Carmup B

Daka link laye Nu layer

Lbta Link layty 7spemuible ftr providing emca free ron misien
ncs -throtgh-the physi cal loytn. Doda Link layer protoco! e
the indtrfqcë bet'. thu phyuftau ntuwd paototol Stak.
Dola Link layer Sends dah frames from-th nlway to phy
The rangnm sjom of
tht dada over Comm. medium he TGpmji.i
ofi layey, The Os 6 1s -thod wed in he comm J70uped 7
jvi
encapsu. Thi encapsudat. is calleel
rames
Ihe data i fanspodtd in frames. The upensibility of thge framcs is thas
t dadt link
layer.
4 s Tsprmsible for reljable nede -to-node delivery of dada. # recesiveste
d
rcnt niw lay r s crecaBs frames add physical add" to thuse trames d
,
pa
them 4o hysiral laye
Datq ink layer comsists of 2
sab layes
O Logical Link Control LC Gublayer provides 0LLC 0 MAC
intface bet"he meia
acce
methe dr nlwlayes prctoccls. Suth au 7P whith i pardoh
LLC sublayes deermines whether the TIIP
comm gng tobe Conh? les
Conn" crie nted at the dada Link laye
Mecdium fictes Codro MA¢
medi.At He mAc sublayer Sublayer is Spmsible. for cond do physica
of Data link
cdd of 4he devicè called the MAC add is added
,
laytr, the acdual physî td
is (aled q frame fhat cotains al) -he acld". packe Such a packet
om source device to deoiat device.
ing info. necessary to toavel
Deda inF layer
un's-link establivhmoxt trminoy".
Physital add'ing ( fiame Treffic Chrl frame mac taye tT tayet
Sequen
fam ackncwledqement (v fiome delimiting VDame CncGh
Madic Aces mant flowcsl a) Eno Ctii Aces Ctl Rcd Chedking
back
Paotocols: Rind to-poin"OPiny -Ho R
O
Chv( Seviw ne trnt() Spanning
Data Link Tunveling'Hish.Jev)
Trre(Token Ring
Vn ARCNET (VI fame Relgy Ad4 Reso1. (AIRP)
n U tayer
jof
Dada Gnk layex.
Ha Daa 12] Heacler

pot lin key T physscai layer Tiil

TCuc
hom pySICod Laye
Nw laye dekrmines roude trom thu ssuz ce to hu deshinat.
Nlw layer
proteco U pertoomu fun" su ch routing traqm compAds
a

checking, et. endjnq, en

NIW layes is nes pons ible for add". g msgs dyanslating legiccu add'sI =

Ramsind physitad adoJ3.

araa trufi¢ sich ay packet SwHthing, outing trling dt
mcjest of deda.
The ntw layer is cOncevnedl. urh geing Packeds ofo Seurte all the waY
hi datinat
The niu layer is repmsiblefor the saure -te- dahnas : deiveryof a packet
Passrbly acrais multiple nlulinks). whenay the data (ink layer ovrasees
t e delivey ot e pattt bet". 2 systrnu Cn Hu Samu nlu (inks).¥ 2 syskm
Comnecked to th sama ink, lut i wuty no need for q njw laye.
Tle n layer deBeymines hat hew dada funs hutr bei he nlw d evices.

Fu. of NIw laye-Gsubnet tatic dl ogitaPhysicaladd

mupping (19 Subnet yaqe accountirg ()nter nlwina ( Loaital
Add ing ( RouHng vo packetizing fvid frqg mendod"
of niw layesr oansport 1ayey
FrTVaMSPoLayey

H3Data
Data link yey from Data link layt
To

TR4 ( TE6( DvMRP (VIMP

Piotoco S 0 1P
 Saming Rehnlquej
hrarnes the unds of dig tau anmissionahcudary
lecemn", frame (mvah/t do the Patkcds o onerjy Call
Photens in Case of iehs energy.frame is (ondin uoigly used in
Tecess.
samnq a poind, Ao poind conn" bet, 2 Comptdtrs/Jo
Con Sists of
wire in which dada is sans mit ted cy shegm
a
hi
Howuer, Hhese bts mut be foned indo discernible
blocks of uni
saming is a -iun" ofhe data link layer. H provides a we fur
Sendes do tsangmH a sel of biks thod y
meaninqful ho he rttelve
hevne, token ring, fame Telay, othev dada Tink lajey chrcle
havetheir own fsamc yhsud, hames hove heades hat cOntcun
Such as eros. inf
Checking Code.
Types of framing
AA
ByHe- Stuffing byte is stufftd in-the m to d
delimittr. This is also called chaT-doerdid ifferenti ade tron the
Bivt Stuffing. A traming So
pashern of bits of
arbitrary lenth i stufed
mc to dfeventia from the in the
delimttr, 1is is aluo caJled bit onendedfrarm
framing i imp aspet whaje an sue can be
evends, Tt can gulate the ughugNtd to makesense
-

