Holy Spirit School of Tagbilaran

Home School Sessions and Task

Practical Research 2
Module No. 1

Time Frame: Quarter 1, Week 1 Date: _ _

I. Learning Competency: describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of

quantitative research
a.) define quantitative research
b.) identify characteristics of quantitative research
c.) explain the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research

 Lesson 1
II. Topic: Overview ‘

Differentiate qualitative from quantitative type of research by filling in the table below. Write your
answer on the answer sheet provided.

III. Reference: Practical Research 2 pages 5-7 by Ador R. Torneo PhD

 Lesson 2 Types of Quantitative Research

Quantitative methods can be used for different types of research including: causal research,
relational research, comparative research, and experimental research.
Descriptive Research is generally concerned with investigating, measuring, and describing one or
more aspects or characteristics of one or more groups, communities, or phenomenon. It is useful in
answering research questions that deal with measurements, like those that start with “How many. ?”,
“How much..?”, “How often…?”, “How long?”, and similar questions.
Correlational Research studies the research studies the relationship between two or more
characteristics of one or more groups. It can verify or disprove a systematic relationship between two
characteristics or variables. A positive relationship means that high values of one variable correspond
with low values in the other.
Causal Comparative Research compares one or more measurable characteristics of two or more
groups to find the similarities and differences between them. The result of comparison can be used to
generate insights about the characteristics of both groups. As well, it can used to determine the
possible underlying causes of these similarities or differences.

Experimental Research – Social science experimental researches attempt to approximate methods

used in the natural sciences in social settings. Researchers conducting experimental research
actively manipulate conditions or inputs too observe the outcomes. Experimental research however,
is subject to more extensive ethical standards, especially when the experiment may cause physical,
mental, psychological, or environmental harm.
Reference:
Examples are found in the book Introduction to Practical Research 2 pages 5-7 by Ador R. Torneo
PhD

Strengths and Weakness of Quantitative Research

Both qualitative and quantitative research methods have their own distinct strengths,
weakness, and limitations. Which method is “better” is dependent on the nature of the inquiry, the
resources, and the preferences of the researcher.

1.) Quantitative methods offer breadth. With enough samples and data, it is easier to draw
generalizable conclusions using quantitative research methods compared to single-case or small
population studies using qualitative research methods.

2.) Studies using quantitative research approaches are generally easier to replicate compared to
those that use qualitative research. Furthermore, the results also tend to be somewhat more
consistent when the same data and same methods are followed.

3.) Communicating data, procedures, and results are easier because the statistical terminologies,
analytical techniques, and procedures are generally consistent across disciplines.

4.) It is generally easier to summarize, describe, process, and analyze large volumes of information
when they are in numerical form. Analysis can also be faster, especially when they are in numerical
form. Analysis can also be faster, especially when spreadsheets or statistical software are used.

5.) Quantitative research is better for projects where objectivity is desired. This is because
quantitative methods are designed to minimize biases, influence, and subjective interpretations of the
researchers. In comparison, qualitative research methods may embrace subjectivity and accept the
biases, worldviews and experiences of the researcher as an integral part of the research process.

On the other hand, quantitative research also has several weaknesses and disadvantages.
1.) Some aspects of people, human behavior, and interactions are often difficult or impossible to
measure. Qualitative approaches help study these in greater detail.
2.) Emphasis on generalizability and trends hinders the deeper examination of nuanced factors that
affects specific cases, especially those that deviate from the general trend.
3.) Context and other information that provide a richer understanding of observed trends and patterns
can get lost in the measurement and macro examination of data.
4.) Errors in the measurement or modelling or the omission of data can easily lead to the
misinterpretation of results.
5.) Some tools utilized in this quantitative research (e.g. self-accomplished survey questionnaires)
may yield limited or even inaccurate information due to human nature. For instance, some
respondents may fill up the questionnaire with what they believe is socially desirable. Others may
simply make errors in filling out the questionnaire.
 Activity 2
A.
Instructions: Aside from the given examples identify other topics that can be explored by the given
type of research. Write your answer on the answer sheet provided. 3pts each.

B. Illustrate through any form of graphic organizer the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative
research. Write your answer on the answer sheet provided 10pts
Evaluative Assessment:
a.) Give one advantage and disadvantage of quantitative research. Write your answer on the answer
sheet provided. 2pts each

 Lesson 3 The Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields

Learning Competency: Illustrates the importance of Quantitative research across fields.
a.) identify the importance of quantitative research to Politics
b.) determine the importance of quantitative research to Environment and development studies.
c.) determine the importance of quantitative research to Politics, governance, and public
administration.

II. Topic: The Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields

Reference: An Introduction to Practical Research 2 pages 10-13

Quantitative methods are used across different disciplines, such as political science,
economics, sociology, demography, psychology, business and management, development studies,
and law. It allows academics and practitioners to produce new knowledge and come up with solutions
to existing societal problems. In this module we will discuss the importance of quantitative methods to
different fields.

