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Modeling and Simulation of A Single Phase Induction Motor with Adjustable

Switched Capacitor

Article · January 2000

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 9th International Conference on Power Electronics and Motion Control - EPE-PEMC 2000 Košice

MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF A SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR WITH ADJUSTABLE SWITCHED CAPACITOR

Sedat Sunter1, Mehmet Ozdemir1, Bilal Gumus2

1
Firat University Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Elazig/Turkey
2
Dicle University Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Diyarbakir/Turkey
e-mail: ssunter@firat.edu.tr, mozdemir@firat.edu.tr, bilgumus@dicle.edu.tr

Abstract. This paper presents an effective model of a single phase induction motor with an adjustable
switching capacitor. Using an adjustable switched capacitor connected in series to auxiliary winding
is one of the methods to obtain maximum torque in the single phase induction motor. The duty period
of the electronic switch is controlled in a way that optimal capacitor values which are required to get
maximum torque are obtained. In this work, a single phase induction motor with double capacitor
Košice and an adjustable switched capacitor under variable load conditions have been modelled and the
Slovak Republic simulation results for both capacitor conditions have been presented to compare their performances
2000 under transient and steady-state operations. Simulation results confirm the high performance
operation of single phase induction motor with an adjustable switched capacitor.

Keywords: Single Phase Induction Motor, Switching Capacitor, Modelling.

1. INTRODUCTION

Single-phase induction motors are usually low power

machines and are widely used in industry and home
applicants. This motor cannot run directly from the mains
because of its structure. The single-phase induction motor
(SPIM) is operated with auxiliary windings having inductive
or capacitive characteristic. However, SPIM with auxiliary
windings having capacitive characteristic are usually used.
This type of the motor is manufactured either with single or
double capacitors. While the capacitor in the SPIM with
single capacitor is taken out together with the auxiliary
winding at 75% of the synchronous speed, in the SPIM with
Fig. 1. Single phase induction motor with switching
double capacitor one of the capacitor is taken out at 75% of
capacitor
the synchronous speed and the other one remains
continuously in the operation. Thus, the starting and running
torque of the SPIM is improved. 2. MODEL OF THE SPIM IN DQ AXIS FRAME

In the SPIM one of the most important problems is to The mathematical model of the SPIM in d-q axis is given in
determine appropriate capacitor values. The SPIM with the Equation (1) as [2];
switching capacitor eliminates this problem. The capacitor
values can be changed by the electronic switch connected (Rsq+p.Lsq) 0 p.Loq 0 
across the capacitor in the auxiliary winding. Any capacitor Vsq  0 (R + p .L )i 0 p .L
 i 
  
sd sd sd od  sq
Nq '  isd
value can be obtained by controlling on-off time of the
Vsd = p.Loq
Nq
electronic switch. Obtaining a maximum moment in the − ω '
+ '
.ωr.Lrd). '  (1)
0 
( . .L ) (R p.L ) (
N
r od rq rq
N i 
     rq
SPIM can be considered as an optimisation problem [1]. d d
 0   p.Lod +p.L'rd) ird
Thus, the optimal capacitor values which is a function of N N '
 −( d .ωr.Loq) ( d .ωr.L'rq) (Rrd '
speed can be obtained. Nq Nq
 
In this work the dynamic operating model of the SPIM with where; Vsq and Vsd are the q and d axis stator voltages, Rsq
the switching capacitor has been obtained using and Rsd are the q and d axis stator resistances, Lsq and Lsd are
MATLAB/Simulink package program. Previous works in the q and d axis stator inductances, p is the differential
this subject have not studied the dynamic performance of the operator (d/dt), isq and isd are the q and d axis stator currents,
SPIM with the switching capacitor. This paper intends to fill Loq and Lod are the q and d axis mutual inductances, i’rq and
the gap in this subject. i’rd are the q and d axis rotor currents, Nq and Nd are the d
and q axis effective turns, R’rq and R’rd are the q and d axis
rotor resistances, L’rq and L’rd are the q and d axis rotor

