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DANH ĐỘNG TỪ, HIỆN TẠI PHÂN TỪ, DANH ĐỘNG TỪ HOÀN
IT IS + ADJ . + TO INFINITIVE
Ex: I’m looking forward to hearing from you. (Tôi mong nhận được tin của anh)
[NOT ….to hear from you]
f. danh động từ có thể được dùng sau một số danh từ và tính từ.
Giới từ thường được dùng để kết nối danh từ/ tính từ với danh động từ
Ex: The thought of falling never enter his head. (Anh ấy chưa bao giờ nghĩ đến thất
bại)
I’m tired of listening to this. (Tôi chán nghe chuyện này)
Sau một số danh từ và tính từ, ta có thể dùng danh động từ hoặc động từ nguyên mẫu có
to
Ex: We have a good chance of making/ to make a profit. (Chúng ta có cơ may kiếm
được lợi nhuận)
I’m proud of having won/ to have won. (Tôi hãnh diện đã chiến thắng.)
g. Danh động từ được dùng sau danh từ hoặc đại từ bất định (something, anything,
anyone…) để giải thích mục đích sử dụng hoặc chất liệu của một vật.
Ex: A strimmer is a machine for cutting grass and weeds. (Máy cắt cỏ là loại máy
dùng để cắt cỏ và cỏ dại)
I need something for killing flies. (Tôi cần thứ gì đó để diệt ruồi.)
h. trong danh từ ghép.
Ex: a diving board (ván nhún ở bể bơi)
(Lưu ý: giống như các danh từ khác , danh động từ (gerund) hay cụm danh động từ
(gerund phrase) có thể được dùng với mạo từ a/the, đại từ chỉ định this/that, a lot of, some,
đại từ sở hữu my/ his … và tính từ.
Ex: Conservation is the safeguarding of natural resources.
Do you mind my making a suggestion?
I did some/ a lot of/ a little shopping this morning.
I appreciate your helping me. Your quick thinking saved us all.
Ex: He fired, wounding one of the bandits. (Anh ta nổ súng, làm bị thương một tên
cướp)
The plane crashed, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground. (Máy bay rơi, những
quả bom nổ tung khi máy bay chạm đất)
j. Hiện tại phân từ có thể được dùng để thay thế cấu trúc as/ since/ because + chủ từ +
động từ.
Ex: Knowing that he wouldn’t be able to buy food on his journey he took large supplies
with him. (= As he knew….) (Biết sẽ không mua được thực phẩm trên đường đi, anh ta
mang theo một lượng lớn thực phẩm.)
k. Hiện tại phân từ có thể được dùng sau một số liên từ và giới từ, chẳng hạn như after,
before, since, when, while, whenever, once, until, on, without, instead of, in spite of và
as.
Ex: She’s been quite different since coming back from America. (Cô ta đã trở về nên
khác hẳn từ khi trở về từ Mỹ).
After having finished my homework, I watched TV. (= After I had finished …)
Present Participle không có nghĩa là nó chỉ được dùng để diễn đạt hiện tại. Trên thực
tế, present participle có thể được dùng để diễn đạt quá khứ, hiện tại và tương lai.
III. Danh động từ hoàn thành & Phân từ hoàn thành - Perfect
gerund and Perfect participle
(Lưu ý: chúng ta có thể dùng After v-ing thay cho have + participle trong cấu trúc trên
Ex: Having broken her leg the last time she went = After breaking her leg …
- hành động đầu tiên kéo dài trong một khoảng thời gian.
Ex: Having repaired the car, Tom took it out for a road test. (Sửa xe xong, Tom đánh xe
ra đường chạy thử.) [NOT Repairing the car…]
- việc dùng hiện tại phân từ có thể gây nhầm lẫn.
Ex: Reading the instructions, he snatched up the fire extinguisher. (Đọc chỉ dẫn, anh ta
chụp lấy bình chữa cháy.) → có thể làm cho người đọc hiểu rằng hai hành động này xảy
ra đồng thời. Trường hợp này , chúng ta nên dùng phân từ hoàn thành.
Ex: Having read the instructions, he snatched up the fire extinguisher. (Đọc xong chỉ dẫn,
anh ta chụp lấy bình chữa cháy.)
- Nếu một hành động xảy ra gần như cùng một lúc (ranh giới thời gian không rõ rệt),
thay vì dùng Perfect gerund thì chúng ta có thể dùng Present participle cho hành động
đầu tiên.