Politics, Governance and Public Administration

Quantitative methods are an indispensable tool for many political scientists and practitioners of
politics. It is preferred among political scientists who work with empirical studies involving large
numbers of people or countries over long periods of time. For this purpose, datasets on political
indicators collected and archived by organizations such as varieties of Democracy, Freedom House,
Polity IV, and others are invaluable. Many political candidates, contributors, and supporters rely on
the results of political surveys in order to assess their chances of winning and to determine the areas
where they need to develop support.

Reference: An Introduction to Practical Research 2 pages 10

Business Management, and Economics

 Quantitative methods are widely used in business. It is often used to collect and analyze
information on customer preference and product performance as well as overall business
performance.

For more examples refer to the textbook “Introduction to Practical Research 11.

Environment and Development Studies

Quantitative methods are widely used in the fields of development studies. Development
goals, such as United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals (MDG -) of 2000 – 2015 and the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of 2015-2030 are such examples. Both provide specific
quantifiable targets which countries use to track and monitor their progress. This includes the certain
SDG: zero people living in extreme poverty (below USD 1.25/day) and reducing the global maternal
mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births, among many others.

For more examples refer to the textbook “Introduction to Practical Research page 12

Education, Sociology, and Psychology

Quantitative methods are used in education research. One of the most common applications
in educational assessment which measures the learning and performance of individuals and groups.
It is also used to assess and compare the effectiveness of different teaching or pedagogical
approaches. It can also be used to compare academic performance.

Quantitative methods are also used in psychology especially in the subfield of psychometrics,
a branch of psychology concerned with the measurement of traits like intelligence, skills, knowledge,
attitudes, personality traits, and educational achievement. IQ and personality tests are some of the
instruments used in this field. As well, quantitative research is also widely used in other subfields of
this discipline.

For more examples refer to the textbook “Introduction to Practical Research page 12

 Activity 3 Explain the significance of quantitative research and give

examples to each field. 4pts each. Write your answer on the answer sheet provided.

 Lesson 4
II. Topic: Variables
Learning Competency: Differentiate Kinds of variables and their uses.
a.) define what a variable is.
b.) identify the types of variables and its use to quantitative research.
c.) explain the levels of measurement of variables.

Reference: An Introduction to Practical Research 2 pages 10-13

Lesson 4

The variable is a central idea in quantitative research. Quantitative research generally

involves the measurement of one or more observable characteristics of people, groups, or
communities; these are referred to as variables. Variables may be defined as a characteristic or
attribute that takes on
different values. They are the sets of attributes or characteristics we ascribe to the individual, group,
or phenomena we are studying. Singh (2007,122) notes that the research process is an “attempt to
collect information about the variables of interest.”

Variables are measurable attributes or characteristics that can vary for different cases. These
attributes should be able to take on at least two distinct values or have at least two distinct categories.
For example, gender is a variable since it can be classified into two criteria – male or female.
Similarly, weight is also a variable. One person may weigh around 50 kilograms and another can
weigh 75 kilograms. It can be observed and measured.

Variables serve as basis for collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting
data in quantitative research. They allow us to observe, measure, and describe one or more
characteristics or attribute of a person, group, or community. For example, we can study how much
money the residents in our barangay earn in one month using the variable income. We can focus on
their monthly earnings to observe, measure, and describe them.

Variables allow us to organize or classify a person, group, or community according to one or

more attributes or characteristics. As well, they also allow us to compare two or more individuals,
groups, or communities. In our previous example, we can easily group or classify the people in our
barangay based on the variable income, and high income based on how much earnings they make in
a month. Afterward, we can group them into low income group, medium income group. And high
income group. This grouping can serve as the basis for studying other characteristics.

Four Types of Operational Variables

1.) Independent variables or change variables – variables that cause changes in a phenomenon or
situation. It occurs prior to all variables. Independent variables are also called treatment, antecedent,
manipulated, or predictor variables. For example, the level of affection exhibited by parents is an
independent variable which influences the academic performance of their children. A person’s
religious affiliation is an independent variable and can be measured through how much it influences
one’s voting preference.

2.) Dependent variables or outcome variables- these are effects brought by the independent
variables. In quantitative research, we predict or associate the values of the dependent variable
through the values of the independent variable. Dependent variables are also referred to as outcome,
effect, or response variable. For example, the number of migrants to a host country is a dependent
variable of the socioeconomic conditions in a source country. Low income levels in a source country
may influence more people to migrate.

3.) Intervening variables – these variables are the links between dependent and independent
variables. There are certain phenomena in which, without the intervening variable, there will be no
observed significant effect to the dependent variable from the independent variable (Kumar 1996). A
study looking into the impact of a country’s regime type and a county’s support for LGBT rights may
be influenced by that country’s level of freedom of assembly.