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 9th International Conference on Power Electronics and Motion Control - EPE-PEMC 2000 Košice

inductances and ωr is the rotor angular speed. In the q and d Rb = [ X os

2 '
R rq /( 2 − s )] /[( R rq
'
/( 2 − s )) 2 +
axis the stator and rotor inductances can be expressed as (12)
follow; ( X os + X lrq ) 2 ]

Lsq = Llsq + Loq (2) Xb = [ Xos(Rrq

'
/(2 − s))2 + ( Xos + Xlrq) Xos Xlrq] /
(13)
L sd = Llsd + Lod (3) '
[(Rrq /(2 − s))2 + ( Xos + Xlrq)2 ]
L'rq = L'lsq + L'oq (4)
Rd = 0.5[ Rsd ( N q / N d )2 − Rsq ] (14)
L'rd = L'lsd + L'od (5)

where; Llsq and Llsd are the q and d axis stator leakage X d = 0.5 X lsd ( N q / N d ) 2 − 0.5 X lsq − X C (15)
inductances and L’lrq and L’lrd are the q and d axis rotor
leakage inductances. The instantaneous electromagnetic M1 = (Rsq + Ra + Rd )(Rsq + Rb + Rd ) − (Xlsq + Xa
torque is calculated as; (16)
+ Xd ) (Xlsq + Xb + Xd ) − (Rd2 + Xd2
P Nd N1 = (Rsq + Ra + Rd )(Xlsq + Xb + Xd ) + (Rsq + Rb
Te = . '
.Loq (i sq .i rd − i sd .i rq
'
) (6) (17)
2 Nq + Rd )(Xlsq + Xa + Xd ) − 2Rd Xd

where; P is the number of poles. The electromechanical The maximum torque at various speeds is achieved by
equation of the SPIM is; letting dTe/dXc=0 and from Eq.(10) the condition of the
maximum torque can be derived as following;
1
p.ω r = (Te − Tl ) (7)
Jm Vsq (M12 + N12 )(Ra S1 − Rb Q1 ) +

where Jm is the inertia constant of the motor and load and Tl {M1 (−2 X lsq − X a − X b ) + N1 (2Rsq + Ra + Rb )}. (18)
is the external load. In these equations the d axis {Rb (P12 + Q12 ) − Ra (T12 + S12 )} = 0
corresponds to the auxiliary winding and the q axis
represents the main winding. Therefore, Vsq voltage will be where P1, Q1, S1, T1 are dummy variables and expressed as;
equal to the source voltage, Vsource. The auxiliary winding
voltage is expressed as; P1 = ( R sq + Ra + Rd )V sq − + Rd Vsq + (19)

1
V sd = V source − ∫ i sd .dt (8) Q1 = ( X lsq + X a + X d )V sq − + X d V sq + (20)
C
S1 = ( X lsq + X b + X d )V sq + + X d V sq − (21)
3. METHOD FOR CALCULATING OPTIMAL
CAPACITOR VALUES T1 = ( R sq + Rb + Rd )V sq + + Rd Vsq − (22)

According to the equivalent circuit of SPIM, the induction

As can be seen from Eq.(18) the reactance of the capacitor
motor torque is expressed as;
varies with the speed and motor parameters. Therefore,

[ ]
Eq.(18) can be used to obtain maximum torque. Based on
1 2 2
Te = { (Rsq + Rb + Rd )Vsq− + Rd Vsq− + the simulated motor parameters, an optimal capacitor values
ωe p versus motor speed is shown in Fig. 4. This curve is used to
[( X lsq + X b + X d )Vsq− + X dVsq− ]2 }. achieve maximum torque. The effective reactance of the
capacitor can be changed by controlling the duty cycle of
1 2
(Ra /(M12 + N12 )) − {[(Rsq + Ra + Rd )Vsq− + (9) the electronic switch. The relationship between the real and
ωe p effective reactances of the capacitor is given by;
Rd Vsq+ ]2 + [( X lsq + X a + X d )Vsq− + X d Vsq+ ]2 }.
t off
(Rb /(M12 + N12 )) X Ceffective = X Creal (23)
T
Where Ra, Xa, Rb, Xb, Rd, Xd, M1 and N1 are dummy where toff is off time of the switch and T is the switching
variables and can be expressed as; period.