audien ces Pertosaant cept". 4-alo t

accephonce of a parkitular
meaningA madia plays an imp. vole inh
people's pencept's, the -Ve framing can
creale a huge mpat upen the
people
The concept of framjng u dlated to tMe
expards the research by Hocusing on agenda- Settinq tradf" bus
than an a paviculay tha essence ofhe issues as hand
46pic. Tha basis of rtraming -heory ls ath
focses aHent". on Certoin evendts 5 then that hmed
placas dhem wtin q feld of ne
 Prodecol:-is a sed of rules oconvend"ujed for
Jevice
lLo Prot o ccls
A Nw roto col de-fines rules 4 convenyi fo omm bd niu device
Nw Paototo includemchaniss fur devices 4e idenify 31make coon
with euch oth, as welt a fomauting s l thuy speity hou data is
packagta uo Ms0 sent rereived

NIW paolocols a set of rues guver ning exchange cf info

on

sy eliable &secueuny B4 we distuss the mast camnonProtocois

used fo toans mit4veceive dada ovey q niw, weneed to undes and hou a

n t i s laqi cally onganized/ dcs*nacd. 1he mast popuu as made) used ts estrabi

spen comm". bet" 2 systems Hhe 0SI model proposedby 150

an eioblishecl s e o f u e s th Ce deermine
#nlu Prot OCo
d¥f. devices in the same n l i
how data is ansmitted b " ,
E.sserdialy, H aUiour connected devices to communicate wth each
other, Tegasd]eS5 o any d t t . mther inder nal Proceses,Stud/deien

Nw Proto cols 7a s e of & data shuct thae

ruues, Convent,

dectade hovs devices exchangei data acra njus. In othay words

can be equa-ecd to lanq.that 2 devices
mu
Nuw proto Cols
undesdand o s e a m e s Comm"
of ifo cqardlecs ot he
infrashuct desiqn dlispavtie.

SuPpot mag Compasicna

a

hot Ipot pTotOCo th

vanow

Catinq u HH difR.devices acTas t h nlwe Thwe

ole in cOmmuni
TCP, 1P,UDP, POP SmTP, FTP. HTTP,
HT1fs, Tdnet ,4ophe.

speakig, nlus have 3 tYpas ot

Pooto cols- Comm
Genencay Secuy,
the SmTP,
such as Ethermet mant, such as
Such as Securt Shell (SSH)). simplemail Tranftr PBetxd

disCrete, namwly definad

asgey procere indo
Nw pootocols break
+tasks aeTOSS every leve) f t h ntw. I n the stondavcd
fun's
Moun as tu aST mod el, 1/more ntw
protocols 3ovesn
Model, telecomm". e«thanj.
activiies at each layer in hu J
 ALKT
Shupd uait prdocel 901 park
H perfaamce
Stepwoit prcdoccl is da link layeT prodetottr frufl
ame hoicelas channes. ts povids untdire c}ien n
Cver

tronsmitsitn wth flow chl facikAiA bud uitho ut e drl fari lt

Ts protocol 4oke indu acct e
fot thos dhe gereiver ha;
i prote ssing spo1d
4 i Hu simple} flow tr) meitng d In ths, he sendr.
Send 1 t ame ad o ime to tme
Ahe
receve r. The jender oll Siops uod
ackneuledamer Arurn+h 7eceayer.

