fpf yfea jkikeftk mobd jkrkeyf jfe pbcbrlffe ktu
ibrupfcfe sbsuftu dfo yfea jkcufsfk jbeafe nfkc. Xbeboktkfe kek nbrtulufe uetuc 
ibeabtfduk fpfcfd prmsbs sbobcsk jfe pbebipftfe pbafwfk nbrpbeafrud tbrdfjfp
 prmjuctkvktfs cbrlf pbafwfk.

 PF^FE<
Fafr mrkbetfsk jfe pbebipftfe jfpft jkofcucfe jbeafe nfkc ifcf sbnufd
mrafeksfsk pbrou ibipueyfk pbrfturfe yfea nfcu yfea ibeaftur tbetfea mrkbetfsk
jfe pbebipftfe.
Cfrbef nbaktu pbetkeaeyf mrkbetfsk, ifcf uetuc ibifstkcfe fafr cfryfwfe yfea
 nfru ibejfpft mrkbetfsk yfea nfkc, ifcf mrkbetfsk pbrou jkpbrskfpcfe jbeafe nfkc.
Ifcf mrkbetfsk pbrou jkpbrskfpfcfe jbeafe nfkc, sbiuf pkdfc yfea tbroknft jfofi

>7

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mrafeksfsk fafr ibiprskfpcfe sbiuf nfdfe yfea jknutudcfe jfe ibofcsfefcfe
mrkbetfsk sb`frf ibeybourud sbdkeaaf jfpft ibeaurfeak cb`bifsfe cfryfwfe jfe
cfryfwfe nfru ibrfsf jktbrkif jktbipfteyf nbcbrlf.
Jfofi ibofcucfe pbebipftfe tbrdfjfp pbafwfk, dbejfceyf ifeflbibe
 pbrusfdffe tkjfc tbrofou tbrpfcu cbpfjf prbstfsk fcfjbiks jfrk sbmrfea `fome
 pbafwfk, dfo kek jksbnfncfe cfrbef tbreyftf cbifipufe, cbtbrfipkofe, cbfdokfe jfe
 pbeafofife jfrk sbmrfea `fome pbafwfk ibikokck dunueafe yfea obnkd cuft tbrdfjfp
 prbstfsk cbrlf pbafwfk tbrsbnut jknfejkeacfe tkeacft pbejkjkcfe ftfupue tkeacft
cb`brjfsfe yfea jkikokckeyf.
Jfofi ibofcucfe iutfsk ftfupue prmimsk pbafwfk yfea tbofd nbcbrlf,
dbejfceyf ifeflbibe pbrusfdffe obnkd ibipbrdftkcfe cbsbsufkfe cbtbrfipkofe
jfofi pbebipftfe. Ibipbrdftkcfe luaf gfctmr lbeks cbofike, uskf, stftus pbrcfwkefe
jfe tfkeacft pbejkjkcfe pbafwfk jfofi ibofcucfe pbebipftfe cbrlf. Dbejfceyf
 pbrusfdffe ibipbrdftkcfe jfofi dfo pbekeacftfe cbifipufe jfe cbtrfipkofe
 pbafwfk yfea jfpft jkofcucfe jbeafe ibofcucfe pbejkjkcfe jfe pboftkdf, ftfupue
stujk nfejkea pfjf pbrusfdffe yfea nbrabrfc pfjf lbeks pbcbrlffe yfea sbrupf.

>1

JFGZF^ XRPZFCF

Dfsknufe, Ifofyu P.X. Bjksk ^bvksk, Ifefabibe Puinbr Jfyf Ifeuskf,

Nuik Fcsfrf, Lfcfrtf

^. Q, Imejy. >884. Ifeflbibe Puinbr Jfyf Ifeuskf, Bjksk Cbsbpuoud

(tbrlbifdfe), Lfcfrtf< Xbebrnkt Brofeaaf

dttps<//www.f`fjbikf.bju/0221;267/IFEFLBIBE]PRINB^]JF[F]IFERPK
F

>4

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