Ex: Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door
C. Felt cold, but we kept walking d. we kept walking even though feeling
cold
26. It is good exercise to walk a mile a day.
A. For walking a mile a day is good exercise c. Good exercise is for walk a mile a day
b. In order to walk a mile a day is good exercise d. Walking a mile a day is good
exercise
27. The man jumped out of the boat. He was bitten by a shark.
A. Bitten by a shark, the man jumping out of the boat.
B. After jumping out of the boat, the man was bitten by a shark.
C. After bitten, the shark jumping out of the boat.
D. After jumping out of a boat, the shark bit the man
28. After Louie had written his composition, he handed it to his teacher.
A. Handed the composition to his teacher, Louie wrote it
B. Having written his composition, Louie handed it to his teacher.
C. Writing the composition. Louie handed it to his teacher.
D. Handing the composition, Louie had written his composition.
29. while the director was guiding us through the museum, he gave us a special
explanation.
A. Guiding us through the museum, a special explanation was given by the director
B. Guided us through the museum, the director gave us a special explanation
C. A special explanation was given to us while guiding us through the museum
D. Guiding us through the museum, the director gave us a special explanation.
Exercise 2. For question 1-10, fill in the verbs in brackets as participles (Present
participle or past participle) into the gaps
Ex: I talked to the man ……… the newspaper. (to read)
→ I talked to the man reading the newspaper
1. He saw his friend ………… out with Sue (to go) going
2. The bus crashed into the blue car ……….. down the hill. (to drive) driving
3. Peter hurt his leg ……….. karate. (to do) doing
4. The umbrella ………. at the bus stop belongs to John Smith. (to find) found
5. The people ………… in the street are all very friendly. (to dance) dancing
6. I heard my mother ……….. on the phone. (to talk) talking
7. My uncle always has his car ………… . (to wash) washed
8. We stood ………. for the taxi. (to wait) waiting
9. ….………. down from the tower we saw many people walking in the streets. (to look)
looking
10. The people drove off in a ………… car. (to steal) stolen
Exercise 3. Rewrite each of the following sentences with present participle or perfect
participle.
1. Christopher apologized. He’d forgotten to pay.
→ Christopher apologized for having forgotten to pay.
2. When Tom had repaired the car, he took it out for a road test.
→ Having repaired the car, he took it out for a road test.
3. The porter just stood there. He expected a tip.
→ The porter just stood there expecting a tip.
4. Because he was the youngest child, Natasha was her father’s favorite.
→ Being the youngest child, Natasha was her father’s favorite.
5. Mitchell picked up the phone and dialed a number
→ Picking up the phone, Mitchel dialed a number
6. He left the phone ring for 5 minutes and then slowly replaced the receiver.
→ Having left the phone ring for 5 minutes and then slowly replaced the receiver.
7. After she had worked hard all day, Sarah was exhausted.
→ Having worked hard all day, Sarah was exhausted.
8. We saw Rupert. He was looking into a shop window.
30. Excuse me …….. late. I got stuck in a traffic jam for more than one hour.
A. To being b. for being c. being d. having been
Exercise 5: Rewrite the sentences, using perfect gerunds.
1. Nam won a scholarship. We are excited about that fact.
→ We are excited about Nam’s winning a scholarship.
2. Entering the room, I was surprised at what I saw.
→ When I enter the room, I was surprised at what I saw.
3. The volunteers couldn't mow the old lady's lawns because of the rain.
→ The rain prevented the volunteers from mowing the old lady's lawns.
4. Since we have become too dependent on the use of electricity, we have to find
alternative sources of energy before fossil fuels run out.
→ Having become too dependent on the use of electricity, we have to find
alternative sources of energy before fossil fuels runs out.
5. Tonya had dumped a lot of rubbish on the beach. She was strongly criticised for that.
→ Tonya was strongly criticised for having dumped a lot of rubbish on the beach.
6. In the Tree Planting Competition, the students in Group 11G planted the most trees in
the schoolyard. They were praised for that.
→ The students in Group 11G were praised for having planted the most trees in
the schoolyard in the Tree Planting Competition.
7. After she replaced all the light bulbs in her house with LED lights, she same a lot of
money on her electricity bills.
→ Having replaced all the light bulbs in her house with LED lights, she saved a
lot of money on her electricity bills.
8. Sam had not worked hard enough in his previous job. He regretted it.
→ Sam regretted not having worked hard enough in his previous job.
9. Someone had cut down the oldest tree in the park. The police suspected Mike of doing
it.
Exercise 13: Rewrite the sentences replacing the underlined part with a perfect
participle