Adoondogey of Stop4 wat Protocol

.His vi simple to implemend.
The main
aduandage of this proto co is the
acuray. There
rome serd is only whn the 14 frame acknousled ged .
is
no thance of any frame
beina tost.
Soncther

Disadvataqa of Gop wait Rrotocol

We con Send anly 1 packet ata ime.
.Tthe distance' bet the Sender 4 ha
psopoga deay uOuld be mort hon thu reteiver is lrgthen tha
transm ission
fitiency would becomme very lou. delayHend
Y ever Aansmissionhe gender hay o wait fos tha
ledament f hir ims ill inoease the tetal 4oismision acknote
Ts nakes he honsmissiom tim
process 3low,
Ts is hou the flew d
dota ir Chled usi ng the Stop -4-wat
profo co

n cost oSstpuat protocol, the tranmitter a fHer sendinqa tam

wuts fo
acknquledgenent ron thu receiver bh sending
hext omt. Thas prejoCo S
efFiiendy fw lonq frome, whert
prepaqa Aime small Compartd to ta transmission -ime of th
 Siding, Llindow Protoco
STding Aindoau 1%otoce is oerhot ef packed. hajed dada ansiui
poctocolsSliding wndou poodo(olsued uluvc relcule in-d
deliveny of fack ets is quitd, such asin thu dado inkilaye
ay well as in He lanynissien csi Psctatoh CTCP)D
heSidingwindouwProjotol i echnique goYSendb ui
pla umes ad a Fime Shdinq Jnd ou Paetoco cls he daia pa ckeis
bet the2 devices whee zeiable 4 gradua dlelivery of d ald hrame
needecd i5etor
Slidinq ilindoid Protecal has 2 ypeg- 0G0-Back - N R
Selective Reyea AC.
dada linklayer protocols for
Sliding window poohocol
elicble 3 sequentia dalivery of dada ffames. The stiding windoo
is aulso usedin Tanmission Ctrl Prototol (TCP).
Tn his profocol, mulBipte frames can be sent by aSende
at a time b4 eciving an acnouladgemend from the receve, Tke
tem sliding windo refts to tha imaginary boxes to hold frdmeg.
Sliding Oindous mehod is also knownm a indow ing,
In this protocols the.sender has a buftr caled t h
sending windold h e receiver ha buofr callesl t h receving
window

A sliding window pToto col îs a feadure of packeB based

uta ransmission paoto colo: Sliding udind o frotocsls wd wke

of is Tequrtd, such oy in he
Teli able in-order delivery packaks
d uta link layer u wul ay in the anumusion Cl protocol,i
 Fa
LAN
Ethernet Token Rhq
hernet is a pepulas packtt suithlng AN Hehnolgy.
Hernet was inveinted a levor PARC in eoly 1910s. Tht eh
Specified jn 1tE Go2.3 standad.
An ethernet tAN Hyplecally se to-aaicd cabls /Special gradei of tu

par uir ¬thenet i albe wed in uinleu ANl.. mesi Comro

ed etheme syskmv 7 cauled laßAsE-T 4 provide trgnymis. in spe
upho leeA-megabits-Plps Devites Conneckd do Hha cable .cmpd
acess using a camies Sengt MuHple Acress with (olRig jom Deecd"(cir
prototol.
ast Ethernet/1oomeAse T Provides thansmjssion upto loo magabits poiy
Xis typiculy uwed fer LAN bactbone syky, suppovivg wrkstations uth
to6A8-T cads. Gigabit Hhenet povider an even kighe, kvel of becki
SuPpestat lao00megabits per second C1gigabit/| billion bits per second)
0-Gigabit Ethernet povides upto lo billian bis per seccnd.
herne usey q sinqle Coanicd cable cuy Aoansmission media

t0-aKad cabTeFi9:Shows ehernel

bus aschitecture
AN H hosts in f Ethenet 1AN Connect 4o #e cable.
CAale
Aanseciver devitt14 ued e tablish cgnn bed a mpERors
Propeti eu of EthemeB 0 t isa broodcast nlus.
Ethernet ks q decesaljzed access chrl nto,

Aduard ages fEHheimey

Th paodocol i Stroight forward
Cabling ii simple._
4Highthoughput uvdercordlitions of lghaload.
Disaduaulaqs o Ethu Ynet
Linitd cable lagth
No way opricihi2e tra-ffic .

Not tempe+ adaptable to higher dka veky.

Moe comtpli cat ed enga
minmum trane ot J 0 Dyt9 * ex sa overtkad for short msqs.
 oken Ring
sken Ring LAN use a ing dopclogyi carh siaticn is Conreckd lo
e 2 et

statios which v all togethoy amanged in a loo p. Eoh sloiicn can send a jigh)
qlcn th oop afer eceiving pemissicm le de so, f sigha coill wave
frm1 stuin 4a the uher until it rache its detina
A token pausing 2ing LAN is aJroup of conmpuserr connecled in a leop

he groupP Msej a teken passi ng access mechanism .A Compur wishng fe

Send dhda shoud 13* receive pes miss icn.
hen it geks chsl of njw it may tranumit a frame. Each frame dransmt
d om he sinq is rarumHkd from vmpuser to he next, 4nil t aw Himaely
euns +o fhe initi ador of-Hu transmit
oken Rin9 Poopeoties suPpo»ts data vcdu upto le mbpi
eTh ving în +h toRei oing nlw eonsit of aSene ot STP wis ecHicns

hat inks to heir inksmecliade neigh beus.