Ra = [ X os
2 ' '
Rrq / s ] /[( Rrq / s ) 2 + ( X os + X lrq ) 2 ] (10)
4. MODELLING OF THE SPIM
X a = [ X os ( Rrq
'
/ s ) + ( X os + X lrq ) X os X lrq ] /
2
Simulink working under Matlab software package program
(11)
'
[( Rrq / s ) + ( X os + X lrq ) ]
2 2 has been used to get the dynamic model of the system.

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 9th International Conference on Power Electronics and Motion Control - EPE-PEMC 2000 Košice
Equations (1-8) are used to obtain the SPIM model in d-q
axis. Simulink is a simulation program which uses tool
boxes connected to each other. The motor model has been
set up as single tool box in Simulink. Hence, the motor
parameters can be easily observed by following the tool
boxes and therefore it will be simple to perform the
simulation for different types of motors by modifying the
related toll boxes. In the simulation there are basically three
parameter groups. These are; input, output and calculation
parameters. The calculation parameters contain constants
required to perform the processes. The input parameters can
be variable and are used in the processes in the model. The
output parameters determines the results reached at the end
of simulation. The inputs of the tool box representing the
SPIM are the source voltage and motor speed. The motor
speed is a result of the simulation and it is also the input
parameter for the motor tool box by feedback. The output
parameters of the SPIM are the d-q axis stator currents and
motor torque. The calculation parameters of this block are
the d-q axis stator and rotor resistors and inductances,
mutual inductances, the number of poles and turn ratio,
Nd/Nq. The switching capacitor connected to the auxiliary
winding has been also modelled and the switching times
have been calculated to get the optimal capacitor values
[1,3]. The mechanical load fitted to the machine has been
modelled and given in a separate tool box. While the input
parameters for this tool box are the electromagnetic torque
of the SPIM and variable load, the output parameter is the
motor speed. The inertia, viscous friction, aerodynamic
friction and load torque are the calculation parameters of the
tool box for the mechanical load. This tool box is used to
calculate the motor speed using Equation (7). Fig. 2. shows
the simulation model performed in Simulink [4].
C(µF)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 higher than that of the switching capacitor although the
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
speed in (1/min)
Fig. 2. Speed versus the optimal capacitor values
calculated for the SPIM
The model for the switching capacitor performed in
Simulink and it exists in the “single phase induction motor
in dq axis” block as shown in Fig. 2. The switching process
in the model is provided by a pulse generator. There are two
input parameters to this pulse generator. While one of the
inputs represents the duty cycle of the pulse, the other one is
used to determine the pulse starting time in the period. The
output of the pulse generator is multiplied by the capacitor
value. As a result the capacitor will be short circuited when
the pulse generator output is zero and it will be present
when the pulse generator output is high.
5-3
cd
stator d axis current
cq
n
stator q axis current
m
speed
Source
torque
T
n
Out1 (T)
Single Phase Induction Motor
in dq axis
Variable Load
Load with friction
Fig. 3. Model of the SPIM in Simulink
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
All simulation results are taken with the constant load at
acceleration. An extra load is added at 0.5 second in steady
state. The transient and steady-state performances of the
SPIM with an adjustable capacitor and double capacitors are
given in Fig. 4. Acceleration of SPIM with double capacitor
during starting period is higher than that of the SPIM with
switching capacitor since SPIM with double capacitor uses a
big starting capacitor value (300 µF). However, the SPIM
with switching capacitor has better speed regulation in
steady state operation as shown Fig. 4. When the machine
reaches to steady state operation, the load is increased at 0.5
s where the speed of the SPIM with double capacitor falls
down much more than that of the SPIM with switching
capacitor. This demonstrates better operating performance
of the SPIM with switching capacitor.
Figs. 5. and 6 demonstrate the auxiliary winding currents of
the SPIM with double and switching capacitors,
respectively. The auxiliary current of the SPIM with double
capacitor has higher current value where the starting
capacitor is taken out as shown Fig. 5. However, this is not
observed in Fig. 6.
Fig. 7. and Fig. 8. show the main winding currents of the
SPIM with double and switching capacitors, respectively.
Main winding current of the SPIM with double capacitor is
torque of the SPIM with switching capacitor is bigger in
steady state operation. This is because supplementation of
the auxiliary winding of the SPIM with switching capacitor
is higher than that of the SPIM with double capacitor.
Torque characteristics of the SPIM with double and
switching capacitor are given in Figs. 9. and 10,
respectively. As can be seen from Figs. 9. and 10 the SPIM
with switching capacitor produces higher torque in transient
and steady state. Fig. 11. shows efficiency of the motor for
both conditions. Efficiency of the motor with switching
capacitor is better in steady state operating region and
reaches up to 85%.
 9th International Conference on Power Electronics and Motion Control - EPE-PEMC 2000 Košice

