Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I.Định nghĩa
Câu giả định hay còn gọi là câu cầu khiến là loại câu đối tượng thứ nhất muốn đối tượng thứ hai làm
việc gì. Câu giả định có tính chất cầu khiến chứ không mang tính ép buộc như câu mệnh lênh.
II.Cách sử dụng
Câu giả định chủ yếu được sử dụng để nói đến những sự việc không chắc chắn sẽ xảy ra. Ví dụ, chúng ta
sử dụng khi nói về những sự việc mà một ai đó:
+ Muốn xảy ra.
+ Dự đoán sẽ xảy ra.
+ Xảy ra trong tưỏng tượng.
III.Phân loại: Thức giả định được chia thành ba loại sau:
Present Subjunctive (hiện tại giả định).
Past Subjunctive (quá khứ giả định).
Past perfect Subjunctive (quá khứ hoàn thành giả định).
* Tất cả các danh từ xuất phát từ những động từ và tính từ trên đều buộc mệnh đề sau nó phải ở dạng giả
định, nếu như nó diễn đạt các yếu tố như thể hiện ý muốn, yêu cầu đề nghị, ra lệnh, gợi ý. Những danh
từ đó là:
+ demand / dɪˈmɑːnd /: đòi hỏi, yêu cầu
+ recommendation / ˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃn /: sự giới thiệu, sự tiến cử
+ insistence / ɪnˈsɪstəns /: sự khăng khăng đòi, sự cố nài
+ request / rɪˈkwest /: lời thỉnh cầu, lời yêu cầu
+ proposal / prəˈpəʊzl /: sự đề nghị, sự đề xuất
+ suggestion / səˈdʒestʃən /: sự đề nghị, sự gợi ý
+ preference / ˈprefrəns /: sự thích hơn
+ importance / ɪmˈpɔːtənt /: sự quan trọng
Ví dụ:
There is suggestion from the doctor that the patient stop smoking. It is recommendation that the vehicle
owner be present at the court. Lưu ý:
Trong ngữ pháp Anh-Anh trước động từ ở mệnh đề 2 thường có should, người Anh chỉ bỏ should khi
sau nó là động từ to be nhưng ngữ pháp Anh-Mỹ không dùng should cho toàn bộ động từ ở mệnh đề 2.
* Dùng trong cấu trúc với “would rather" có hai chủ ngữ
Là loại câu người thứ nhất muốn người thứ hai làm việc gì (nhưng làm hay không còn phụ thuộc vào
người thứ hai). Trong trường hợp này, động từ ở mệnh đề 2 để ở dạng nguyên thể không to. Nếu muốn
thành lập thể phủ định đặt not trước nguyên thể không to.
Ví dụ:
I would rather that you type this letter tomorrow.
He would rather that I not forget the next appointment.
Lưu ý: Ngữ pháp nói ngày nay, đặc biệt là ngữ pháp Mỹ cho phép bỏ that trong cấu trúc này mà vẫn giữ
nguyên hình thức giả định.
2. Quá khứ giả định
a. Hình thức
Quá khứ giả định ở tất cả các ngôi có hình thức giống như thì quá khứ đơn nhưng riêng với to be thì ta
chia là were cho tất cả các ngôi (nhưng trong văn phong giao tiếp hằng ngày thì có xu hướng dùng was
cho các chủ ngữ là danh từ số ít).
b. Cách dùng
* Dùng trong câu điều kiện loại 2 để diễn tả một điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại hoặc không thể
xảy ra được ở tương lai.
Ví dụ:
If I were you, I would apologize to her.
If I knew her new address, I would come to see her.
* Dùng trong câu ước không có thực ở hiện tại (wish = If only)
Ví dụ:
I wish I were rich and famous.
If only my son could study as well as you.
* Được sử dụng sau "as if / as though" để ám chỉ một điều gì đó là không có thật ở hiện tại hoặc
không
thể xảy ra (không có sự khác nhau nào giữa as if và as though).
Ví dụ:
He talks as if he were my father.
He behaves as though he owned the house
* Dùng trong mẫu câu “would rather" để chỉ một ao ước đối lập với hiện tại.
Ví dụ:
Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does. (His girlfriend does not
work in the same department).
Jane would rather that it were winter now. (In fact, it is not winter now).
Lưu ý:
Nếu muốn thành lập thể phủ định dùng didn't + verb hoặc were not sau chủ ngữ thứ hai. Ví dụ:
Henry would rather that his girlfriend didn’t work in the same department as he does. Jane would rather
that it were not winter now.
* Dùng trong cấu trúc "it's time..."
Ví dụ:
It's time you stopped playing games and helped me with the housework.
= It's time for you to stop playing games and help me with the housework.
Lưu ý:
Nếu sau: "It's time + I/ he/ she/ it" là động từ to be thì ta dùng was.
3. Quá khứ hoàn thành giả định
a. Hình thức
Quá khứ hoàn thành giả định có hình thức giống như thì quá khứ hoàn thành(had + Vp2)
b. Cách dùng
* Dùng trong mệnh đề điều kiện của câu điều kiện loại 3 để diễn tả những giả thuyết không có thật ở
trong quá khứ.