Tha token passing Ring nlw was iginally developed by IBM 3 mly Etheynet
LANS m o pepula

The TeEE S02 Speafitat" which wa model sd asftr TBms 1cken Ring is
almest ideneical 4 h Hesm 1ken Ring i ustd to refto both specificat'.-
shows Token Rîng Niw hast anerg ed doto% m
Token Ring he
Token Ring

PUtinar sende=
Working of Token Ring- make a copPYSe
The sendinq ecmpur hast s anumits a fsame ukch v e l across the i
Each eveny hast om h n has Ha arcept it, check He destinat". ads {
i ft hot meant forit dorw ard ifs along.

Advandagss
3imple en99
Disadvantage
Necessity of having a mmidor
Eay dett". conret". o cable failurs. fun.
EXceltent performance Ccn requüe slgnifl Cantly move
Deltr nminislic a}fit can be prontz2d T 0 be Tun-han abuJ
NeSopadding af detaquird inSame- gachijertuk
framis T short.
SHandard fwisted pais medium is chaap
euy Ho install.
 CCT7T erornne ndt "

Asson liT skandad podocc sute for packeF, 01f hed i

in AN. J tw ginally defnod by-|he IntnaimalelTh
Cnsudahtne Commter ( ccrT,now T0- T) ino rei
in 13-16.
inad oed n
pubie kneun a He unqeonk
The cc ITT s«conmniendo" 7spechies . aye
Comm O Physica Data link4(1) NI.
Itus oniqinally lesiqnert for ue in the 1970
Vey populas in 198as. Preserctly, tis used efos niu for ATm dr
cand veific" P allous muhiple t¡qical channey to use the soma
phyoi tu line. t also perms doda exchange bet". Jerminals wt
%2 ananal packet sutching nw. com be tm
d slo packet switcNing. The ramsAer speed dypiceuly 56 kbps
2-08mbps
CCITT Recom pn encd ett X2s defins the if bet dah
tuminal equipment (DTE)
dada ckt trmincding equpmnt (DCE)
operadng in packet mocle over a deditoded ckt, As sUth, 7-2 Vieus.
irom the perspetive of the DCa 4 is twntten specititally forTa
DTEI DeE if bet' host 4njw
X. 2s i a patkel- switching protocol for wAN Conlecti
that uses a Pugiic Data NIw (PDN) theu ler the voice njw
f the public Suithed Telephome Ntw (PsTN) .
The CurevX2s Std suppovts synchronous, fAul duptex Co mm'.
geeds up to 2mbps over 2 pairs of wir, bit most implemMevdad.
64-kbps conmed's via. a Std DSo link.
XSwas developed by Common camey m hu
eavly JHS
appsoved in 1946 by the c¢ITT he precuxsor of the Trdtynadtona
Telecom a Unicm TTU), way deeigned ay lcbad std for
pactet SuHchug nlu,X uy oiginally dasned tocontet
remote chaY bqstel Hevm inals
-

to maimfram hasts. The crisinal

thd opertkd only a 3:2- kbPs, but thus uuas qeneralty suffije vd
chay bsed Comm", bef hiaiverameg4minal,
 Aduantage oriain devised from he concept o
.educa"4ARPANET)AduaneedReseach Project Agency N I
echnolog3 na
Enlertaünm Irtre dvaview of Jntenet
onine sene he inttne. hai 7e ve th(n oed m 1ny 4 ofcur oify wes

affrchd +he way we do b r i n e i f 0 e t h e t y 0a Spend w eg hoe

Coun he uay w ve Stal thu m i t g YecersPe hapr o u drc

mal o buines ai a Rud a uility bltartad o.nupog er om a 4giso

cily o oçk ec alacal mave schedul all b+uira abs Inis r et he

3ueasched a madh ca 16n bepleecd d hail eserva hoiies capm osy thad h
breughy a ueaJth of info te cur onge ip gonal for oA e

n a 31oup o conneded com munican ovic Such 24

Couders prineys An inierned i2/m nr hay can

u rmumcue urih
each other4he nlost otable ;ntrn is cauled the Iniesne,a collaborot"d
mat than leos oflo0.0'5 of inkrcobneckd ntws. Paivaje ind,dualr uelf a
vasious oxgan2 such a gavt agencie,Schoals, Tesearch acal fits, porad"'
brovies in m *hon too countriu we the intine .mllioS of peopis e