4.) Antecedent variables- are independent variables which precede other independent variables.
These are the variables which affect the link between the cause, connecting, and effect variables.
They increase or decrease the strength of the relationship between independent and dependent
variables. For example, you are looking into the positive relationship between internet usage and
political participation. You encountered similar studies which disprove the relationship due to internet
access
and censorship. Thus, Internet access and censorship may be treated as the antecedent variable to
Internet usage (independent variable) and political participation (dependent variable)

Uses of Variables in Quantitative Research

Classifying
Variables play a principal role in descriptive research. Through variables, we describe the
phenomenon or population we are studying. For example, you are interested in studying the
academic performance of high school students in your school. Since outcomes can be affected by a
number of factors, you could classify the student body according to demographical information –
gender, age, educational level, and economic background. By classifying your data, you are providing
all the necessary details that may be critical to your argument and study.

Measuring
Variables allow us to measure the frequency, magnitude, and impact among others of a
particular subject or concept. For instance, human development can be empirically measured.
Through the conceptualization and operationalization of human development studies, organizations
develop an index that measure different indicators of human development, significantly contributing to
practical and theoretical applications.

Explaining
Variables allow one to identify the meaning, purpose, and use of social phenomena (Babbie
2010). For example, you are studying factors that possibly trigger an increase in immigrants in a
particular country. By assigning values to certain factors or phenomenon – such as the
implementation of the immigration policies and socioeconomic circumstances- you can see which
situations led to an increase in immigrants. By identifying particular variables and choosing
appropriate indicators, you can explain a particular phenomenon.

Assessing Relationships
Quantitative research tests theories through assessing relationships between variables.
Variables are critical elements of the relationship between subjects and phenomenon you are
investigating. Through hypothesis testing, we can examine which variables are related to which and
how these are related to one another. For example you are specifically looking at the effect of
educational investment on economic returns.

For more info refer to your text book Practical research 2 An Introduction to Quantitative Research p.
20

IV. Comparison and Abstraction: In Quantitative Research, the data gathered has to be statistically
treated. The variables are the data to be gathered and measured. This is so to get the relationship of
one variable to the other while qualitative research relies on data obtained by the researcher from
first- hand observation, interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, participant-observation, recordings
made in natural settings, documents, and artifacts.

V. Value Integration: In life, there are things/situations or events which are to be

quantified/measured. It is essential and significant to me measured to get good outcomes. Like in
building a house, bridge or any infrastructure. Any detail has to be measures and that is an essential
part of the process. In budgeting for the household needs, any cost has to be accounted for to be
able to include all the possible needs of the members in the family.
VI. Generalization: The variable is a central idea in quantitative research. Quantitative research
generally involves the measurement of one or more observable characteristics of people, groups, or
communities; these are referred to as variables. Variables may be defined as a characteristic or
attribute that takes on different values. They are the sets of attributes or characteristics we ascribe
to the individual, group, or phenomena we are studying.
 Holy Spirit School of Tagbilaran
Home School Sessions and Task
Practical Research 2
Module No. 1
Answer Sheet

Time Frame: Quarter 1, Week

1

Name: - Grade 11 - Date: _Score:

 Activity
Differentiate qualitative from quantitative type of research by filling in the table below. Write your
answer on the answer sheet provided.

Quantitative Qualitative

a.)

b.)

c.)

d.)

e.)

f.)

 Evaluative Analysis
1.) What is quantitative research? 3pts.

2.) What are the features of quantitative research? 4pts

3.) Give an example of a research topic that can be investigated by quantitative type of research. 2pts
A.
Instructions: Aside from the given examples identify other topics that can be explored by the given
type of research. Write your answer on the answer sheet provided. 3pts each.
Type of Quantitative Research Topic

1.) Correlational Research

2.) Causal Comparative Research

3.) Experimental Research

4.) Descriptive Research

Evaluative Assessment:
I. Knowledge: Identify the research terms defined in each statement.
1.) the systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena using tools of mathematics and
statistics.
2.) Research that compares one or more measurable characteristics of two or more groups to find the
similarities and differences between them.
3.) A characteristic or attribute that takes on different values. They are the sets of attributes or
characteristics we ascribe to the individual, group, or phenomena we are studying. _
4.) studies the relationship between two or more characteristics of one or more groups. It can verify or
disprove a systematic relationship between two characteristics or variables.
5.) variables that cause changes in a phenomenon or situation. It occurs prior to all variables.
_
II. Process: Give one advantage and disadvantage of quantitative research? 2pts
each A.

a.) Advantage –

b.) Disadvantage-
1.) What is a variable? 2pts

2.) Explain the uses of variables in quantitative research? 3pts

3.) Differentiate independent from a dependent variable 3pts

III. Understanding: Answer the given questions on the space provided.

a.) Research is a very laborious process but schools continue to teach students on research skills.
Can you identify 3 reasons that will convince us that research is indeed relevant. 2pts each

a.)

b.)

c.)

Prepared by:

Ms. Jennette Trinity M. Carido

Mrs. Genevieve Makinano

What we hope ever to do with ease, We must learn first to do with diligence.