n (min-1)
1800

1600
a
1400

1200 b
1000

800

600

400

200

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time in second

Fig. 4. Speed of SPIM under variable load. Fig. 7. Main winding current with double capacitor
a) Switching capacitor
b) Double capacitor

Fig. 5. Auxiliary winding current with double capacitor Fig. 8. Main winding current with switching capacitor

Fig. 9. Torque with double capacitor

Fig. 6. Auxiliary winding current with switching capacitor

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 9th International Conference on Power Electronics and Motion Control - EPE-PEMC 2000 Košice

7. REFERENCES

[1] Liu, T. H. - Wang, P.C.: Adjustable Switched

Capacitor Control for a Single Phase Induction Motor.
IECON Procedings . 1993, v 2, pp 1140 – 1145
[2] Krause, P.C.: Analysis of Electric Machinery. Mc
Graw Hill. 1987
[3] Muljaldi, E. - Zhao, Y. - Liu, T.H. - Lipo, T.A.:
Adjustable AC Capacitor for a Single Induction Motor.
Proceeding IEEE Conf. Industry Applications,
Dearborn, Michigan. 1991, pp 185-190
[4] Ozdemir, M. – Sunter, S. – Gumus, B.: The Transient
and Steady State Performance of Single-Phase
Induction Motor With Two Capacitor Fed By Matrix
Converter, International Journal Of Computations &
Mathematics in Electrical & Electronic Engineering,
Fig. 10. Torque with switching capacitor Vol. 17, Issue 2, 1998, pp. 296-301.

THE AUTHORS

Sedat Sunter : He received B. Sc. And M.

Sc. Degrees from Firat University,
b Elazig/Turkey. He got his Ph. D. Degree
from Nottingham University, UK in 1995.
He is currently a lecturer at Firat University.
a His research interests are: Power electronic
converters and modulation strategies, matrix
converters, variable speed drive systems and single phase
induction motor control.

Mehmet Ozdemir: Born in 1958 in

Elazig-Turkey. Received B.Sc., M.Sc. and
Ph.D degrees in Electrical Engineering from
Fig. 11. Efficiency of the SPIM Firat University (Elazig-Turkey) in 1980,
a) Switching capacitor 1984 and 1993, respectively. He is currently
b) Double capacitor Assistant Professor in the Electrical and
Electronic Dept. of Firat University. His
area of interest is Electrical Machines and Drives.
6. CONCLUSIONS

Simulation of the SPIM with adjustable switched capacitor

Bilal Gumus: He was born in Diyarbakir,
and double capacitor has been performed in transient and
in 1971. He received B.Sc. degree from
steady-state operations under variable load conditions. It has
Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul,
been shown that it is possible to obtain maximum torque by
Turkey in 1992 and M.Sc. degree from Firat
using optimum capacitor values in the SPIM. As a result
University, Elazig, Turkey in 1997. He is a
torque of the SPIM running with switched capacitor is
Ph.D. student at Firat University. His
higher than that of the SPIM running with double capacitor
research interest areas are electrical machines, control of
in both acceleration and steady state conditions in addition
motors, drive systems and power electronics.
to higher efficiency. The SPIM with the adjustable switched
capacitor does not require a centrifugal switch and uses one
capacitor instead of two. In the implementation stage, the
electronic switch can be controlled by a DSP to obtain
optimum capacitor values resulting in maximum torque.

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