Yet h i s e h a ordinary Com m. sys cnly came inta bu ng in '369

In mid -19 6d's, mainth ame computy in r e e a h g a n a , uere

standalon e devices.Compulers from diff manufacturers were umable te Cem mu

nicade wth 1 onctheT. The fbva ne ed Rasearch Projecds Aqency (ARPM) in-h2

Deparkmend DeRnce DD wa inrusted in finding a wayfo Coneu

sh are thear indings
Compuders. So had the restaTche hey funded could

+hereby redueing costs & eliminading duplitat", oi efot,

The inlerne hau (ome a lmq way since he l960's, 1he inuernet

is net a Simple hierarnA StruIH is made up of many wde. LAN

oday
1 s on ed by conneding devis swiching stodionu t s d vfiC fo gve

an accurade rtpOtndad thenterned bca2 i s ontinuay changinq- neo

hlusrbeng addecl, eising nl adding a d d 4 nlws being add ed,
exi sting nlus T 4

htemet u defined au an info. sup r hiqh way to acces

the web .However, it can be defined in mony ways

u follouy:
nto" over

.ntnet is a world- wide glokal system of ihtercon neekd

cN.

nternet usu the SHandard TnBernet Protocol (TCP/TP)

.

fdendified by a unique TP add"

Evey comp. in iver net ir
is ungue set of nos Csuth au Ilo.22.33-114) WhTch TdexdHTEG
P add a

a Comp. loc".
tothe TP add srthat
comp.DNS iS wed do aive
ser
name
A Specia name
user can loccee
Tnttrnet d comf
accessible
by
-Bo evéry wer all over -the world
 TrTp ntanet add"
harumisie n Conbol Patocolnkmet Potocol, ued tu tm
cempus on the intvnet/ nekwosk.
PI1P is buit into the UNIrOs & is ued by the indevnet, mali
he dtfacko Slandad fo hdnmi ting clada over ni
nakiny
Trangmisiom Contol Protocol, ramag the assembhing of nug/fieiv
Smalte pactets thtt ytansmittd ow th inwtrned recved by itP
hat
reaus embles the packes ino the onig1nal mj
Intanet Pohcol, hendles Hhe add. eat of tach packet 3othat it gths io the
detindt"
TP/1P rote cols map e a
aye Conceptuad model kne wn tuy DARPA me
named afkY the US. mode
govt agent y that inHi ally developed TCP1IP
The 4 layes ot DARPA medel :
Apl", hanprt Internet Nw inefa
HPplication
= 1-eprsent doda 4o he wer plw encodun9 4diol
TCR1P
T7anspor SupPports commbe di veise devi ce aCos diver

Trerned dekrminy Hhe best Pah

through Hu ntu

Nw Ares d s the htd

devices media thot make upthe
na.
TCP/P ses
he cliend- server model of
machine Ca clievd) 1s Comm". in which
provi dec a service, like
a uses
another Compudes ( a sending a w
ebpojevby
The TCPriP model
sexver) in the
nlu
differs
slightty from the 4ayer aST
defins now appl can hluinq hi
communi coke over a nluw
TCP IP is .

highly socuable, du, as a

Ahe most efficlevt sodable.
path through the nw Jtisprotocot
Can dele>mini
wi dely used in
nw drch Heet". cume
 nco-Ho web

JW (wostel wideuwah) whih is alto knoun as web.