Ví dụ:
If I had seen the film last night, I could have told you about it. If I had known you were ill, I would have
visited you.
* Dùng sau "wish/ If only" để diễn đạt ý cầu mong hoặc giả định đã không xảy ra trong quá khứ. Cấu
trúc:
Ví dụ: I wish that I hadn't spent so much money. If only she had asked someone's advice.
Lưu ý: Ta có thể dùng wished thay thế mà không làm thay đổi thì của mệnh đề phía sau. Ví dụ: I wished
(that) I hadn't spent so much money.
* Dùng sau "as if / as though" để chỉ một giả định không có thật trong quá khứ.
Ví dụ:
He looked frightened as if he had seen ghosts.
He talked as though he had known everything about it.
Lưu ý: Hai công thức giả định với “as if” và ‘as though" chỉ được áp dụng khi chúng chỉ một điều đối
lập với thực tế ở hiện tại hoặc quá khứ. Nếu nó chỉ một dự đoán về một điều gì đó mà nó có thể xảy ra
hoặc không thì ta không áp dụng hai công thức giả định trên.
Ví dụ:
It looks as if it's going to rain. (Perhaps it will rain.)
* Dùng với cấu trúc would rather (hai chủ ngữ) để chỉ một mong muốn đã không xảy ra trong quá khứ.
Ví dụ:
Bob would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday. (Jill did not go to class yesterday) Bill would
rather that his wife hadn't divorced him. (His wife divorced him.)
Bài tập áp dụng
Exercise 1: Chọn phương án đúng để hoàn thành những câu sau đây:
1. It is necessary that children _____________of their old parents.
A. takes care B. to take care c. take care D. took care
2. I wish you ___________complaining about the weather.
A. would stop B. stop c. stopped D. had stopped
3. It is essential that every student ___________to learn English at university.
A. had B. have c. has D. to have
4. We wish we ______________a large house but we can't afford it now.
A. have B. had c. can have D. will have
5. My friend won't lend me his car. I wish________________
A. he lent me his car B. he didn't lend me his car
C. he would lend me his car D. he will lend me his car
6. I'm sorry I haven't got any money on me. I wish _____________
A. I have got no money on me B. I have some money on me
C. I had some money on me D. I had got no money on me
7. My friends didn’t take part in the game. I wish _____________
A. my friends took part in the game B. my friends had taken part in the game
C. my friends would take part in the game D. my friends did take part in the game
8. It wasn't fine yesterday. I__________ wish
A. it was fine yesterday B. it would fine yesterday
C. it will fine yesterday D. it had been fine yesterday
9. I wish I___________Psychology when I was a college student.
A. had studied B. would study C. studied D. studied
10. I wish someone ___________to help me with that work tomorrow.
A. offer B. offered C. would offer D. had offered
11. If only I ________play the guitar as well as you!
A. would B. should C. could D. might
12. When I saw Tom, he looked _______he had been ill.
A. so B. such as C. the same D. as if
13. Mrs White always talks to her baby as though he __________an adult.
A. is B. were C. had been D. will be
14. When he came out of the room, he looked ______he had seen a ghost.
A. as B. as though C. when D. if
15. Susan's doctor insists ___________for a few days.
A. that she is resting B. her resting C. that she rest D. her to rest
16. The doctor suggested that his patient ___________
A. stop smoking B. stops smoking C. stopped smoking D. to stop smoking
17. It is necessary that he ___________the books.
A. find B. doesn't find C. don't find D. did not find
18. It has been proposed that we _________the topic.
A. to change B. changed C. changing D. change
19. It's important that every student ________all the lectures.
A. attends B. attend C. has attended D. attended
20. It's time we all __________now.
A. leave B. to leave C. left D. have left
21. He acts as if he __________English perfectly.
A. know B. knew C. have known D. had known
22. She acted as though she ________him before.
A. knew B. know C. had known D. has known
23. I would rather that I ________him to my birthday party yesterday.
A. invited B. have invited C. had invited D. invite
24. She would rather Mary here right now.
A. be B. were C. was D. were/ was
25. I suggest that he ________ harder
A. should study B. study C. studied D. should study/ study
BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG 1
1. Lan didn't apply for the job in the library. She regrets it now.
A. Lan wishes she had applied for the job in the library.
B. Lan wishes she hadn’t applied for the job in the library.
C. Lan wishes she would apply for the job in the library.
D. Lan wishes she applies for the job in the library.
2. Maria says she'd like to have been put in a higher class.
A. Maria wishes that she will be put in a higher class.
B. Maria wishes that she is put in a higher class.
C. Maria wishes that she had been put in a higher class.
D. Maria wishes that she were put in a higher class.
3. He broke up with her but now he thinks that was a mistake.
A. He wishes he hadn't broken up with her.
B. He wishes not to have broken her up.
C. He regrets having not broken up with her.
D. He was mistaken with breaking up with her.
4. I regret not going to the airport to see her off.
A. I wish I had gone to the airport to see her off.
B. If only I would go to the airport to see her off.
C. I regret to go to the airport to see her off.
D. If I were you, I would go to the airport to see her off.
5. It's such a pity my mother can't attend my birthday party.
A. If only my mother could attend my birthday party.
B. If only my mother had attended my birthday party.
C. I am very sorry that my mother didn't attend my birthday party.
D. I wonder why my mother can't attend my birthday party.
6. You are not tactful; that is why you are always offending other people.
A. You must have offended other people because you are not tactful.
B. If you were tactful, you would satisfy other people.
C. I wish you were tactful so that you don’t offend other people.
D. You should have been tactful so that you didn’t offend other people.
7. It is a pity that I can’t speak English as native speaker.
A. I wish I could speak English as a native speaker.
B. I wish I couldn’t speak English as a native speaker.
C. I wish I can speak English as a native speaker.
D. I wish I have spoken English as a native speaker.
8. His parents are away on holiday. He really needs their help now.
A. As long as his parents are at home, they will be able to help him.
B. He wishes his parents were at home and could help him now.
C. If his parents are at home, they can help him now.
D. If only his parents had been at home and could have helped him.
9. I didn't read the book from which the film was made. I can't tell you about it.
A. I wish I had read the book from which the film was made.
B. If I had read the book from which the film was made, I could have told you about it.
C. I wish I had read the book from which the film was made and could tell you about it.
D. As long as I didn’t read the book from which the film was made, I can’t tell you about it.
10. He doesn't have any money now. He can't lend his friend some.
A. As long as he has much money now, he can lend his friend some.
B. If he has much money now, he can lend his friend some.
C. He wishes he had money now and could lend his friend some.
D. If only he had had money now and could have lent his friend some.
BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG 2
Exercise 1: Choose the word or phrase that best complete the sentence (A,B,C or D)
1) If that hat costs much, I ……………a small one.
A. would have bought B. will buy C. bought D. would buy.
2) If you …………more carefully,you wouldn’t have had so many accidents.
A. drive B. drove C. had driven D. driven
3) If I spoke English, my job …………………a lot easier.
A. was B. were C. will be D. would be
4. If he ……………. to London yesterday, he …………. his old friend
A. went / would meet B. go / would meet
C. had gone / would have met D. went / would have met
5. I will lend them some money If they ……………. me.
A. ask B. will ask C. asked D. had asked
6. If we had known who he was, we ……………. him to speak at our meeting.
A. would have invited B. have invited C. will invite D. would invite
7. My dog will bark if it ……………. any strange sound.
A. hear B. hears C. heard D. had heard.
8. If I …………. enough money,I will buy a house.
A. had B. had had C. will have D. have
9. If you ………….. away, I will send for a policeman.
A. not go B. don’t go C. hadn’t gone D. didn’t go
10. If I ………in your place, I would accept Mr Anderson’s invitation.
A. were B. am C. be D. was
11. What ……….. we do if they don’t come tomorrow?
A. would B. will C. did D. had
12. If I ……………. you, I would tell the truth.
A. is B. am C. were D. was
13. If I had enough time now, I ……….. to my parents.
A. would write B. write C. will write D. wrote
14. It’s too bad Helen isn’t here. If she ……….. here, she …….. what to do.
A. is / will know B. was / knows
C. were / would know D. are / would have known
15. If she …………. late again, she will lose her job.
A. come B. came C comes D. had come
16. I will let you know if I ……….. out what’s happening.
A. find B. finds C. found D. had found
17. If we ……………. in a town, life would be better.
A. live B. lived C. would live D. had lived
18. I’m sure he wouln’t mind if we ……………early.
A. arrive B. arriving C. arrived D. had arrived
19. If I won the lottery, I ……. you half the money.
A. gave B. had given C. will give D. would give
20. It ……….. be a pity if she married Fred.
A. will B. would C. can D. may
21. If I’m free on Saturday, I ………….. to the mountains.
A. to go B. could go C. went D. can go
22. we ……………. you if we have time.
A. will phone B. would phone C. phoned D. had phoned
23. If I …………. you,I would help them.
A. am B. will be C. were D. had been
24. I could have understood him if he ……………more slowly.
A. speaks B. spoke C. had spoken D. would speak
25. If I had known that you were in hospital, I …………….. you.
A. will visit B. would have visited C. visit D. don’t visit
26. I wouldn’t have believed it if I ………………it with my own eyes.
A. had seen B. saw C. hadn’t seen D. didn’t see
27. What would you have done if the lift ……….. struck between two floors at that time.
A. had got B. got C. gets D. getting
28. If I …………that the traffic lights were red, I …………………..
A. had realized / would have stopped B. had realized / wouldn’t have stopped
C. realized / would stop C. realize / will not stop
29. If we have some eggs,I ……………you a cake.
A. made B. makes C. will make D. would make
30. If you …………so busy, I would have shown you how to play.
A. hadn’t been B. weren’t C. aren’t D. wouldn’t be.