The w obluwww is the pArt of the Tniinet that eroins wehsHes
webpags
The web is Common name tor he uj ww, a suhset of -he

Inemet Cansisting of the prges het can be deessed by.a web

thosame aj tha
browser liny people asume dhas Hhe tueb is
term Jrer
1nte rnet, 4 use s e krms intrchangeably. tlowever tha he ifo
he adudly 7efeu 40 the global h/w of Servexs
thd make
aHhough the webdoes
fhe we passible . So
Shay ing hat happens over

a lage potion of the

Inernet, bt heyr het 1 4 Sama.
make up calj ed HmL. In thir
formatheh in a lang
Web pages
to dick througb pages on H web via inks
ang.tha allous usexs

Ho ansmHt doda shart info Breuwses

Theweb sy HTTP Proto col
Mozilla firefox y wjed do
Such as Tntemet Eplorer, Gcogle
(hrome /
inks.
pagu. ihich Cennetkd via
documends,/web
dces web -tha ways that lnfo" ic Shared over
The web s jut1 of FTP.
irstandt mgging
emal,
the Tnttnet; others inelude public W ebpag u accesile
nnected sys of
Thewebison inttrco same as -he
he
Intrnet. Th e
not
Tntemet The web
thsough the buuH on top of
nBernet.
the

ueb ist of many

PPl's
he drchited of wh ad became
LeeProposed
TimBernexs-
web erver web browser, p
ww. He crtcdtd he t
known a s h e
1990
webpagcoh his comp. t ih components
-

HTTP, VRL
fSeverad
The web ConSists

HTML
 tHeb-Desgn4 serch Engine
internet e soure
earch Engine neftus do a huqe olb ot
CEs
eyc. H helfs to locate
nfa" m
eb Pages, bewsgroup Prgms, imqs,
fm
User Can search fox any info by passing query in
relevtn info n tt
keywords| phrase. t then Seavches fer
Teturn to hë user.
Searth Eng ineompcmends Genercdly there 3 bayid Cerge
of aSearth engine-0 LJeb Crawler Databare wsearch T/k
Several Seavch engines -available eday- Gogle, Bing, Ak
AlHa Vista, Alex a, Lycos,
Seavch Enqine. ir a web -based Hol that enabler User te le,
IWf.oMhi wwlo. Popuar eg Of Search engines r 400gie, ah o 4

Search Search nqihes dilze audemakd siu appl that travel alora
Hhe web.
Cvery searCh engine we diff.COmplex mahemahcal foymula t:
generale search results. Search Engine Al'go, take -he key elements ofaue
page, including the page title , Comlent 2 keyuord densrty d CCTme up u
runking for wher +d place e Feslts om hu pag Each seanch enge
algo IS unque, S0 a top Tdn king o Yaubao does nrt garane a

prominent ranking onGoogle, Vice vesq.

Search Enqins only "see"a -ent O wd pag et
underlyng HImL shut. to dedr mine rele vance .
A seaych engine S an omline answeinq machineywhich
Lused to Search, understand,4 orgdnuze Cmdtnts rett ini db
based om he eaych query Ckeywmds) inserted byu end-usen
Cinernat user).
To dis play Seasch TesWt Arom- al| search enqiner 1St4hd.
he valuable ruut from hur db, Soxt hem to
make an ordered lu
bosed om he search algo, p dur play h front of h end-uwes.
Advdndaqes of Seardh EngiheOlime Savinq vaniety of info
Rrecision ree Hcess Advanced Search Relevance
Com pomends of Seasch Snaine 0 web crawles Databa
Seavch ifs Ranking Alge
Seovch nqine wort A u by every Search engins)
Oling 1ndexing (9 Fonking 4- Remeval.
 Diadua ndeges) Sometimy he Search enqine akej
ia mudh Ame
usplay 7ele vayt, Valuable ,< infc mctive Ccme vt
Sedrch enqines, e speti . 9o°9ere quegly updaje trur
is very d Hticw+ Plappin9 0f inttr ner add whith qacqle run,
4 maker tnd-use effoslesr g0 physical ddd os they 1J4iv uye
searCh engins o solvehar small quenes r

Jeb Design vefes to the desiqn of webs ite fhat r

dispieyed om
h
inderne #usuadly defers To he ser epe ience uPtc of w ebste
development radher than siw developmeng. Jeh Deign sed +o bedted
CM
desighing webs Hes for dektop browse rs duiqn sos mob Habiat
bYOwsers has bcom ever- ihceasingly 1mp
Web Design encompasses mony diff. skillsdiscipiine in
the preduct maintenance of websits.
A gocd web dasign is eas to use
aesthdicajiy pieaing,
s u t s he ser qroup g bsand o f h uw ebshe. Tu Cf +he most Co mmar
methods for designing u ebs Hes that wosk wel both om
deskhop s mob:e
Trespmsiveodeptive design .
The diff.arta cweb design include web gTaphucdasign
VT dein he +ermweb clesian" is nomally ured t
descmbe me desiqn process relaing to he trmend
(clietside)
duigncf- a website incd uding uUHng
markup web dejigm
patiatly overlaps uieb eng9. in hà bro ader scpe at ueb
Jevetopment.
Web desico is e-the procesr of planninq Cmceptuadizina
aanging cotnt omine. Jeb desig Cuse incudes web agps,
mcb apps, ses i/f des Yn.
 ARP
d uith the Ad
The ARP uility helps eliaqnose problems asseci ak
Resol Prchool (AR)
TCPITP hosts we ARP to deksmine -he Physlcad (MAC) add fhot.
poncl with aspecific IP ade".
Once thu nAC add'. is dekrmined by the ARP 2ePly, +he 1P 3 mAC 4
the destinctt" systtm stoved in the ARP tach e sBored in memey)

nexd time the add will be vesalved Arem-he cache,.a baoadcat u

beneeded.
Syutax a?p -a
ARP Command with diAf. option-
option Use/fun"
Display all of the curend; PRP enties
a
d Ddehes an endy for the hat pecifled by -he HastName va
i fthe wer has raet wer authosty
S
Crends an ARP eTy of the fype specified by the Type vaite
for the hast Specified by the HostN ame vaniable withhe
adaperodd specified by the Adapterfdd. vanable
- t iftype ThetAype flag is wd to indicote tha type of NIjnt
T sAagisonly equindforthe follouing indkrfaces; a fr A
ib HorInfiniBand.

napping kigh level CIP) add to hlw ddd". is cald AdeRsol

ARP is a protocol useol for resol" fn/w ayer add' jrtolinklayer
ddd
ARF is a protgtol for mapping 4n TP add. to physical machineadd
ARP cmvevt an P add 4o its comeponding physical n v add
ARP is a lo-leve) nlw psoto col opesating atlaye 2. of the aST mod.
AR provide the inderface be 3P add" sysem wed by 1PtheH
add. wed by ha data- link layer paofoCo.

Fun inq of ARP P add Ipput

ARP

PhysienlHtw add outpu

 Pouting
Cable souttrs ajlow mutipla.comfutas }o be
ad louing Severad devices to be houted up Ho f Cahle modem,
ditctly Conneckd Ahvouqh a sinqle mod m
Jireless roukrs can aio be adfached Ho U cable
modem
ihen IP.Cosutt ia dalagram it knous te TP
add. o the syshein k u
Ptckets uHim ale destinat". "That add'. may
idendify a Copuer coBg echd io the
otal nlu a
syskm on
anothes h|w.
In either caue, IP.mst detsmine the hiw
add, of thu system cn tha locoj
nw hat will eceive e
dada gram nent. To de s , TP genrcde an fHP
ms bro ad cast it 6 ves dthe LAN

sq fovmad of ARP Prot ecol Typ

Thu ARP ses a simple msq fesmat Poodocol size opco de
hat cotai'ny add'reo)".rquet/
SpOns
The sizc of ARP ms9 depends om uppeo
Sendes Pootocol Add
Tayer le wer layer add .si2&, uhdh Sender Poalocol ad a
vet bihe type o hluprotocot(IPvp
inuwe Ype ot hiw oa irtual linkL Taget Pootocol Add".
fayer that hu uPpex layes psotocdl is unning om
veny eemer boqrd vemamufacturcd cma eqipped witht Bit ette net add
Ih pzotocalused fr asking heir questiom qdtingply is called ARP
1.
ARP Msields at -a

pxotocol Add (4 byD

OTonged
Sendes Poctocol Add".(4by)
frotocol sizeelbye)
Grode (a byto)
3Tnget Hlw Add". ( chyt)
Sendr H lw Add. (C bytey
fotocel 7yre (a byt)
HwType (2 byk)
H/w siae (1 byk)
 Flou Contol f Congest " amalyos
h
means hat TP:wl ensyre
a cl baricaluy
ovenwhelming a
recever by Sendmg packet
Sender 15 not
astr Hhan Con cnsume node f n
is about prevending ve
Con festion cal while flow c
2 nodes),
wheming Hhe nlw ie. links bet"
abett the end node.

Comg est. c
low ch
i) Tn this, raffics' r chrleed
) n ftou ctl haffics T
thë nlw.
chled. which v flow from endering do
Sender to a seceiver.

i) Dota Link LayerTranspt ti)Niw layer 4 Tanspovt Laer

Layer hardke it. hondleit
ii) Tn ths, Receivers data ts im ) Tnthis, njw ir prevekec
PYevekded from being over .

rom comgest
whe) med

n flow chl, only sender is iv) In his, ranspovt ayer

responsible far the thaffic. esponsible for the trafic

I n 4this, Traffic is prevended by I n +his, raffic ls preventd by

slotwly send ing by he Sender. slouly trans miHing by the
transpovd la yer.
vi Tn flow chl, buffer oveyrun is
Vi In congest Chrl, bufftr avehe
retasained in he rtceiver. restained in the intermedi
-

System in the nló.

glow chl 1r an end t0 -ene mechankm 4het chle dthe trafic
het" dsender 4-a receiver
lo w chl orceru in the doda link layer vanspot laye
ongest' chl is ued by a nlo to mget". in the nlo).
cnst". chl su hamlecl, by the nd layer dhe donspost leyer
 nkrnet ddd
IPCIntemet fackocol ) Addres s a numencal label auigmed t
device (eg cmp prinkr) aaticipating in a comp: nlu thas 4j0 the in,
Paoto Col for Comm".
An TP add".is an, id ewtifier for a compthr|deice oma Ttpli
2 isiog of the IP 7 in use : 1Tlv4 ¥v6l
JPv4 7 o f 32 bits - that T canonicodly epreended in dot- detima
notat, which consistr of 4 decimau no, aach ranging fvom o to 255,
Sepercted by dets,e..172 16.254
1Pv- of l28 bity. that r represenkd au 97ps of 4 hexa -
deci ma digits sepeated by colons. eg. 200l:0db8 :8sq3 Oc42
tooo8aze o3t0:7334
The pv aded" space can be subdivid ed indo claJse-ClassAE
CD4E:Each cla ss Comsists of a contiquo Subsek of fhe overal
TPVA add ounge
 Connecivty Analysis
Raethes Han each appldees mining he nl
stede nLD topaloqy, he Peal-irne N/W Cmnechvty
t nalysis (NCA) Cadcuaker - gead time enesg 2atStak
fo be wed by aUl of-H cppl s.as wel ay by the we
t o Co lcze lw maups based om Voa Cus C1ena.

denive p3OeSS of Connecd-

N/w cmnetjvty descnbes ha

g v a S pu»ts of a nlud fo1 dneth es , t s e . Hodugh hu ut ef

outtrsSusitths, qateugys,Ghod helt proteJs wosls,
 Hlaming Cadug Palymamial Codey
Polynomia odes in coding theary, a polynominl code is a tu,
linear tode whe set of valid code uoros comsit t hase poly
ply
nomials (ualyof some fined length ) that T divisible bya
Hed polynomial Cof short length, called 4he genesador poia
Tdlynomicdl code i a inur code havinq a setof a
Cede tuwads Ahat compi pes at polynomiad
divijble by q shøt
Polym omial is known uyr qenerater pol ynomjafAnr dyed fr
mo detct"9 covTect dumnq ha tranm issjon of.data as weli
stnaye of daba.
Palynomia codes for eror d etect al8 call ed CRC.
ts
 Hqmmind cade ) diHance- inan book rdes,
hey can beuedfor tinglee Coo Te s: do eror
dcec DED).
of *ttra
The Ramminq Code is $imply th uwe
bids fo aiiow he jdnd ifit cet afan e mC
"

pity
amming Code is a block code apoble ef
bt *nos oresing b
deleing pto2SImultaneo uy
eO wcu developed by Rw Hammi nq ero EoTC
In his coding nmethod, the soUTce en codey ha myq by
nsetinq sedundcnd brts hin he msg
 Compuer N/ Distm bubtd Cormpuer
C Ditibukd systems, along wth mutira es$CT SpHe

Comprise Hhe tlass of Comp. sys. knouwn eu Miple Instrud m

Dcta (Ti mD ).

eNis an interconnected coll" of audonomoW (omp.4ble fo e

inf
A CN Sualy require uses to explicitny lagin ordo mahine
explicHly Sbmit Johs remotely, erplicitHy move isl daa around th

Dishibused Systems - The existence of muHi ple audonomous omp in a

CN iS mspartnt Hs the user.

The Os audomatically allo ccder jobs -ito jo
rocessors, maver fle
qmong vavious comp . wthcut explicit uer iveervew.

Classifitation of CN
.Basecd om
hransmíssiom mode
Broadcast ntuw
Poind-to- point niw
Base cl om n (ud Scale
.LAN
2.mANN

3. wON
Basedl on nluw Scale
Globa n |